局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术治疗

目的探保留肾单位手术（nephronsparingsurgery，Nss）早期主要应用于双侧肾癌、孤立肾或对侧肾无功能患者，后来由于医学技术的进步，并发症逐渐减少，适应症逐渐扩大。保留肾单位手术可取得与根治性肾切除术（radicalnephrectomy，RN）相同的疗效，并最大限度地保护肾功能，提高患者的生活质量，目前在临床上得到了广泛的应用。本文试从NSS的适应症、术中注意事项、术后并发症及疗效等方面对其进行综述．并对腹腔镜手术及机器人手术的前景进行简要的叙述。     

保留肾单位的肾癌切除术探讨

目的 探讨保留肾单位的肾癌切除术的适应证及术中处理。方法 肾癌患者53例。男32例，女21例。年龄21～76岁。病程1周～13个月。均经B超检查发现为单侧肾脏肿瘤，均除外对侧肾病变。肿瘤位于肾上极和下极者38例行肾部分切除术，肿瘤位于肾中部者15例行肾楔形切除术。术中肾血管全阻断，10～15min放松肾蒂钳，肾创面采用止血纱布填塞加可吸收线涤纶布外固定缝合。术后行干扰素治疗（500万U皮下注射，隔日1次，共3个月），每3个月复查。结果 肿瘤切除时间7～21min，平均12min。53例患者均经术中冰冻切片及术后病理学检查确诊为肾细胞癌，切缘阴性。肾癌最大直径6cm者1例，余均〈4cm。临床分期均为T1N0M0。术后随访6．48个月，肿瘤无复发，术侧肾脏功能良好。结论肾癌的快速切除可缩短肾血管全阻断时间，手术效果满意。对于直径〈4cm单发肿瘤或肿瘤直径〉4cm但位于肾浅表呈外凸性生长的T1肾癌，保留肾单位的肾癌切除术是值得积极尝试的治疗方式之一。     

175例局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术治疗结果分析

目的评价保留肾单位手术（nephron sparing surgery,NSS）治疗局限性肾细胞癌的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自1999年6月至2008年11月因肾细胞癌而施行NSS治疗的175例患者的临床资料。结果23例患者为绝对适应证,50例为相对适应证,102例为选择性适应证。手术方式均为肾部分切除术,159例行术中阻断肾蒂,平均阻断时间15 min,最短5 min,最长30 min。术后病理结果显示肾透明细胞癌163例,乳头状肾细胞癌4例,嫌色细胞癌6例,多房囊性肾细胞癌2例。肿瘤平均直径为2.8 cm（0.5～7.0cm）,其中T1aN0M0153例,T1bN0M022例。手术切缘距肿瘤0.1～2.0 cm,平均为0.7 cm。所有病例手术切缘均为阴性。术后出现并发症7例,围手术期未见患者出现急性肾功能衰竭。中位随访时间为33个月（3～119个月）,1例局部复发,1例出现远处转移,5年肿瘤特异性生存率及5年总生存率分别为98.5%和95.9%。结论对于局限性肾细胞癌,NSS对肿瘤控制的疗效满意,手术并发症发生率较低,且部分保留了患肾功能,是一种安全可靠的术式。     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌的临床价值

目的 评价保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌的临床价值。方法 １９９４年３月－１９９８年１２月,采用局部低温,保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌１１例,其中对侧肾正常者８例,单侧肾癌,对侧肾受损者２例,双侧肾癌者１例。肿瘤直径１．５－６．８ｃｍ,平均３．８ｃｍ。Ｒｏｂｏｓｏｎ分期Ⅰ期８例,Ⅱ期３例。８例行肾部分切除术,３例行肿瘤剜除术。结果 １１例随访３－５７个月,平均３６．８个月。未见并发症及肿瘤局部复发。结论     

临床T1b期肾癌选择性保留肾单位手术分析

目的 探讨临床T1b期肾癌选择性保留肾单位手术(nephron sparing surgery,NSS)的安全性和可行性. 方法 2005年1月至2008年12月行NSS治疗T1b期肾癌30例,男19例,女11例;年龄39 ～ 74岁,平均56岁;CT或MRI测量肿瘤最大径4.2～7.0 cm,平均5.4 cm;患侧肾脏最长径9.6～12.6 cm,平均11.4 cm.相对肿瘤大小定义为薄层CT或MRI上肿瘤最大径与患肾最长径的比值;相对肿瘤大小为0.38 ～0.47,平均0.43.术中可疑区域行冰冻活检控制阳性切缘,安全切缘为肾表面距肿瘤0.5 cm,基底距肿瘤0.2 cm.评估术中血管阻断时间、出血量、切缘阳性等技术参数和术后患者肾功能变化及肿瘤控制情况. 结果 1例因术中切穿肾盂,开放血流后出血不能控制,中转开放性肾切除术;29例成功完成NSS,动脉阻断时间14 ～ 30 min,中位17 min;术中出血量20～100 ml,中位40 ml,无输血.术后3个月肾功能无变化.随访36 ～72个月,中位56个月,患者均存活,肿瘤无复发. 结论 临床T1b期肾癌选择性NSS治疗安全、有效,肿瘤位置及相对肿瘤大小是NSS手术的重要影响因素.     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌(附46例报告)

目的:探讨保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌的安全性和疗效。方法:对1993年2月～2006年10月共46例采用保留肾单位手术的肾癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中双侧肾癌4例,孤立肾癌3例,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能受损的肾癌25例,对侧肾正常的肾癌14例。结果:46例患者术前均未发现转移灶。术后组织病理学结果示肾透明细胞癌36例,颗粒细胞癌6例,混合性细胞癌4例。术后42例(91%)获随访,随访时间6～160个月,平均随访65个月。5、10年生存率分别为94%、86%。3例术后出现局部复发和远处转移。结论:保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌安全有效,手术指征可扩展至对侧肾脏正常的患者。     

局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术19例分析

目的探讨保留肾单位手术治疗局限性肾癌的安全性和疗效。方法对19例肾癌患者行保留肾单位的肾部分切除术,其中男16例,女3例,平均年龄53岁,平均肿瘤直径2.8cm。术后评估局部复发及并发症情况。结果 19例患者手术均成功,平均随访29(14～38)个月,无局部复发和肿瘤转移。结论保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌安全、有效,尤其适用于局限性肾癌患者。     

局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术20例分析

目的探讨保留肾单位手术（nephrom-sparing surgery,NSS）治疗局限性肾癌的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析20例行NSS肾癌患者的临床资料,其中双侧肾癌1例,孤立肾肾癌1例,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能损害的肾癌3例,对侧肾正常的肾癌15例。肿瘤直径平均3.9（1.3-7.4）cm。行肿瘤剜除术13例,肾部分切除术4例,肾楔形切除术3例。结果 20例患者手术均成功。术后平均随访29（15-37）个月,1例双侧肾癌患者术后14月出现远处转移死亡,1例术后12个月因局部复发改行根治性肾切除术,2例术后出现暂时性肾功能不全。结论 NSS治疗肾癌安全有效,尤其适用于局限性肾癌患者。     

肾癌保留肾单位手术治疗的临床分析

目的 探讨肾癌保留肾单位手术的治疗效果。方法 107例行保留肾单位的肾癌切除手术，肿瘤直径2．5～6．5cm，平均3．7cm；肿瘤位于肾上极33例，肾中部23例，肾下极51例。TNM分期：T1 72例，T2 35例。透明细胞癌97例，颗粒细胞癌8例，囊性肾癌2例。结果 107例均成功手术，随访102例，平均随访时间82个月（6～120个月），除1例术后18个月出现肾上腺转移外，余101例均无肿瘤局部复发。结论肾癌保留肾单位手术是治疗局限性肾癌的有效方法。     

腹腔镜超声在微小肾癌保留肾单位手术中的临床应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜超声(LUS)在微小肾癌保留肾单位手术中的临床应用价值。方法:对5例肿瘤直径均小于1.5 cm的微小肾癌患者施行后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术,术前行超声造影及增强CT检查提示瘤体包埋于肾实质内,术中应用LUS探查肿瘤的具体位置,了解瘤体与正常肾组织的界限,协助完成保留肾单位肾部分切除手术。结果:5例患者均成功施行保留肾单位手术,手术平均出血量150 ml,术后无并发症。结论:LUS在微小肾癌保留肾单位手术中能够准确定位肿瘤位置,指导手术,提高对早发小肾癌施行保留肾单位手术的可能性。     

保留肾单位手术治疗T1b期肾细胞癌的临床疗效

目的探讨保留肾单位手术(NSS)治疗T1b期肾细胞癌(RCC)的临床疗效及术后肾功能变化情况。方法回顾性分析我院2016年6月至2018年6月行NSS的40例T1b期RCC患者临床资料,并与同期行NSS的52例T1a期RCC患者的临床资料进行比较。进一步分析T1b期RCC患者行NSS术后肾小球滤过率(GFR)变化情况,根据热缺血时间(WIT)将T1b期RCC患者分为短时组(WIT≤25min)和长时组(WIT>25min),比较两组肾功能变化情况。结果 T1b组肿瘤最大径、R.E.N.A.L.评分、手术时间、WIT均高于T1a组,有统计学差异(P<0.05)。两组术中出血量、术后住院时间、输血率、术后并发症、术后6个月总GFR、阳性切缘均无显著差异(P>0.05)。两组患者在随访期间均未发现复发及远处转移。T1b期RCC患者患侧肾脏术后6个月GFR与术前相比明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。T1b期RCC长时组患者患肾术后GFR下降程度明显高于短时组(P<0.05)。结论 NSS治疗T1b期RCC是一种安全有效的治疗方式,手术风险、并发症、术后总GFR及短期肿瘤学预后与T1a期RCC相似,术中应尽量控制WIT在25min以内。     

Nephron‐sparing surgery for pathological stage T3b renal cell carcinoma confined to the renal vein

Study Type – Therapy (case series)
Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE

To report the functional and oncological outcome of nephron‐sparing surgery (NSS) for pathological stage pT3bNxMx (2002 Tumour‐Node‐Metastasis staging) renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with tumour thrombus confined to the renal vein.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Of the 305 patients who underwent NSS at our institute from October 2004 to July 2009, seven (2%) were found to have stage T3bNxMx RCC on final pathology. Their charts were reviewed to identify demographic, operative and pathology details of these patients, in addition to obtaining functional and oncological outcome data.

RESULTS

All seven patients had centrally located endophytic tumours. There were absolute indications for NSS in six patients (solitary kidney in five, renal insufficiency in one). The clinical stage was T1a in five and T3b in two patients; in those with cT1a, thrombus was first identified with intraoperative ultrasonography in two and by palpation of the renal vein or during the NSS in the remaining three. Renal surface hypothermia was applied in four cases (mean 77 min) and warm ischaemia in three (mean 38 min). The mean (range) tumour size was 3.9 (2.5–6) cm and all the tumours were clear cell RCC on histology, and all had negative surgical margins. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreased by 24% after surgery. One patient developed new‐onset renal failure (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m²). Postoperative urine leak occurred in one patient successfully managed with a JJ stent. One patient developed a local recurrence with level III inferior vena caval (IVC) tumour thrombus 9 months after NSS and was managed with radical excision and IVC thrombectomy followed by postoperative dialysis. Six other patients were free of recurrence with no need for dialysis at a mean follow‐up of 30 months.

CONCLUSIONS

In selected patients with pathological stage T3b RCC and tumour thrombus confined to the renal vein, NSS is a feasible treatment option with acceptable oncological and renal functional outcomes.     

Nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney

To determine functional and oncological outcomes of nephron sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We identified from our kidney database 103 consecutive patients undergoing NSS for solid renal tumors in a solitary kidney. After excluding 17 patients (16.5%) undergoing NSS with palliative intent in presence of preoperatively diagnosed metastatic disease (n = 15) or positive lymph nodes (n = 2) and 6 patients (5.8%) who turned out to have benign tumors, the remaining 80 patients with RCC were analyzed. Mean follow-up is 8.0 years (range: 0.1–25.8). Mean tumor size was 4.2 cm (range 1.2–11 cm). Chronic renal failure requiring hemodialysis developed after NSS in nine patients (11.2%). In the remainder, serum creatinine was 1.72 mg/dl (range: 0.45–4.6 mg/dl) at latest follow-up. The cancer specific survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 97.2, 89.6 and 76%, respectively. The estimated local recurrence free survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 97.8, 89.4 and 79.9%, respectively. Univariate analysis of correlation between clinical and pathologic features with death from RCC showed significant associations for grading and tumor size. The long-term data of our series support the concept of organ-sparing surgery for RCC in a solitary kidney since it provides excellent local tumor control and cancer specific survival and preserves renal function renal function so that 89% of patients remained free of dialysis in the long-run.     

肾细胞癌保留肾单位手术的长期随访

目的 探讨保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌的长期疗效及安全性. 方法 回顾性分析243例保留肾单位手术的肾癌患者临床资料.男159例,女84例,平均年龄58(24～77)岁.肿瘤直径平均3.4(1.1～6.7)cm.孤立肾肾癌3例,双侧肾癌11例.TNM分期T_(1a) 237例,T_(1b) 6例;无区域淋巴结及远处转移,无肾静脉、腔静脉癌栓.术后随访行超声、CT、肾功能等检查.应用KaplanMeier方法行肿瘤特异性生存率估计并进行对数秩检验. 结果 243例中232例获随访,平均随访31(1～147)个月.术后应用干扰素继续治疗52例.死亡4例(因癌死亡1例,非癌死亡3例),总体生存率和肿瘤特异性生存率分别为98.3%和100.0%;肿瘤复发5例,远处转移1例.总并发症发生率为5.6%(13/232). 结论 保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌局部复发率低,远期生存率高,并发症发生率低;可以最大限度地保留功能性肾单位,降低并发慢性肾衰竭的危险性,提高患者生活质量,增加患者满意度.     

保留肾单位手术治疗小肾癌的可行性与疗效评估

目的:探讨保留肾单位手术(NSS)治疗小肾癌的可行性和疗效.方法:报告20例行NSS治疗小肾癌患者(NSS组)和21例和根治性肾切除术(RN)治疗的同种患者(RN组)的临床资料,比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、并发症、复发情况及存活率.结果:两组手术均顺利完成.NSS组平均手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率大于RN组(P<0.05);但两组间术后住院时间、肿瘤复发率及长期存活率方面,差异无统计学意义.结论:NSS切除治疗小肾癌具有安全有效性.但要严格掌握适应证,对于大于4cm的肾癌,尽可能行RN.     

Outcome of nephron‐sparing surgery for T1b renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To present our experience with nephron‐sparing surgery (NSS) for T1b renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a high‐volume tertiary referral centre. NSS for RCC of <4 cm (T1a) is increasingly accepted, although its role for RCC of 4–7 cm (T1b) remains controversial.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The records of 67 consecutive patients who had NSS for RCC of 4–7 cm at our institution were reviewed retrospectively. Data were collected on surgical indications, tumour characteristics, complications, changes in serum creatinine level, time to recurrence and time to death. Clinical progression‐free survival (CPFS), overall survival (OS), cancer‐specific survival (CSS) rates were estimated statistically.

RESULTS

The mean patient age was 62 years. Surgical indications were absolute in 26 (39%) patients, relative in 11 (16%) and elective in 30 (45%). Two patients (3%) required postoperative embolization, and none developed a urinary fistula. Four patients (6%) had positive resection margins; none of these developed tumour recurrence. After a median (range) follow‐up of 40.1 (1–98.3) months, 10 patients (15%) had died, of whom only one death was related to NSS (postoperative hypovolaemic shock). The tumour recurred in seven patients (10%) all of whom were alive at the last follow‐up. Three patients (4%) developed a local recurrence and four (6%) developed locoregional or distant disease. The projected 5‐year CPFS, CSS and OS rates were 84%, 99% and 72%, respectively. Seven (10%) patients developed de novo renal insufficiency. Elective and relative indications were not associated with a significant change in serum creatinine level (P = 0.22 and 0.10, respectively); in the absolute category this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.005). The main limitation is that the study was uncontrolled and retrospective, with a medium‐term follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed the excellent surgical feasibility and CSS for NSS in T1b RCC. Local cancer control was achieved in the large majority of patients, with preservation of renal function in those with elective indications. Absolute indications significantly correlated with loss of renal function.     

孤立肾巨大肿瘤保留肾单位的手术治疗

目的：探讨孤立。肾巨大肿瘤的诊治方法。方法：对2例孤立肾肾肿瘤直径≥8．0cm的患者,先行腹腔镜手术游离肾脏血管,再行开放手术将。肾肿瘤剜除。结果：2例手术均获成功,1例术后发生肾功能不全,1例完全康复,术后随访12个月,肿瘤均无复发或转移。结论：对于孤立。肾巨大肿瘤,术前行肾动脉血管检查、肾肿瘤超选择性栓塞,术中运用腹腔镜游离肾血管、开放手术冷缺血阻断肾动脉,使肿瘤与正常肾组织分界清楚、减少出血、加快手术操作、有助于保护患者肾功能,提高患者生活质量。     

小切缘保肾手术治疗早期肾细胞癌的长期疗效观察

目的 探讨小切缘保肾手术治疗肾细胞癌的安全性及有效性.方法 1998年1月至2006年12月采用5 mm以上切缘对115例直径≤4 cm的T1a期肾细胞癌患者施行保肾手术.肿瘤平均直径3.3 cm(1.0～4.0 cm),其中双侧肾癌同时保肾手术3例,对侧肾脏正常的单侧肾癌112例.随访观察其远期效果.结果 115例患者手术均成功完成,手术时间80～120 min,平均90 min.术中出血量50～200 ml,均不需输血.98例患者采用肾蒂阻断,局部低温手术,阻断时间20～25 min,平均22 min.17例局限于肾上、下极且体积较小者采用手捏法控制出血,不阻断肾蒂,也不需要局部降温.115例切缘常规冰冻病理检查均未发现肿瘤残留.3例于住院期间出现二次肉眼血尿,经卧床、抗炎、止血治疗痊愈,无尿瘘、感染及需手术处理的大出血等并发症.所有患者均获随访,平均随访时间62个月,其中局部复发1例(异位复发),局部复发率0.9%,所有患者均存活至今,未发生远处转移.结论 小切缘保肾手术有利于保留更多的功能性肾单位,且并发症少,是直径4 cm以下早期肾癌安全、有效的治疗手段.     

保留肾单位手术治疗局限性肾癌的临床分析

目的评价保留肾单位手术治疗局限性肾癌的临床效果及可行性。方珐104例局限性肾癌患者行保留肾单位手术,肿瘤平均直径（39．35±13．5）mm。69例阻断肾蒂,其中冰泥降温43例。评价手术时间、肾蒂阻断时间、出血量、并发症及肿瘤控制情况。培暴104例手术均顺利完成。手术时间60∽425min,平均（95土25）min。平均肾蒂阻断时间（17士10）min。术中出血10～2000mL,平均（204士102）mL。术后病理透明细胞癌95例,囊性肾癌5例,乳头状肾细胞癌4例。其中pT1bN0Mo31例（70．2％）,pT1bN0M031例（29．8％）。手术切缘距肿瘤0．5～1．0cm。术后漏尿1例,出血1例,心衰1例,不完全性肠梗阻1例,101例（97．1％）获得随访,随访时间6～95月,平均（55士15）个月,1例出现卵巢转移瘤,1例术后36个月死亡。5年总生存率为99．0％。结论对于局限性肾癌,保留肾单位手术是一种安全、有效的术式,有可能取代根治性肾切除术成为小肾癌新的标准术式。     

Oxidized regenerated cellulose granuloma mimicking recurrent mass lesion after laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery

INTRODUCTIONAchieving hemostasis in laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery (LNSS), a technically demanding procedure, is challenging. Absorbable hemostatic agents, such as oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) are frequently used for hemostasis in laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery. Retention of this material is a very rare situation.PRESENTATION OF THE CASEWe are presenting a case of ORC granuloma after nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) mimicking recurrent renal mass. A 50-year-old woman diagnosed with upper pole renal mass underwent laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery. Oxidized regenerated cellulose was used to achieve hemostasis for an oozing from the perirenal tissue. Resection confirmed RCC. Imaging at 6th month follow-up revealed a lesion with contrast enhancement at the location of the adrenal gland. Positron emission tomography suggested inflammation or metastasis. Histopathological evaluation of the mass revealed foreign body granuloma.DISCUSSIONLaparoscopic nephron sparing surgery is becoming a standardized treatment of select renal tumors. Hemostatic agents, such as ORC, are frequently used to minimize complications in LNSS. In case of ORC application, which is completely absorbed in 8 weeks, to or to a location with close proximity to the primary resection site, surgical granuloma formation should be considered. However its use should not be discouraged and biopsy may be considered for definitive diagnosis.CONCLUSIONOxidized regenerated cellulose granuloma may mimic different entities such as including invasive carcinoma. Thus it is of utmost importance, if ORC was used during LNSS, the location and use of this material should be noted precisely.