切开复位内固定联合旋髂深血管束髂骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的探讨应用切开复位空心螺钉内固定联合旋髂深血管束髂骨瓣移植治疗青壮年移位型股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法对21例年龄15~35岁的青壮年股骨颈骨折(GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型)患者,采用髋部Smith-Peterson切口进行骨折切开复位,空心加压螺钉内固定,将旋髂深血管束髂骨瓣移植固定于股骨头颈前部的骨槽内,观察股骨颈骨折愈合情况,骨不连、股骨头缺血坏死等并发症发生情况。结果本组21例术后伤口全部甲级愈合,均无感染及骼骨瓣移位,植入的空心螺钉均无退钉。所有患者均获得随访,平均随访24(12~72)个月。所有骨折均在术后6~9月时获得骨性愈合,无骨折不愈合出现,无股骨头缺血坏死病例。1例患者出现股外侧皮神经损伤症状,术后6月时基本恢复正常。髋关节功能Harris评分结果显示优15例,良5例,一般1例,优良率达95.2%。结论切开复位内固定联合旋髂深血管束髂骨瓣移植治疗青壮年移位股骨颈骨折临床效果满意,是治疗年轻患者股骨颈移位骨折的一种较好的方法。     

空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折诊疗分析

[目的]评价空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效.[方法]本组患者67例,年龄19 ～ 65岁,平均54.7岁.骨折无移位型20例,移位型47例.全部采用空心螺钉内固定手术治疗,随访观察18 ～ 36个月,平均25.8个月.[结果]骨折愈合时间为3～6个月,平均5.3个月.无移位型骨折愈合率为100％,股骨头坏死率为15％.移位型骨折愈合率为89.4％,股骨头坏死率为34.0％.Harris髋关节功能评分,优良率为79.1％.[结论]空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折是一种有效的方法.移位型股骨颈骨折股骨头坏死率是无移位型的2倍余,其临床诊疗仍需进一步探讨.     

小切口空心加压螺钉治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折36例疗效分析

目的:探讨空心加压螺钉治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的疗效.方法:对36例青壮年股骨颈骨折患者采用闭合复位,3枚空心加压螺钉内固定手术治疗,术后配合中药治疗.结果:所有患者随访8月～3年,平均1年.下地部分负重平均时间3个月,骨折愈合平均时间6个月.术后Hanris评分优22例,良8例,差6例,其中骨折不愈合3例,股骨头坏死3例.结论:空加压螺钉治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折具有固定确切、损伤小、骨折愈合效果好,是较理想的手术方法;术后配合中药治疗,康复快.     

同侧股骨干合并股骨颈骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨同侧股骨干合并股骨颈骨折的临床特点及治疗方法。方法选择2000年2月至2006年4月,14例经手术复位内固定治疗的同侧股骨干合并股骨颈骨折患者进行回顾性分析,其中股骨颈骨折漏诊4例,采用股骨重建髓内钉固定4例,股骨逆行交锁髓内钉及空心螺钉固定5例,股骨交锁髓内钉结合空心螺钉固定2例,股骨干骨折加压钢板及空心钉固定3例。结果本组14例均获随防,随访时间为12~48个月,平均27个月。14例股骨干骨折均在术后7个月内获得愈合,股骨颈骨折在6个月内愈合。无切口感染、血管神经损伤、内固定断裂及股骨头缺血性坏死等并发症发生。所有患者髋关节功能的恢复无活动障碍,膝关节活动受限1例。结论同侧股骨干合并股骨颈骨折时股骨颈骨折常常无移位或轻度移位,其漏诊率高,在骨折治疗的微创理念指导下,运用医生熟练掌握的内固定方法,经过合理的术后功能锻炼,可获得满意的临床疗效。     

闭合复位动力髋螺钉内固定治疗中老年移位股骨颈骨折

目的总结闭合复位动力髋螺钉（DHS）结合防旋螺钉内固定治疗中老年移位股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法闭合复位DHS结合防旋螺钉内固定治疗中老年移位股骨颈骨折42例,完成DHS固定后,在其近侧置入1枚与拉力螺钉平行的空心钉或松质骨螺钉加压固定。结果42例获平均随访28（12～60）个月,39例骨折愈合,愈合时间平均5．2（4-6）个月。7例发生严重并发症。术后1年髋关节功能Harris评分：优24例,良10例,可5例,差3例,优良率80．95％。结论闭合复位DHS结合防旋螺钉内固定治疗中老年移位股骨颈骨折疗效满意,具有固定可靠、内固定失败率低的优点。     

微创空心钉内固定加带血管蒂髂骨瓣植骨术治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的讨论微创切开复位空心加压螺钉内固定加带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植骨术治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的手术方法及临床疗效。方法对12例青壮年股骨颈骨折采用部分髂腹股沟入路切口联合部分髋关节前侧髂股骨入路,微创切开复位空心加压螺钉内固定加带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植骨术治疗。结果12例骨折愈合时间3～8个月,无骨折不愈合及股骨头缺血坏死发生,髋关节功能良好。结论微创切开复位空心加压螺钉内固定加带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植骨术是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折非常有效的方法。     

空心螺钉内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的评价空心螺钉内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法2001年1月～2005年12月，采用空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折42例。其中男22例，女20例；年龄19～59岁，平均41岁。车祸伤21例，高处坠落伤14例，重物砸伤7例。无移位骨折15例，移位骨折27例。均为新鲜骨折。按照Garden分型：Ⅱ型15例，Ⅲ型16例，Ⅳ型11例。损伤至手术时间7h～15d，平均4．6d。结果42例患者均获随访1～6年，平均2．5年。骨折均愈合，平均愈合时间6．5个月。螺钉无松动及折断。术后2年3例出现股骨头缺血坏死迹象，1例出现股骨头塌陷，建议扶拐不负重活动，观察病情。髋关节功能按Brumbaek评价标准，优18例，良20例，差4例，优良率90．4％。结论空心螺钉内固定是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的一种有效方法，能提高骨折愈合率，降低股骨头坏死发生率。     

带旋髂深血管髂骨瓣结合空心加压螺钉内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的 探讨采用旋髂深血管髂骨瓣结合空心加压螺钉内固定治疗青壮年移位型股骨颈骨折的临床疗效. 方法 对36例年龄在23～52岁的青壮年股骨颈骨折(GardenⅢ或Ⅳ型)患者,采用髋S-P切口或辅加髋外侧小切口进行骨折切开复位、空心加压螺钉内固定、将带旋髂深血管髂骨瓣转位植入股骨颈前部的骨槽内. 结果 术后切口全部Ⅰ期愈合.经9～74个月(平均32.5个月)随访,股骨颈骨折骨性愈合32例,不愈合4例,股骨头缺血坏死2例.髋关节功能Harris评分优良率83.3％.无1例发生股外侧皮神经损伤、腹股沟疝. 结论 旋髂深血管髂骨瓣结合空心加压螺钉内固定治疗青壮年移位型股骨颈骨折临床效果良好.     

无C臂透视微创治疗无移位型股骨颈骨折

目的探讨在C型臂透视下,应用空心双头螺纹自动加压螺钉内固定治疗无移位型股骨颈骨折的方法和疗效。方法52例股骨颈骨折在无C型臂透视条件下采用加压螺钉内固定治疗。结果本组中优34例,良17例,差1例,优良率98.08%。骨折愈合时间3～9个月。结论在无C型臂条件下,在放射科经皮打入导针,应用加压螺钉内固定,具有微创、安全、简便、术后功能恢复快等优点,是基层医院治疗股骨颈骨折的一种较理想的手术方法。     

空心加压螺钉微创治疗股骨颈/转子间骨折

目的探讨空心加压螺钉微创治疗股骨颈/转子间骨折的方法和疗效。方法对84例股骨颈/转子间骨折行闭合复位,经皮空心加压螺钉内固定。结果84例随访8个月-4年。根据Sanders髋关节临床功能评定：优56例,良23例,差5例,优良率94.05%。结论对于股骨颈骨折及股骨转子间Ⅰ、Ⅱ型骨折,闭合复位经皮空心加压螺钉内固定术,是一种良好的治疗方法。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.