产妇分娩时舒芬太尼或芬太尼混合罗哌卡因病人自控硬膜外镇痛的效应

目的比较产妇分娩时舒芬太尼或芬太尼混合罗哌卡因病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)的效应。方法无产科及硬膜外阻滞禁忌证的阴道分娩单胎初产妇120例,随机分为2组(n：60)：舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因PCEA组(S组)和芬太尼混合罗哌卡因PCEA组(F组)。当产妇宫口开至3cm时,L_(2,3)间隙硬膜外穿刺置管,S组硬膜外注射0．15%罗哌卡因和0．5μg/ml舒芬太尼混合液试验剂量5 ml,随后追加上述混合液10 ml,30min后以0．1%哌卡因和0．5μg/ml舒芬太尼的混合液行PCEA；F组混合液中以2μg/ml芬太尼替代0．5μg/ml舒芬太尼,其他用药情况均与S组同。两组PCA剂量为6 ml,锁定时间为15 min。记录产妇视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)、下肢运动神经阻滞程度、生命体征、产程、分娩方式、不良反应及新生儿Apgar评分。结果两组镇痛期间VAS评分均降低,S组镇痛20～60 min VAS评分均低于F组。两组镇痛起效时间、达最高镇痛平面的时间、最高绝对平面、PCA实际按压次数、有效按压次数差异均无统计学意义。S组皮肤瘙痒的发生率高于F组,舒芬太尼、芬太尼用量分别为16±8、(70±28)μg,比率为1：4．4。两组产程和分娩方式构成比差异无统计学意义。结论产妇分娩时等效剂量的舒芬太尼或芬太尼混合罗哌卡因PCEA均可提供良好的镇痛效果。     

产妇产程潜伏期罗哌卡因混合舒芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果

目的观察产妇产程潜伏期和活跃期罗哌卡因混合舒芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛的效应，评价潜伏期镇痛的可行性。方法120例无产科及硬膜外阻滞禁忌症的单胎孕初产妇，随机分为2组。潜伏期组（L组）：当进入产程、但宫口〈3cm进行镇痛；活跃期组（A组）：当宫口≥3cm进行镇痛。硬膜外穿刺成功后，两组分别单次给予0．1％、0．15％罗哌卡因与0．5μg／ml舒芬太尼混合液10—15ml。30min后行硬膜外自控镇痛，药物为0．1％罗哌卡因和0．5μg／ml舒芬太尼的混合液，PCA量6ml，锁定时间20min（L组）、15min（A组）。行VAS评分和运动神经阻滞分级，记录产后产妇的不良反应，对新生儿行Apgar评分。结果两组镇痛后VAS评分均降低，与A组比较，L组镇痛前VAS评分降低，镇痛后20、30min VAS评分升高，下肢麻木发生率升高，镇痛前催产素使用率及镇痛后催产素追加率降低（P〈0．05）。两组产程、剖宫产率和器械助产率及镇痛满意度的优良率差异无统计学意义（均超过95％）（P〉0．05）。结论产妇产程潜伏期0．1％罗哌卡因混合0．5μg／ml舒芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛安全、有效。     

产程潜伏期蛛网膜下腔注射舒芬太尼联合罗哌卡因混合舒芬太尼病人自控硬膜外镇痛的效果

目的评价产程潜伏期蛛网膜下腔注射舒芬太尼联合0．1％罗哌卡因混合舒芬太尼病人自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）的效果。方法80例单胎、足月、有分娩镇痛要求的初产妇，ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级，随机分2组（n=40），潜伏期组（L组）于产程潜伏期（宫口开0．5～2．5cm）行分娩镇痛，活跃期组（A组）于产程活跃期（宫口开3．0～5．0cm）行分娩镇痛。经L2，3行脊椎-硬膜外联合穿刺，蛛网膜下腔注射舒芬太尼10μg后，硬膜外置管连接PCEA装置，镇痛泵内含0．1％罗哌卡因混合舒芬太尼0．5μg／ml，设定单次剂量5ml，锁定时间10min，无背景剂量。镇痛期间持续监测产妇血压、心率、呼吸频率、脉搏血氧饱和度、胎儿心率及宫缩强度，记录镇痛情况、产程、催产素使用情况、阴道出血量、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分及不良反应的发生情况。结果2组产妇循环、呼吸功能指标及胎儿心率均在正常范围；与镇痛前比较，2组镇痛期间VAS评分均降低（P〈0．01）；与A组比较，L组罗哌卡因与舒芬太尼的用量、PCEA有效和总的按压次数较多，总镇痛时间长（P〈0．01），单位时间的罗哌卡因、舒芬太尼用量、VAS评分、产程、分娩方式构成比、催产素使用情况、产后出血量、运动阻滞程度、新生儿Apgar评分、产妇不良反应发生率、胎儿宫内窘迫发生率及新生儿窒息发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论产程潜伏期蛛网膜下腔注射舒芬太尼10μg联合0．1％罗哌卡因混合舒芬太尼0．5μg／ml PCEA可产生安全、有效地分娩镇痛。     

不同浓度芬太尼对硬膜外罗哌卡因分娩镇痛效应的影响

目的 观察不同浓度芬太尼对硬膜外罗哌卡因分娩镇痛效应的影响。方法 本研究为多中心、随机、双盲对照研究，选择要求分娩镇痛的初产妇128例，ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级，随机分为4组，FD组（n=33）：单纯罗哌卡因组；F1组（n=30）：罗哌卡因混合1μg/ml芬太尼组；F2组（n=33）：罗哌卡因混合2μg/ml芬太尼组；F3组（n=32）：罗哌卡因混合3μg/ml芬太尼组。所有产妇于L2．3硬膜外穿刺头向置管，注入15ml药液。各组初始罗哌卡因浓度为0．12％，其后每例产妇所用浓度按双盲、序贯法进行调整。以VAS评价产妇注药30min内镇痛效果，计算硬膜外罗哌卡因分娩镇痛的半数有效浓度（EC50），记录注药后30min产妇收缩压、心率及胎儿心率、运动阻滞程度及不良反应发生情况。结果 共有124例完成试验观察。各组硬膜外罗哌卡因分娩镇痛的EC50及其95％可信区间（95％CI）为：F0组：0．110％及0．1090％-0．1116％；F1组：0．089％及0．0877％-0．0911％；F2组：0．073％及0．0717％～0．0744％；F3组：0．060％及0．0560％～0．0634％，F1、F2、F3组EC50低于F0组（P〈0．01）。硬膜外注药后30min内，产妇心率、血压、胎儿心率均在正常范围，各组运动阻滞程度比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；与F0组比较，乃组皮肤瘙痒发生率升高（P〈0．05）。结论 硬膜外混合低浓度芬太尼（1-3μg/ml）能增强0．12％罗哌卡因分娩镇痛效果，推荐芬太尼的安全浓度范围为1～2μg/ml。     

舒芬太尼静脉或硬膜外给药对子宫切除术病人罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉效果的影响

目的评价舒芬太尼静脉或硬膜外给药对子宫切除术病人罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉效果的影响。方法择期行子宫切除术病人60例，年龄30～55岁，体重40～70k，随机分为3组（n=20）：硬膜外罗哌卡因组（R组）、硬膜外罗哌卡因混合舒芬太尼组（RS组）、硬膜外罗哌卡因复合静脉舒芬太尼（IVS组）。行L2.3间隙行硬膜外穿刺，头向置管3．5cm，给予2％利多卡因3ml。5min后R组硬膜外注入0．75％罗哌卡因13ml混合生理盐水2ml；RS组硬膜外注入0．75％罗哌卡因13ml混合20μg（2ml）舒芬太尼，R组及RS组均同时静脉注射生理盐水2ml；IVS组硬膜外注入0．75％罗哌卡因13ml混合生理盐水2ml，同时静脉注射舒芬太尼20μg（2m1）。观察感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞达到的最高平面和时间、感觉阻滞持续时间、运动阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞持续时间、腹部肌肉松弛程度、麻醉效果、清醒程度及不良反应。结果三组间下肢运动阻滞起效时间、持续时间和Bromage评分差异无统计学意义。舒芬太尼静脉和硬膜外给药均可缩短感觉阻滞起效时间，延长感觉阻滞持续时间但在感觉阻滞达到的最高平面腹部肌肉松弛程度和麻醉效果方面舒芬太尼硬膜外给药的效果优于静脉给药，且病人均处于清醒状态。结论与静脉注射比较，硬膜外给予小剂量舒芬太尼可增强子宫切除术病人罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的效果，且不增加镇静作用。     

子宫切除术病人不同剂量舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的效果

目的 比较子宫切除术病人不同剂量舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的效果。方法择期行子宫切除术病人80例，ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级，年龄30～55岁，随机分为四组：罗哌卡因组（L组）、罗哌卡因分别混合舒芬太尼10、20、30,ug组（S1、S2、S3组），每组20例。L组硬膜外注入0.75％罗哌卡因13ml混合生理盐水2ml，S1、S2、S3组0．75％罗哌卡因13ml分别混合舒芬太尼10、20、30μg（均为2m1）硬膜外注入。记录感觉阻滞的起效时间、持续时间、最高平面及达最高平面的时间、运动阻滞的起效时间及持续时间；评价腹部运动阻滞、麻醉效果及不良反应。采用概率单位回归分析建立0.75％罗哌卡因混合不同剂量舒芬太尼硬膜外麻醉的量一效关系方程，计算ED50和ED95。结果与L组比较，S1、S2、S3组感觉阻滞的起效时间及达最高平面的时间缩短，持续时间延长，最高平面升高，腹肌运动阻滞和麻醉效果改善（P〈0．05）；以S2、S3组麻醉的效果较好，但与其他各组相比，S3组嗜睡、寒战、恶心呕吐的发生率最高（P〈0．01）；各组间下肢运动阻滞的起效时间、持续时间及Bromage评分比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），硬膜外0．75％罗哌卡因混合不同剂量舒芬太尼的ED50为11．21μg（95％可信区间为8、42～13．45μg），ED95为22．16μg（95％可信区间为17．63～38．11μg）。结论子宫切除术病人混合20，30μg舒芬太尼均可增强0．75％罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的效果。     

硬膜外分娩镇痛对新生儿觅食吸吮反射的影响

目的观察硬膜外分娩镇痛不同药物配伍方法对新生儿觅食吸吮反射的影响。方法选择500例分娩镇痛的产妇,随机分为五组,罗哌卡因60 mg+舒芬太尼0.6μg/ml组(Ⅰ组),罗哌卡因60 mg+舒芬太尼1μg/ml组(Ⅱ组),罗哌卡因60 mg+芬太尼2μg/ml组(Ⅲ组),罗哌卡因60 mg+芬太尼3μg/ml组(Ⅳ组),对照组(Ⅴ组),记录五组不同产程下新生儿觅食吸吮反射情况。结果Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组宫口3 cm至胎儿娩出时间≥240 min例数及新生儿觅食吸吮反射减弱情况多于Ⅰ、Ⅴ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组差异无统计学意义;Ⅰ、Ⅴ组差异无统计学意义。结论罗哌卡因60 mg混合舒芬太尼0.6μg/ml的配伍方法对新生儿觅食吸吮反射的影响小。     

罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于可行走硬膜外分娩镇痛的可行性

目的 探讨0．075％罗哌卡因或布比卡因与芬太尼2μg/ml的混合液用于可行走硬膜外分娩镇痛的可行性。方法 60例初产妇随机分为三组：A组（n＝20）0．075％罗哌卡因＋芬太尼2μg/ml;B组（n＝20）0．075％布比卡因＋芬太尼2μg/ml;C级（n＝20）为对照组。采用双盲法进行视觉模拟疼痛评分（VAS）和行走功能的评定。记录各组产妇的生命体征、胎心率（FHR）、产程时间、分娩方式、催产素用量以及新生儿Apgar评分和脐静脉血气分析,并测定用药前和宫口开全时母体血清皮质醇浓度。结果 A、B两组产妇均获得良好镇痛效果,镇痛后A组所有产妇均能下床行走和自主排尿,而B组仅70％产妇能下床行走和自主排尿,两组比较有显著性差异（P＜0．05）;A、B两组第一产程末血清皮质醇浓度明显低于C组（P＜0．05）。产程时间、分娩方式和新生儿Apgar评分各组间均无差异（P＞0．05）。结论 0．075％罗哌卡因和芬太尼2μg/ml的混合液有效安全地用于可行走硬膜外分娩镇痛。     

甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼用于分娩硬膜外自控镇痛

目的观察甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）用于分娩镇痛的效果。方法选择120例ASAI或Ⅱ级初产妇，随机分为舒芬太尼组（A组）、芬太尼组（B组）、无镇痛组（N组），每组40例。A组和B组采用PCEA，N组不给镇痛药物。A组：舒芬太尼0．2．g／L＋0．1％甲磺酸罗哌卡因；B组：芬太尼2μg／L＋0．1％甲磺酸罗哌卡因。观察各组不同时段视觉模拟评分（VAS）和不良反应，同时记录三组产程时间、分娩方式、催产素使用情况、产后出血量、新生儿Apgar评分。结果A、B两组和N组在PCEA15、60min及宫口开全时VAS差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），PCEA5min，A、B两组VAS差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），两组Bromage评分、不良反应差异无统计学意义。三组产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血量、新生儿Apgar评分均差异无统计学意义。结论甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼或芬太尼分娩镇痛效果好，对母婴无明显不良影响。     

低浓度罗哌卡因混合芬太尼硬膜外自控分娩镇痛的可行性

目的评价低浓度罗哌卡因混合芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛用于分娩镇痛的效果及对母婴的影响。方法自愿要求分娩镇痛的初产妇200例，随机分成2组（n=100）： Ⅰ组0．1％罗哌卡因＋芬太尼1μg/ml，Ⅱ组（n=100）0．15％罗哌卡因＋芬太尼1μg／ml，均采用硬膜外自控镇痛。另随机抽取同期自然分娩的初产妇100例作为对照组。观察镇痛效果、产程时间、运动神经阻滞、分娩方式、产后出血量、新生儿Apgar评分情况。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ组镇痛效果确切。与对照组比较，Ⅰ、Ⅱ组第一产程时间缩短、剖宫产率降低（P〈0．01），Ⅱ组第二产程时间延长（P〈0．05）。三组器械助产率、产后出血量和新生儿Apgar评分比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论低浓度罗哌卡因混合芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛用于分娩镇痛安全、有效。     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

罗伊适应模式对腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响

目的探讨罗伊适应模式对患者腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响。 方法将2016年1月至2019年5月在秦皇岛市第二医院择期进行无张力修补术治疗的120例腹股沟疝患者，按照随机数字法分为对照组和观察组，每组各60例。对照组采用常规护理治疗，观察组在对照组的基础上采用罗伊适应模式。比较2组患者的术后临床指标、心理状态、围手术期并发症发生情况及满意度。 结果术后观察组患者的首次排气时间、恢复正常饮食时间、离床活动时间和术后住院时间均低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后观察组患者的抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后2组患者均无切口感染发生，2组患者尿潴留、急性疼痛、认知功能障碍、发热、血肿等发生率相比无统计学差异（P>0.05）；术后观察组患者护理满意度为96.67%，显著高于对照组的83.33%（P<0.05）。 结论在常规护理的基础上，罗伊适应模式用于患者腹股沟疝无张力修补围手术期，能有效改善术后患者的焦虑/抑郁情绪，不增加围手术期并发症，促进术后患者的恢复及提高治疗满意度。     

Comparison of University of Wisconsin and University of Pittsburgh solutions for heart transplantation

The effectiveness of University of Wisconsin (UW) and University of Pittsburgh (UP) solutions for the preservation of rat hearts was compared. Lewis rat hearts were preserved with UW (group A, n=45) or UP (group B, n=45) solution for 0 or 24 h and then transplanted heterotopically into the recipients' abdomen. Ten recipients in each group were observed to obtain 1-week graft survival rates. Tissue water content and tissue content of adenine nucleotides were measured 2 h after transplantation in six grafts from each group. Six hearts preserved for 0 h and seven hearts preserved for 24 h were taken from each group 24 h after grafting for histopathology. The 1-week graft survival rates of groups A24 and B24 were 60% and 10%, respectively. In the 24-h preserved grafts, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy charge [(ATP+adenosine diphosphate/2)/(ATP+adenosine diphosphate+adenosine monophosphate)] of groups A and B were 0.972±0.165 and 0.200±0.123 mg/g wet tissue (P<0.05) and 74.4% and 61.1% (P<0.05), respectively. The tissue water content of group A24 was 71.7%, whereas that of group B24 was 74.1% (P<0.05). Histopathology revealed more severe muscle edema and necrosis and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells in group B24 than in group A24. We conclude that UW solution is more appropriate for rat heart preservation than UP solution.     

不同尿钙水平的Gitelman综合征患者临床特点比较

目的观察不同尿钙水平Gitelman综合征(GS)患者的临床特点,探讨尿钙在GS疾病临床分型中的价值。方法收集2016—2018年来自中国国家罕见病注册系统(NRSC)、在北京协和医院行SLC12A3基因检测诊断为GS患者的临床资料,分析其尿钙特点,比较不同尿钙水平患者的临床和实验室检查指标。氢氯噻嗪试验按照标准操作流程进行,测定患者基线和用药后3 h内氯离子排泄分数改变量的最大值(ΔFECl)。结果共有83例GS患者被纳入研究,其中低尿钙患者53例(63.86%)。低尿钙组尿钙/肌酐比明显低于非低尿钙组[(0.085±0.058)mmol/mmol比(0.471±0.284)mmol/mmol,t=7.349,P<0.001]。两组患者在年龄、性别、估算肾小球滤过率、血压、血尿电解质水平、代谢性碱中毒方面差异均无统计学意义。低尿钙组患者乏力(χ2=4.595,P=0.032)及多尿(χ2=5.778,P=0.016)发生比例低于非低尿钙组,两组患者在其他临床症状方面差异无统计学意义。低尿钙和非低尿钙组各有16例患者行氢氯噻嗪试验,中位ΔFECl结果分别为0.539%(0.430%,1.283%)和0.829%(0.119%,1.298%),均提示对氢氯噻嗪无反应,组间差异无统计学意义(U=130.000,P=0.956)。结论GS患者中低尿钙比例为63.86%,尿钙水平与疾病临床表型、NCC功能损伤严重程度之间均无明确相关性。     

Role of Conventional and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Treatment Protocol for Hydatid Disease

Objective:

To demonstrate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in determining the treatment protocol for hydatid disease of the spine.

Design:

Case report; literature review.

Findings:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate complicated infected hydatidosis from abscesses, epidermoid cysts from arachnoid cysts, and benign from malignant vertebral compression fractures. It is also helpful in differentiating between abscesses and necrotic tumors.

Conclusion:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate between infections requiring immediate surgery and those that can be treated medically with antihelmintic treatment.     

Long-term follow-up of callotasis lengthening of the capitate after resection of the lunate for the treatment of stage III lunate necrosis

The callotasis lengthening technique was used to gradually lengthen the capitate after resection of the lunate in stage IIIa necrosis in 23 patients. Results of ten patients with a follow-up of at least 5 years showed rapid and sufficient callus formation in every patient regardless of age. The callotasis lengthening modification of the Graner II operation provides all advantages and avoids the major inconvenience of the traditional Graner II operation. There was no increased rate of disturbed fracture healing. Results of the DTPA-gadolinium MRI study did not show any significant impairment of vascularization within the region of the capitate bone. With the “intrinsic bone formation,” contrary to every other intercarpal arthrodesis at the wrist, there is no need for an additional bone graft.     

Synergistic effect of donor-specific blood transfusion and a short course of deoxyspergualin in rat kidney transplantation

Deoxyspergualin (DSG), an analogue of spergualin produced by B. laterosporus, has a strong immunosuppressive effect in various transplantation models. We have investigated the mechanism of donor-specific prolongation of survival time in rat kidney grafting by donor-specific blood transfusion (DST) and a short course of DSG. Lewis (LEW) kidney allografts were transplanted into fully allogeneic BN rats. Fresh, whole LEW blood 1.0 ml, was injected i.v. into BN rats 2 days prior to transplantation. Then, DSG, 6 mg/kg per day, was administered by i.m. injection on days 0, 1, and 2 after transplantation. The recipients were divided into five groups: group 1 (n=6) no treatment: group 2 (n=6) DST only; group 3 (n=7) DSG only; group 4 (n=7) DST and DSG; and group 5 (n=6), third party (ACI rats) blood transfusion and DSG. Lymphocytes (cervical lymph nodes) and serum were harvested from BN recipients on day 7 postgrafting. For suppressor cell assays, lymphocytes from BN recipients in each group were added as a third cell to the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLC) between nontransplanted BN lymphocytes (responder) and LEW or other third party (PVGC, ACI, WKA rats) lymphocytes (stimulator). Antidonor lymphocytotoxic antibody (ADLA) was checked by microcytotoxicity assays. Median survival times (MST) for each group were: group 1, 10 days; group 1, 10 days; group 3, 13 days; group 4, 75 days; and group 5, 13 days. Remarkable prolongation of MST was only noted in group 4. In the suppressor cell assay, group 4 showed significant suppression (40%; P<0.05); the other groups did not show any suppression. This suppressive activity in group 4 was effective only during the MLC between BN and LEW, not during the MLC of third party-BN combinations. Thus, suppressor cells from DST/DSG-treated BN recipients appear to be donor-specific. In the microcytotoxicity assay, the only group that showed any ADLA was group 2, which was not treated with DSG. These results clearly show that both induction of donor-specific suppressor cells and inhibition of ADLA production are associated with the remarkable donor-specific prolongation of kidney allograft survival in DST/DSG-treated recipients.     

Safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium in healthy volunteers

BACKGROUND: Sugammadex rapidly reverses rocuronium- and vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block. To investigate the effect of combination of sugammadex and rocuronium or vecuronium on QT interval, it would be preferable to avoid the interference of anaesthesia. Therefore, this pilot study was performed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and plasma pharmacokinetics of single i.v. doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium to anaesthetized and non-anaesthetized healthy volunteers. METHODS: In this phase I study, 12 subjects were anaesthetized with propofol/remifentanil and received sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) combined with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1); four subjects were not anaesthetized and received sugammadex 32 mg kg(-1) with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) (n=2 per treatment). Neuromuscular function was assessed by TOF-Watch SX monitoring in anaesthetized subjects and by clinical tests in non-anaesthetized volunteers. Sugammadex, rocuronium, and vecuronium plasma concentrations were measured at several time points. RESULTS: No serious adverse events (AEs) were reported. Fourteen subjects reported 23 AEs after study drug administration. Episodes of mild headache, tiredness, cold feeling (application site), dry mouth, oral discomfort, nausea, increased aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and moderate injection site irritation were considered as possibly related to the study drug. The ECG and vital signs showed no clinically relevant changes. Rocuronium/vecuronium plasma concentrations declined faster than those of sugammadex. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose administration of sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) in combination with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) was well tolerated with no clinical evidence of residual neuromuscular block, confirming that these combinations can safely be administered simultaneously to non-anaesthetized subjects. Rocuronium and vecuronium plasma concentrations decreased faster than those of sugammadex, reducing the theoretical risk of neuromuscular block developing over time.     

Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of rejection of a kindney allograft in the rat

Orthotopic DA (RT1^a) into Lewis (RT1¹) rat kidney allografts and control Lewis-into-Lewis grafts were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and perfusion measurement after intravenous injection of a superparamagnetic contrast agent. MRI anatomical scores (range 1–6) and perfusion rates were compared with graft histology (rank of rejection score 1–6). Not only acute rejection, but also chronic events were monitored after acute rejection was prevented by daily cyclosporine (Sandimmune) treatment during the first 2 weeks after transplantation. In acute allograft rejection (n=11), MRI scores reached the maximum value of 6 and perfusion rates were severely reduced within 5 days after transplantation; histology showed severe acute rejection (histologic score 5–6). In the chronic phase (100–130 days after transplantation), allografts (n=5) manifested rejection (in histology cellular rejection and vessel changes), accompanied by MRI scores of around 2–3 and reduced perfusion rates. Both in the acute and chronic phases, the MRI anatomical score correlated significantly with the histological score (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r _s 0.89, n=30, P<0.01), and perfusion rates correlated significantly with the MRI score or histological score (r _s values between-0.60 and -0.87, n=23, P<0.01). It is concluded that MRI represents an interesting tool for assessing the anatomical and hemodynamical status of a kidney allograft in the acute and chronic phases after transplantation.     

Cost-effectiveness of three combinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Background. This study compares the cost-effectiveness of threecombinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperativenausea and vomiting (PONV). Methods. We conducted a prospective, double-blind study. NinetyASA I–II females, 18–65 yr, undergoing general anaesthesiafor major gynaecological surgery, with standardized postoperativeanalgesia (intrathecal 0.2 mg plus i.v. PCA morphine), wererandomly assigned to receive: ondansetron 4 mg plus droperidol1.25 mg after induction and droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group1); dexamethasone 8 mg plus droperidol 1.25 mg after inductionand droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group 2); ondansetron 4 mgplus dexamethasone 8 mg after induction and placebo 12 h later(Group 3). A decision analysis tree was used to divide eachgroup into nine mutually exclusive subgroups, depending on theincidence of PONV, need for rescue therapy, side effects andtheir treatment. Direct cost and probabilities were calculatedfor each subgroup, then a cost-effectiveness analysis was conductedfrom the hospital point of view. Results. Groups 1 and 3 were more effective (80 and 70%) thanGroup 2 (40%, P=0.004) in preventing PONV but also more expensive.Compared with Group 2, the incremental cost per extra patientwithout PONV was €6.99 (95% CI, –1.26 to 36.57) forGroup 1 and €13.55 (95% CI, 0.89–132.90) for Group3. Conclusion. Ondansetron+droperidol is cheaper and at least aseffective as ondansetron+ dexamethasone, and it is more effectivethan dexamethasone+droperidol with a reasonable extra cost. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 589–92