经食管超声心动图与经胸超声心动图引导下继发孔型房间隔缺损封堵疗效比较

目的比较经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)与经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)引导行经皮介入封堵术治疗继发孔型房间隔缺损(ostium secundum defect,OSD)的临床效果。方法选择84例继发孔型OSD患者,术前行TTE及TEE检查。根据术中影像学引导技术的不同分为TEE组(44例)和TTE组(40例),分别在TEE和TTE引导下行经皮介入封堵术。比较两组围术期指标、封堵成功率、一次封堵器选择成功率及术后并发症情况。结果两组患者封堵手术均成功。TEE及TTE测量OSD最大内径值存在统计学差异(P<0.05),而两者测量房顶缘残端、主动脉根部残端以及心房总长度等参数比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TEE组手术时间、心内操作时间少于TTE组(P<0.05),一次封堵器选择成功率高于TTE组(P<0.05),而两组住院时间及封堵成功率比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。所有患者术后随访12个月,均无心包积液及血管损伤发生。TEE组发生残余分流及皮下气肿各1例,TTE组发生胸腔积液及皮下气肿各1例,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论TEE引导下行经皮封堵术治疗继发孔型OSD,测量参数准确,操作时间较短,封堵效果满意,安全性良好。     

经食管超声心动图在肝移植手术中的应用

肝移植手术由于患者合并症多、手术操作复杂,常发生剧烈的血流动力学波动。经食管超声心动图（transesophageal echocardiography,TEE）作为一种可视化工具,能实时连续监测心血管结构与功能,鉴别相应的病因,优化麻醉管理,评估移植肝的功能,改善患者预后,被推荐用于高危的肝移植手术。由于肝病患者的特...     

经食管超声心动图在机器人心脏手术中的应用

目的探讨经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)在机器人体外循环心脏手术中的应用价值。 方法对110例心脏病患者在机器人体外循环术中行TEE检查,体外循环转机前评估心脏病变,验证经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)结果,根据结果协助手术医师进一步确定手术方案。建议外周体外循环过程中,TEE引导下腔静脉插管(经股静脉)、上腔静脉插管(经右侧颈内静脉)。心脏复搏后,TEE评估手术疗效、手术并发症、排气情况。将其结果进行回顾性分析。 结果本组患者全在机器人下完成手术,其中2例中转右前外侧切口。体外循环转机前TEE诊断与TTE结果有7例不相符,经术中证实TEE准确性100%。TEE引导所有下、上腔静脉插管成功,成功率100%,体外循环过程中无静脉引流不畅。心脏复搏后2例室间隔缺损有残余分流、1例二尖瓣成形后仍有中度反流、1例主动脉瓣置换术后瓣周漏,经再次阻断处理后均取得满意效果。其余患者手术疗效确切,术后再次TTE证实无手术相关并发症。 结论TEE在机器人体外循环术中能提高手术成功率及安全性,是有效的术中诊断手段。     

经食管超声心动图在心血管手术麻醉与监测中的应用

目的　评价经食管超声心动图 (TEE)在心血管手术麻醉中的价值。方法　本组共完成 1 2 2例TEE监测。主要观察指标 :(1 )对 4 1例瓣膜置换患者的瓣膜作返流和狭窄分级及评价机械或生物瓣的功能 ;(2 ) 4 8例不停跳冠状动脉搭桥 (CABG)患者手术前后心功能变化〔①面积减少分数(FAC) ;②E波与A波峰值流速比率 (E/A)和各自的流速时间积分比率 (VTIE/VTIA) ;③E波减速时间 (DT) ;④心脏指数 (CI)〕 ;(3)手术前后对 2 0例不停跳CABG患者左室室壁 (前壁、后壁、侧壁和室间隔 )运动分级 ;(4 )监测先心病矫正前后心脏结构变化。结果　TEE检测瓣膜病变与经胸超声结果一致 ,手术后瓣膜活动正常。术后FAC、CI和VTIE/VTIA分别为 (0 5 2± 0 0 8)、(2 6 4± 0 6 9)L·min 1 ·m 2 和 1 2 9± 0 1 8,与术前比较 (0 4 2± 0 0 9)、(2 0 5± 0 4 8)L·min 1 ·m 2 和 1 1 4± 0 1 6有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;术后E/A 0 86± 0 2 1与术前 0 77± 0 1 8比较P <0 0 1。DT无显著性变化。术前节段性室壁运动异常大于 2级的占 1 0 % ,术后为 5 %。结论　在心血管手术中 ,TEE是一种新的有用的监测技术     

大血管手术和经食管超声心动图

术中应用经食管超声心动图（TEE）推动了大血管手术的诊断和治疗。现总结近5年来TEE在动脉夹层、动脉瘤、动脉外伤、粥样硬化、腔静脉血栓和血管支架腔内植入等手术中的应用,并对TEE的优点和不足进行评价。     

经胸小切口室间隔缺损封堵术中经食管超声心动图的应用实效性评价

目的探讨经胸小切口室间隔缺损封堵术(VSD)中经胸超声心动图(TTE)的的应用价值有效性及可行性。方法回顾性分析本院2004年1月至2012年12月经TTE确诊为VSD,并经筛查符合封堵的122例患者,122例VSD患儿实施经胸小切口封堵术,术前通过TTE多切面评估VSD大小、位置、类型及与周围组织的毗邻情况,选择VSD封堵器型号的-般标准为(缺损测量最大径2mm);术中通过MTEE再次复核评估,确定封堵器型号,并引导封堵器正确放置,同时评判封堵效果;术后经TTE对封堵成功患儿进行定期随访。结果 122例VSD患儿中116例成功封堵,成功率95.1%。不同类型VSD封堵的成功率有差别,干下型成功率最低。部分患儿术后1周、1月、3月、6月、1年内定期随访,封堵器回声清晰,位置正常,无轻量以上残余分流和瓣膜反流。结论 TIE在经导管介入室间隔缺损封堵术治疗中的病例筛查、指导封堵器选择、术中封堵引导和监测,对封堵前、后心脏血流动力学及心脏形态、结构和心功能的变化评价中有着重要的临床作用。     

经食管超声心动图引导下经胸小切口行漏斗部室间隔缺损封堵术的疗效分析

目的评价经食管超声心动图引导下经胸小切口行先天性心脏病漏斗部室间隔缺损封堵术的临床疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2013年1~6月河北省儿童医院21例漏斗部室间隔缺损患儿经食管超声心动图引导下经胸小切口行漏斗部室间隔缺损封堵术的临床资料,其中男10例、女11例,年龄8~24（16±8）个月,体重（9±3）kg,室间隔缺损大小（4.5±2.5）mm。经食管超声心动图引导下完成21例经胸小切口漏斗部室间隔缺损封堵术。用经食管超声心动图评估封堵器的位置、对房室瓣和主动脉瓣的影响以及有无残余分流。结果无围术期死亡和并发症发生。21例室间隔缺损患儿中20例成功封堵,成功率95.2%。其中1例因缺损太大,转为体外循环下直视室间隔缺损修补术。安置封堵器时间（32±16）min,封堵器大小（5±3）mm;住院时间6~8 d。所有患者术后随访3~6个月,随访期间超声心动图提示：封堵器回声清晰,位置正常,无轻度以上残余分流和瓣膜反流。结论经食管超声心动图引导下经胸小切口行漏斗部室间隔缺损封堵术易于操作、疗效确切、安全可靠。     

腹主动脉瘤治疗进展

腹主动脉瘤(AAA)的发病率因年龄和性别而异,在年龄小于65岁的人群中,约1.7%的女性和5%的男性腹主动脉直径大于3.0cm[1].此后,直径大于3cm的动脉瘤的患病率每10岁增加6%.英国科学家发现女性AAA患者就诊时年龄更大,瘤体破裂的比例更高[2].     

Strategic 2-step surgery using thoracic endovascular aortic repair for an infected thoracic aortic aneurysm

An 81-year-old man with multiple comorbidities developed infected thoracic aortic aneurysm, and we employed a strategic 2-step surgical approach combining thoracic endovascular aortic repair and local debridement with an omental flap during the active phase of infection. No signs of reinfection were observed at the 1-year follow-up. This strategy can be a safe and less invasive alternative to conventional open surgery in patients with high surgical risk.     

腹主动脉瘤腔内隔绝术中短支对接困难的处理

目的:探讨腔内隔绝术治疗腹主动脉瘤术中短支对接困难的处理方法。方法:对本中心自1997年3月至2004年6月间施行的腹主动脉瘤腔内隔绝术进行回顾性研究。共有51例出现短支对接困难。其中,出现导丝进入主体短支产生困难的50例次,对侧单支导入主体短支产生困难的12例次。术中采用了多角度透视法、对侧导丝导引法、左肱动脉穿刺近端漂流法、导丝上下贯通法、球囊扩张法、超硬导丝回撤法和导丝牵张法。结果:多角度透视法应用于50例病人,对侧导丝导引法14例,左肱动脉穿刺近端漂流法10例,导丝上下贯通法3例,球囊扩张法2例,超硬导丝回撤法10例,导丝牵张法5例。51例病人均获成功对接,使分叉型移植物成功地隔绝了腹主动脉瘤。结论:短支对接是放置分叉型移植物手术操作过程中的难点,短支对接困难会造成手术的时间延长甚至失败。利用多种血管腔内技术可以解决这一问题。     

覆膜支架腔内隔绝和开腹手术治疗腹主动脉瘤破裂疗效比较

目的比较开腹手术和腔内隔绝术治疗腹主动脉瘤破裂的手术效果。方法 2000年3月-2011年7月,收治48例腹主动脉瘤破裂患者,其中40例行腹动脉瘤切除、人工血管移植术治疗(开腹组),8例行覆膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗(腔内隔绝组)。两组患者性别、年龄、瘤颈长度≤2 cm构成比、瘤颈成角≥60°构成比、髂外动脉严重扭曲构成比、术前收缩压、术前合并症组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。术后对两组患者输血量、手术时间、重症监护时间、术后并发症、二期手术率、术后24 h内死亡率和术后30 d内死亡率进行比较。结果两组术后24 h死亡率、术后30 d死亡率以及非移植物相关并发症发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);但组间手术时间、输血量、重症监护时间、二期手术率及移植物相关并发症发生率比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论腔内隔绝术对解剖条件良好的腹主动脉瘤破裂患者是一种可行的手术方式,在输血量、手术时间、重症监护时间方面与传统开腹手术相比具有明显优势。     

脑脊液引流在胸降及胸腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术中对截瘫的预防保护

目的:探讨脑脊液引流在胸降、胸腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术中对截瘫的预防保护作用。方法:回顾性分析我科于2007年9月至2009年12月期间的32例胸降、胸腹主动脉瘤行腔内修复术病人,在术中及术后予以脑脊液引流的效果。结果:所有病人痊愈出院,随访1个月~1年。4例病人术后出现轻瘫症状,经脑脊液引流后治愈;其余病人围手术期间及随访期间未出现截瘫表现,治疗期间无严重并发症。结论:脑脊液引流可在胸降、胸腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术中有效地预防及治疗轻瘫及截瘫。     

Endovascular repair for a descending thoracic aortic aneurysm with a stent-graft covering the celiac artery: Report of two cases

An adequate landing zone for fixation and sealing is necessary for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). This report presents two cases of a successful EVAR for thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) with a stent-graft covering the celiac artery (CA) to secure a distal landing zone. Case 1 was a 61-year-old man with a chronic traumatic descending TAA 12 mm away from the CA. Case 2 was a 79-year-old man with a descending TAA proximal to the CA. Preoperative angiography and computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a normal visceral blood flow including the peripancreatic arteries. Endovascular aneurysm repair with coverage of the CA was performed in both cases. Angiography after the EVAR demonstrated good blood flow to the CA branches via the peripancreatic arteries and a CT scan showed thrombosed aneurysms. Both patients were discharged without any abdominal symptoms. Endovascular aneurysm repair with a stent-graft covering the CA may therefore be an acceptable endovascular approach in treating selected TAA patients with a limited distal landing zone.     

Racial disparities in presentation and outcomes for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

ObjectiveIn the present study, we used a national database to identify racial differences in the presentation and outcomes for patients undergoing endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (EVAR) and identified areas for improving their care.MethodsWe queried the EVAR-targeted National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2016-2019) to identify patients who had undergone EVAR for both ruptured and nonruptured AAAs. The patients were categorized according to race (White, Black, and Asian). Patients with a history of abdominal aortic surgery or an indication other than AAAs were excluded. The data was analyzed using the χ² and Kruskal-Wallis tests, presented as frequencies and percentages or median and interquartile range (IQR) for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.ResultsWe identified 3629 patients (16.6% female), including 3312 White (91.3%), 248 Black (6.8%), and 69 Asian (1.9%) patients. Black patients were more frequently women (27.0%) compared with White patients (15.9%) and were younger (median age, 71 years; IQR, 64-77 years) than White (median age, 73 years; IQR, 67-79 years) and Asian (median age, 76 years; IQR, 67-81 years) patients (P < .001 for both). The incidence of smoking, congestive heart failure, and dialysis dependency was highest for Black patients, and the incidence of obesity was lowest for Asian patients. The AAAs in Black patients extended more frequently beyond the aortic bifurcation (P = .047). In Asian patients, the internal iliac arteries were more involved (P = .040). For Black patients, 29.8% of the EVARs were performed in a nonelective setting compared with 20.2% for the White and 15.9% for the Asian patients (P < .001). The aneurysm diameter, nonruptured symptomatic rate, and rupture rate were similar across the groups (P = .807). The operative time was prolonged for Black (median, 128 minutes; IQR, 96-177 minutes) compared with White (median, 114 minutes; IQR, 84-162 minutes) patients (P < .001). Postoperatively, Black patients were more likely to require blood transfusion (16.5%) and had prolonged length of hospital stay (median, 2 days; IQR, 1-4 days) compared with White (10.0%; median, 1 day; IQR, 1-3 days) and Asian (4.3%; median, 1 day; IQR, 1-3 days) patients (P = .001 and P < .001, respectively). Black patients also had a higher 30-day readmission rate (P = .038). On multivariate analysis, Black race was an independent factor for length of stay >1 day after both elective and nonelective EVAR and 30-day readmission for elective EVAR, but not 30-day mortality after elective and nonelective EVAR.ConclusionsIn the present nationwide sample of EVAR cases, Black patients were more often women and younger. Despite similar rates of symptomatic and ruptured AAAs at presentation and 30-day mortality, Black patients more often presented and were treated during the same nonelective admission; they also had associated increased length of hospital stay and readmission. These findings signal a missed opportunity to diagnose, optimize, and treat this particular group of patients in an elective setting.     

Mortality analysis of endovascular aneurysm sealing versus endovascular aneurysm repair

BackgroundEndovascular aneurysm sealing (EVAS), using the Nellix endovascular aneurysm sealing system, has been associated with high reintervention and migration rates. However, prior reports have suggested that EVAS might be related to a lower all-cause mortality compared with endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). In the present study, we examined the 5-year all-cause mortality trends after EVAS and EVAR.MethodsWe compared the 333 EVAS patients in the EVAS-1 Nellix U.S. investigational device exemption trial with 16,497 infrarenal EVAR controls from the Vascular Quality Initiative, treated between 2014 and 2016, after applying the exclusion criteria from the investigational device exemption trial (ie, hemodialysis, creatinine >2.0 mg/dL, rupture). As a secondary analysis, we stratified the patients by aneurysm diameter (<5.5 cm and ≥5.5 cm). We calculated propensity scores after adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and anatomic characteristics and applied inverse probability weighting to compare the risk-adjusted long-term mortality using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses.ResultsAfter weighting, the EVAS group had experienced similar 5-year mortality compared with the controls from the Vascular Quality Initiative (EVAS vs EVAR, 18% vs 14%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-1.7; P = .70). The subgroup analysis demonstrated that for patients with an aneurysm diameter of <5.5 cm, EVAS was associated with higher 5-year mortality compared with EVAR (19% vs 11%; HR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7-4.7; P = .013). In patients with an aneurysm diameter of ≥5.5 cm, EVAS was associated with lower mortality within the first 2 years (2-year mortality: HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.13-0.62; P = .002). However, compared with EVAR, EVAS was associated with higher mortality between 2 and 5 years (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.0; P = .005), with no mortality difference at 5 years (18% vs 17%; HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.4-1.4; P = .46).ConclusionsWithin the overall population, EVAS was associated with similar 5-year mortality compared with EVAR. EVAS was associated with higher mortality for those with small aneurysms (<5.5 cm). For those with larger aneurysms (≥5.5 cm), EVAS was initially associated with lower mortality within the first 2 years, although this advantage was lost thereafter, with higher mortality after 2 years. Future studies are required to evaluate the specific causes of death and to elucidate the potential beneficial mechanism behind sac obliteration that leads to this potential initial survival benefit. This could help guide the development of future grafts with better proximal fixation and sealing that also incorporate sac obliteration.     

Anaesthetic considerations for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR)

Over the previous decade, the management of vascular disease has changed considerably. Abdominal aortic aneurysm can now be definitively treated by means of endovascular stenting. Though significant short- and long-term morbidity has been reported, this less invasive procedure is increasing in popularity and has been championed by some as an alternative option for high-risk patients who might otherwise be offered conservative management. We review the perioperative management of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) and cover the issues pertinent to anaesthetists.     

Innominate artery dissection with presentation of sudden right frontal desaturation detected by cerebral oximetry in complicated thoracic aortic aneurysm repair surgery: a case report

Cerebral oximetry is a noninvasive bedside monitor for cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO₂). A patient with a thoracic aneurysm underwent combined surgical and endovascular repair. A sudden decrease in right rSO₂ led to the finding of acute innominate artery dissection. Immediate repair was instituted. Sudden asymmetry of rSO₂ may be a warning sign of underlying pathology.     

Endoluminal stent graft repair for acute and chronic type B aortic dissection and atherosclerotic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta: an interdisciplinary task

Objective: Endoluminal thoracic aortic stenting is a new therapeutic tool in reducing the operative trauma of the patient. However, the inherent risks of aortic stent grafting are perivascular leakage, stent dislocation, blunt rupture of the aorta, side branch occlusion and neurological sequelae. To reduce these risks, in our institution all stent implantations were performed in close collaboration with our fellow cardiologists under biplane X-ray control supported by simultaneous intravascular and transoesophageal ultrasound imaging. Methods: Between August 1999 and August 2001, endovascular stent graft repair was performed in 34 patients (27 male, seven female) with a mean age of 68.6±7 years (range 58–84). Indication for treatment was an acute Type B aortic dissection in six patients (18%), a symptomatic chronic Type B dissection in 12 patients (35%), a true aneurysm of the descending aorta in seven patients (21%) and an atherosclerotic contained rupture of the descending aorta in nine (26%) patients. Out of six acute type B dissections three patients (8.8%) and one patient (2.9%) out of the chronic dissection group were in severe haemorrhagic shock, ventilated and required high-dose adrenergic support. The others (30 patients, 88.3%) remained symptomatic despite maximum medical treatment. In a special case a combined surgical and endoluminal stent graft repair was performed. Individually manufactured Talent, Medtronic AVE (33), and Gore (1) stents were used. Follow-up examination was performed 1 week after implantation and repeated every 3 months (mean follow-up 8 months, range 1–24). Results: In all patients the aneurysm or the entry of the dissection could be excluded. The observed hospital mortality was 2.9% (one patient). No perivascular leakage, no stent dislocation, no neurological deficit or perfusion impairment was observed. All patients except four were extubated immediately after the procedure and discharged from hospital on postoperative day 2–3. The late procedure-related mortality was 5.8% (two patients) resulting in an overall mortality of 8.8% (three patients). Conclusion: Stent graft repair is a safe and feasible treatment option for selected patients, especially in emergency situations, if the aortic lesions can be clearly identified and localized. The use of biplane X-ray control combined with simultaneous intravascular and transoesophageal ultrasound imaging in an interdisciplinary approach enables a more precise targeting of the stent landing zone, resulting in low morbidity and mortality rates.