钳扎法在显微镜下腹股沟下精索静脉结扎术中的应用

目的探讨显微镜下腹股沟下精索静脉结扎术中钳扎法处理睾丸动脉旁粘连静脉的安全性。方法 2015年6月～2017年1月显微镜下腹股沟下精索静脉结扎术中采用钳扎法处理睾丸动脉旁粘连静脉(利用显微镊子将睾丸动脉旁粘连的静脉提起,利用4-0丝线在尽可能靠近睾丸动脉和粘连静脉的分界面结扎粘连的静脉),观察术后精索静脉曲张复发、术后阴囊水肿、精子改善及症状缓解等情况。结果与术前相比,术后患者精子浓度明显提高[(39.0±9.5)×10~6/ml vs.(22.4±8.1)×10~6/ml,t=9.189,P=0.000];术后患者精子前向运动率明显改善[(37.9±6.9)%vs.(23.3±10.3)%,t=20.787,P=0.000];正常精子百分比明显提升[(7.3±2.2)%vs.(3.1±2.0)%,t=9.715,P=0.000];术后患者阴囊疼痛明显减轻[(1.0±0.6)分vs.(5.6±0.8)分,t=-22.939,P=0.000]。52例术后随访6～24个月,平均18个月。术后超声检查无精索静脉曲张复发,无阴囊水肿,无睾丸萎缩。结论显微镜下腹股沟下精索静脉结扎术中采用钳扎法能安全有效地处理睾丸动脉旁粘连静脉。     

精索血管解剖在经腹股沟下途径显微镜精索静脉结扎术的临床应用

目的 探讨经腹股沟下显微镜精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张的手术技巧及其疗效分析.方法 总结本院自2014年10月至2016年4月应用经腹股沟下途径显微镜下精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张64例患者的临床资料.对术中结扎静脉数量、睾丸动脉数量、手术时间、术后并发症发生率、术后复发率、术后精液质量改善情况进行总结分析.结果 单侧手术时间54~80 min,平均62.16 min.术中均有效保留1~2支睾丸动脉.术中发现精索内静脉数量:(8.67±1.27)条;动脉数量(1.18±0.46)条;术后并发症发生率:阴囊水肿3.12%(2/64);术后精液质量改善率87.10%(27/31),临床症状缓解率82.98%(39/47).结论 经腹股沟下途径显微镜精索静脉结扎术手术并发症少,复发率低,有效保留睾丸动脉,有效改善精液治疗,提高致孕率.掌握精索血管的解剖对手术具有很大帮助.     

精索静脉曲张所致阴囊疼痛经手术治疗缓解的影响因素Meta分析

目的:对手术缓解精索静脉曲张伴阴囊疼痛进行研究,采用Meta分析方法探讨其影响因素。方法:以"varicocele","testicular pain","scrotal pain","painful varicocele","ligation","varicocelectomy","精索静脉曲张"、"精索静脉结扎术"、"疼痛"、"阴囊疼痛"、"睾丸疼痛"为主题词及自由词检索Pub Med、EMBASE、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方全文数据库,检索时间为各数据库建库至2016年10月。按照纳入标准筛选出手术治疗精索静脉曲张伴阴囊疼痛的相关研究。对最终纳入的队列研究根据纽卡斯尔-渥太华评分(NOS)进行质量评价,随机对照研究(RCT)根据Cochrane系统评价体系中关于评价文献质量的随机方法、分配隐藏、盲法3项标准对纳入的进行质量评价。用RevMan 5.3软件对结果进行Meta分析,结局指标为疼痛缓解率。结果:手术缓解精索静脉曲张伴阴囊疼痛的文章共纳入14篇,每篇文献至少涉及一种与缓解阴囊疼痛可能相关的影响因素。其中涉及病史的2篇、疼痛性质的8篇、疼痛程度的2篇、曲张程度的9篇、单双侧3篇、手术入路的9篇、有关手术方式的3篇、症状复发的4篇。Meta分析后发现,经腹股沟管下入路结扎者阴囊疼痛缓解率均高于经高位及经腹股沟入路结扎者阴囊疼痛缓解率,且差异有统计学意义[RR=0.82,95%CI(0.76,0.89),P0.01][RR=0.92,95%CI(0.86,0.99),P=0.02],经显微外科术式者阴囊疼痛缓解率高于经腹腔镜术式者阴囊疼痛缓解率[RR=0.77,95%CI(0.60,0.99),P=0.04],且差异有统计学意义。结论:目前尚不能认为病史、疼痛性质、疼痛程度、曲张程度、单双侧、复发是手术缓解精索静脉曲张伴阴囊疼痛的影响因素,而显微外科手术较腹腔镜手术、经腹股沟下入路结扎较经高位和经腹股沟入路结扎,可能是目前精索静脉曲张所致阴囊疼痛经手术治疗缓解更为有效的影响因素     

经腹股沟途径和高位腹膜后途径显微外科精索静脉高位结扎方法的比较

目的:比较经腹股沟途径和高位腹膜后途径显微外科精索静脉高位结扎方法的优缺点。方法:226例精索静脉曲张患者随机分为两组,A组采用经腹股沟途径(n=119例),B组采用经高位腹膜后途径(n=107)。分析比较两组手术时间、术后效果、并发症及精液改善情况及配偶自然怀孕率等指标。结果:A组手术切口长度明显短于B组[(2.0±0.35)cm vs.(2.5±1.69)cm,P0.05];A组手术时间少于B组,但差异无统计学意义[(30.2±4.8)min vs.(35.6±8.2)min,P0.05)];A组平均结扎静脉数明显大于B组[(7.2±3.3)支vs.(2.8±0.9)支,P0.05]。A组术中所见淋巴管支数明显大于B组[(2.5±1.3)支vs.(1.5±0.3)支,P0.05]。两组患者术后均无睾丸鞘膜积液、睾丸萎缩等。与术前相比,两组术后精液有明显改善(P0.05),两组间精液改善比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组各有2例复发,复发率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组配偶有63例怀孕;B组配偶有50例怀孕,两组配偶自然怀孕率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:显微外科经腹股沟和腹膜后2种途径精索静脉高位结扎术均安全有效,但经腹股沟途径切口更易显露,适应于所有患者,对较瘦体型者及有腹股沟区手术史的患者可以选用高位腹膜后途径。     

腹膜后切口与腹股沟管切口显微镜下精索静脉结扎治疗精索静脉曲张的对比研究

目的 对精索静脉曲张患者采用腹膜后切口显微镜下精索静脉结扎和腹股沟管切口显微镜下精索静脉结扎术进行治疗,对比观察两种术式的手术切口对精索血管的影响.方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究,将2014年3月至2015年1月本院泌尿外科住院的原发性精索静脉曲张患者98例随机分为两组,观察组50例采用腹膜后切口显微镜下精索静脉结扎,对照组48例采用腹股沟管切口显微镜下精索静脉结扎,术中观察记录精索血管数量并进行对比分析.结果 观察组静脉总数为(3.50±1.07)条,对照组为(5.01±1.70)条,差异有统计学意义(t =4.570,P=0.000);观察组中静脉(2～5mm)为(2.98±0.83)条,对照组为(4.08±1.69)条,差异有统计学意义(t =3.088,P=0.003).两种手术切口的小静脉(≤2mm)、大静脉(≥5mm)、动脉和淋巴管数量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 腹膜后水平精索静脉总数及中静脉数量均少于腹股沟管水平,且此水平无输精管及输精管静脉无提睾肌静脉,静脉均为精索内静脉,因此腹膜后切口较腹股沟切口操作更简单.     

显微镜下三种术式治疗精索静脉曲张疗效比较

目的:探讨显微镜下精索静脉结扎不同术式治疗精索静脉曲张的效果。方法:选取147例精索静脉曲张患者作为研究对象,依据采取的术式不同将其分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组各49例。Ⅰ组行经腹股沟精索静脉高位结扎术,Ⅱ组行经腹膜后精索静脉高位结扎术,Ⅲ组行精索静脉低位结扎术。对比3组的手术相关指标以及住院时间、精子质量以及并发症和复发情况。结果:Ⅰ组手术时间(55.28±15.36)min、Ⅱ组手术时间(56.04±16.730)min,均明显短于Ⅲ组(75.29±16.97)min;3组出血量及总住院时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后1年,3组精子密度、存活率及(A+B)级活动力精子比例较术前均显著提高,Ⅲ组精子密度[(185.36±49.37)×10~6/m L]较Ⅰ组[(149.65±38.22)×10~6/mL]和Ⅱ组[(148.77±39.62)×10~6/m L]显著升高(P0.05),Ⅲ组存活率[(99.55±22.16)%]较Ⅰ组[(73.45±17.21)%]和Ⅱ组[(74.08±18.06)%]显著升高;Ⅲ组(A+B)级活动力精子比例[(91.79±25.68)%]较Ⅰ组[(70.25±15.16)%]和Ⅱ组[(72.83±17.58)%]显著升高。Ⅲ组术后并发症发生率为5.56%,较Ⅰ组(23.61%)和Ⅱ组(20.83%)显著降低。3组复发情况差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:显微镜下精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张效果确切,精索静脉低位结扎术相对于经腹膜后或腹股沟精索静脉高位结扎术,更有利于提高精子质量、降低术后并发症风险。     

显微镜下三种手术入路治疗精索静脉曲张的探索

目的对比分析显微镜下三种手术入路治疗精索静脉曲张的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2017年3月至2019年2月于苏州大学附属第二医院行精索静脉结扎术的88例患者资料,所有患者均在显微镜下行精索静脉结扎术,手术由同一组医师完成。根据手术入路的不同分为三组,Ⅰ组经腹膜后切口(n=14),Ⅱ组经腹股沟切口(n=48),Ⅲ组经外环口下切口(n=26),比较三组患者的手术时间、结扎静脉数量、复发率、精液质量的改善情况、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)及术后短期并发症。结果Ⅲ组手术时间、结扎静脉分支数量明显多于Ⅱ组(P<0.05);三组患者术后精液质量均优于术前(P<0.05);术后VAS评分均低于术前评分(P<0.05)。但是,三组患者短期并发症的发生率、复发率、阴囊疼痛缓解程度、精子活力与形态改善情况进行组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论三种显微镜下精索静脉结扎术均能改善患者精液质量、缓解阴囊疼痛。临床上,应根据患者的实际情况选择合适的手术入路完成手术,以获得好的临床疗效。     

经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下治疗双侧精索静脉曲张临床疗效分析

目的:观察经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下治疗双侧精索静脉曲张高位结扎的疗效。方法:回顾性分析48例经腹膜外途经腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术及32例经腹腔途经腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术患者。比较两组患者术前、术后l、3、6个月的精液质量变化情况,两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、术后并发症(皮下血肿、阴囊及皮下气肿、精索静脉曲张复发)以及配偶妊娠率等情况。结果:经腹膜外组和经腹腔组术后精液质量参数均较术前有明显改善(P0.05),但是术后1、3、6个月的精液质量参数比较无统计学差异(P0.05);两组术中出血量、手术时间[(38.27±9.23)min vs(43.46±11.72)min],无明显差异(P0.05),而胃肠道恢复时间经腹膜外途径组[(1.27±0.26)d]明显短于经腹腔途径组[(2.43±0.41)d,P0.05]。术后随访6~18个月,两组皮下血肿、阴囊及皮下气肿、复发率及配偶妊娠率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术具有恢复快、安全有效等优点,具有一定临床推广价值。     

显微镜下两种入路治疗精索静脉曲张引起的阴囊疼痛疗效对比

目的比较显微镜下经腹股沟途径与经腹股沟下途径两种精索静脉结扎手术方法治疗精索静脉曲张引起的阴囊不适或疼痛的疗效及手术时间。方法 2011年7月至2013年6月,中山大学附属第三医院收治以阴囊不适或疼痛为主诉的精索静脉曲张患者68例(81侧),患者均采用显微技术进行手术治疗,随机将患者分为两组,分别采用经腹股沟途径和经腹股沟下途径手术入路,采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评估患者术前、术后疼痛程度,术中记录患者手术时间,术后通过患者复诊及电话随访方式记录患者术后疼痛是否缓解、伤口是否不适、复发率和并发症的发生情况。结果显微镜下经腹股沟途径与经腹股沟下途径术后疼痛缓解率分别为94.1%(32/34)和97.1%(33/34),术后复发率分别为5.9%(2/34)和2.9%(1/34),阴囊水肿率分别为0%(0/34)和2.9%(1/34),睾丸萎缩率分别为0%(0/34)和0%(0/34),伤口不适率分别为14.7%(5/34)和5.9%(2/34),各组差异均无统计学意义。手术时间分别为(31±6)min和(36±8)min,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论显微镜下经腹股沟途径与经腹股沟下途径均为治疗精索静脉曲张引起的阴囊疼痛的有效方法,而经腹股沟途径手术耗时更短。     

精索静脉曲张4种手术方式临床疗效比较

目的:探讨精索静脉曲张4种常见手术方式的临床疗效。方法:回顾性总结318例精索静脉曲张患者术前以及术后临床资料,其中经腹股沟管精索静脉结扎术108例,腹膜后精索静脉结扎术(Palomo术)84例,腹腔镜精索静脉结扎术68例,显微镜下精索静脉结扎术58例。比较不同手术方式在手术时间、住院天数、术前以及术后精子活力与浓度、并发症发生率、复发率和精子质量改善率等的不同。结果:经腹股沟管组、Palomo术组、腹腔镜组以及显微镜组的手术时间分别为(50.3±13.9)、(70.4±14.3)、(35.1±11.1)、(65.3±13.2)min,其中腹腔镜组耗时明显少于其他3组(P0.05)。4组的住院天数分别为(6.3±1.6)、(5.7±1.5)、(4.3±1.4)、(3.4±1.3)d,其中显微镜组住院天数明显少于其他3组(P0.05)。在并发症发生率、术后超声精索静脉返流发生率以及复发率方面,显微镜组均明显低于其他3组(P均0.05)。4组术后精子浓度与活力较术前均有改善,而精子质量改善率,显微镜组明显高于其他3组(P0.05)。结论:与经腹股沟管精索静脉手术、Palomo术以及腹腔镜技术相比,显微镜手术具有并发症少、精子质量改善率高,住院时间短等优势,适合在基层推广开展。     

Intraoperative Varicocele Anatomy: A Microscopic Study of the Inguinal Versus Subinguinal Approach

PurposeThe groin approach to varicocelectomy is performed by an inguinal (aponeurosis of external oblique opened) or subinguinal (external oblique aponeurosis intact) technique. We describe the number and relationship of internal and external spermatic arteries, veins and lymphatics within the subinguinal portion of the spermatic cord in infertile men undergoing microscopic varicocelectomy and compare these findings to the microanatomy observed with the inguinal approach.Materials and MethodsA total of 48 consecutive patients underwent 84 microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomies during which the detailed intraoperative microanatomy of the spermatic cord and gubernacula was recorded. These observations were compared with a previously reported group of 83 consecutive patients that underwent 115 inguinal varicocelectomies. Subinguinal microscopic findings were also evaluated relative to clinical varicocele grade.ResultsThe spermatic cord in the subinguinal dissection was characterized by a smaller number of large (greater than 5 mm) internal spermatic veins and a greater number of small (less than 2 mm) internal spermatic veins than the cord in the inguinal dissection (mean 0.4 vs 1.9 large veins and mean 7.9 vs 4.7 small veins, respectively). The subinguinal dissection was also characterized by a significantly greater percentage of external spermatic veins greater than 2 mm than that observed during inguinal dissection (93% vs 74%, respectively, p <0.05). Multiple spermatic arteries were identified in 75% of subinguinal dissections and in only 31% of inguinal dissections (p <0.03). Internal spermatic arteries were surrounded by a dense complex of adherent veins in 95% of cases using the subinguinal approach, whereas this finding was true in only 30% of cases with the inguinal approach (p <0.001). The clinical grade of a varicocele was significantly associated with the number of internal spermatic veins greater than 2 mm found intraoperatively (p <0.001) but not with the maximum internal spermatic vein diameter.ConclusionsAlthough the subinguinal approach to microsurgical varicocelectomy obviates the need to open the aponeurosis of the external oblique, it is associated with a greater number of internal spermatic veins and arteries compared with the inguinal approach. The primary branch point for the testicular artery occurs most commonly during its course through the inguinal canal. Internal spermatic arteries at the subinguinal level are more than 3 times as likely to be surrounded by a dense network of adherent veins than when they are identified at the inguinal level. Taken together, these data suggest that microscopic dissection is more difficult with a subinguinal incision.     

显微镜下经腹股沟管下精索静脉结扎术42例疗效分析

目的：观察显微镜下经腹股沟管下精索静脉结扎术（MSV）治疗精索静脉曲张（VC）的效果。方法：回顾分析我院2011年6月～2012年3月收治42例VC患者的临床资料,于硬膜外麻醉下行MSV,术后6个月观察精液参数改善及相关并发症的发生情况。结果：本组中左侧精索静脉曲张患者38例≯双侧精索静脓曲张患者4例。术后6个月复查,患者精索内静脉内径由术前（0．38±0．05）cm下降至（0．29±0．05）cm（P=0．000）,精子计数由术前（28．37±1．84）×10^6／ml升至（32．48±1．73）×10^6／ml（P=0．000）,精子活力较术前提高明显,由术前（25．61±2．00）％上升至（39．02±4．87）％（P=0．000）;复发1例,并发鞘膜积液1例;随访6个月,患者阴囊不适及疼痛症状均较术前缓解。结论：对部队中常见的疾病VC,MSV是一种安全、可靠、有效的手术方式。     

微通道腹腔镜高选择性双侧精索静脉结扎术的临床应用价值

目的探讨微通道腹腔镜高选择性精索静脉结扎术治疗双侧精索静脉曲张的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属东华医院74例双侧精索静脉曲张患者的临床资料,其中42例行微通道腹腔镜高选择性双侧精索静脉结扎术,32例行显微镜经外环口双侧精索静脉结扎术。术后随访6~12个月,比较不同术式间手术情况、有效性、安全性及医疗费用等的差异。结果腹腔镜组手术时间更短,切口更小,疼痛评分更低,切口美容评分更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);显微镜组住院费用更低(P<0.05);两组在缓解阴囊胀痛和改善精液质量方面均有较好效果,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后6个月曲张复发率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论微通道腹腔镜高选择性精索静脉结扎术安全、有效,且手术时间短、疼痛轻、疤痕小,值得临床推广应用,可作为双侧精索静脉曲张患者的可选术式。     

显微外科曲张精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张(附94例报告)

目的:探讨显微外科曲张精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张的临床效果。方法:回顾分析2008年8月至2011年2月显微外科术治疗94例精索静脉曲张患者的临床资料。94例中,主要因睾丸坠胀不适、疼痛等症状就诊者36例;主要因不育或少弱精子症就诊者58例。经腹股沟途径或外环口下途径行显微外科曲张精索静脉结扎术,术后1、3、6个月随访相关并发症及精液参数改善等情况。结果:获得随访6个月至2年的患者88例,失访6例。术前主要以睾丸坠胀不适、疼痛等症状就诊获得随访的32例患者,术后症状消失者21例(65.6%),减轻6例(18.8%),无改善5例(15.6%)。获得随访的56例不育或少弱精子症者术前精子浓度及活力为[(a+b)%]为(8.26±1.68)×106/ml、(5.25±1.09)%,术后3个月及6个月分别为(15.47±3.21)×106/ml、(18.39±4.05)×106/ml和(13.34±5.16)%、(17.23±4.69)%,均较术前显著改善(P均<0.01)。结论:显微外科曲张精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张可有效改善睾丸疼痛、坠胀不适等症状,并提高精子浓度和活力。     

Low inguinal approach for correction of recurrent varicocele

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of low inguinal (or subinguinal) approach in the treatment of recurrent of persistent varicocele after surgical treatment. Recurrent varicocele was diagnosed in 23 patients who previously underwent surgical treatment. The technique used consisted of low inguinal incision at the level of the external inguinal ring without opening the external oblique aponeurosis. External spermatic veins (cremasteric veins) were dissected and selectively ligated. Then the spermatic fascia was incised and the internal spermatic veins were identified and ligated individually. Postoperative radioisotope scan, scrotal examination and sperm analysis were used for treatment evaluation. Twenty-one (91.3%) had negative postoperative scan and no signs of varicocele on physical examination. A marked improvement of sperm analysis was noted in 19 patients (p<0.05), while two had only minor improvement. Two patients had positive postoperative scans without improvement of semen analysis. Neither atrophy nor azoospermia were detected on follow-up examination in any of these men, however, one patient developed hydrocele. This study indicates a good surgical outcome and improvement of semen quality without significant complications.     

Microsurgical varicocelectomy for clinical varicocele: A review for potential new indications

Microsurgical varicocelectomy is considered the gold‐standard technique treating varicocele in both adults and adolescents, due to relatively more favourable outcomes and lower post‐operative recurrence and complication rates. Despite of mounting literature on this topic, several aspects are still not well defined. We summarised the most recent literature and presented findings that might extend its indications. Microsurgical varicocelectomy and intracytoplasmic sperm injection are both effective to father a child for infertile men with clinical varicocele even for those with worst condition of spermatozoa, nonobstructive azoospermia, and prior varicocele repair has substantial benefits for couples with a clinical varicocele. Microsurgical subinguinal and inguinal varicocelectomy seem to have comparable effectiveness for adolescents and infertile men with varicoceles. However, the subinguinal approach may have some advantages to deal with painful varicocele. The superior outcomes of bilateral varicocelectomy for patients with clinical left varicocele and concomitant clinical right varicocele are justified, while the benefit is still uncertain for concomitant subclinical right varicocele. Varicocelectomy may have the potential to improve sexual function along with serum testosterone. In conclusion, indications for microsurgical varicocelectomy may be extended by the concomitant right and left clinical varicocele and sexual dysfunction with varicocele.     

Clinical outcome of microsurgical varicocelectomy done for pain

Surgical ligation for varicocele is primarily used in the management of male infertility patients. However, effectiveness of the ligation for painful varicocele is still controversial. We reviewed record s from 18 patients (average age 17.8 years) who underwent varicocele ligation done for pain at our institution from June 1999 to May 2010. The varicocele was on the left side and was grade III in 15 cases and grade II in 3 cases. The pain was classified into three types ; discomfort, dull pain and sharp pain. Microsurgical varicocelectomy was done with inguinal or subinguinal approach. Evaluation of postoperative pain was available in 17 patients, and 15 patients (88%) reported complete resolution of the pain with averaged follow up duration of 11 months (3 to 53 months). We concluded that microsurgical varicocelectomy using the inguinal or subinguinal approach was an effective treatment modality for varicocele-associated pain.     

Initial experience with robot-assisted varicocelectomy

Aim： To determine if robot-assisted varicocelectomy can be safely and effectively performed when compared to microscopic inguinal varicocelectomy. Methods： Eight patients aged 29.1 ± 12.5 years underwent microscopic subinguinal varicocelectomies： seven patients with left-sided repair, and one patient with bilateral repair. Eight patients aged 22.0 ±8.0 years underwent robot-assisted varicocelectomies： seven patients with left-sided repair and one patient with bilateral repair. Results： The average operative time for microscopic inguinal varicocelectomy was 73.9 ±12.2 min, whereas the robot-assisted technique took 71.1± 21.1 min. There were no difficulties in identifying and isolating vessels and the vas deferens with robot-assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy. Hand tremor was eliminated using the robotic procedure. Patients who underwent either microscopic or robot-assisted varicocelectomies were able to resume daily activities on the day of surgery and full activities within 2 weeks. There were no complications or recurrences of varicocele. Conclusion： From our experience, compared to microscopic surgery, robot-assisted varicocelectomy can be safely and effectively performed, with the added benefit of eliminating hand tremor.     

Microsurgical varicocelectomy: a review

Varicocelectomy is the most commonly performed surgical procedure for the treatment of male infertility. Although several different techniques for varicocele repair have been described in the literature, microsurgical varicocelectomy performed through a subinguinal or inguinal incision is recognized as the gold-standard approach for varicocelectomy, due to high success rates with minimal complications. Standard indications for varicocelectomy include palpable varicocele(s), with one or more abnormal semen parameters, and, for the couple trying to conceive, in the setting of normal or correctable female infertility. However, varicocele repair is often recommended and undertaken for reasons other than infertility, including low serum testosterone, testicular pain, testicular hypotrophy and poor sperm DNA quality. This article reviews the technical aspects of microsurgical varicocelectomy, and its indications in adults and adolescents.