神经电生理监测下手术治疗腰段脊髓硬膜动静脉瘘1例报告

硬膜动静脉瘘（SDAVF）是位于硬膜背侧表面的神经根动脉与神经根静脉之间形成异常动静脉分流,进而引起静脉高压和扩张,使脊髓灌注减少甚至受压,导致脊髓缺血和水肿^[1-4]。SDAVF属于脊髓血管畸形,目前具体病因尚不清楚,可能与先天性血管畸形有关。好发于中年男性^[5-6],发生率为5/106~10/106,常累及胸腰段^[7],临床表现为感觉、运动功能逐步下降,有时伴有疼痛、括约肌功能失调,症状进行性加重^[8-11]。本院2022年2月17日收治1例经数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查确诊的SDAVF患者,手术治疗后患者症状明显缓解,现将诊疗过程进行总结,报告如下。     

Glubran-2胶用于栓塞治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘

目的 观察以Glubran-2胶栓塞治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)的效果。方法 回顾性分析19例接受Glubran-2胶栓塞治疗的SDAVF患者,观察治疗后即刻栓塞效果、3个月后MRI表现、6个月后数字减影血管造影(DSA)表现及改良Aminoff-Logue评分,并根据后者评估疗效为稳定、改善或加重。结果 治疗后即刻造影示19例瘘口均完全封闭。治疗后1个月1例再次出现下肢无力和排尿困难,脊髓血管造影示瘘口复发,转外科治疗后病情稳定;治疗后3个月复查MRI示18例脊髓水肿范围均较治疗前明显缩小、血管流空影消失;治疗后6个月复查脊髓动脉DSA,18例均未见瘘口复发;改良Aminoff-Logue评分4.5(1.8,8.0),与治疗前[7.5(3.8,9.0)]差异有统计学意义(Z=－3.16,P<0.05),评定疗效为4例稳定、13例改善及1例加重。随访期间未见严重并发症。结论 Glubran-2胶用于栓塞治疗SDAVF效果较好。     

重症急性胰腺炎时胰腺血管造影的影像学表现及其临床意义

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎时胰腺血管造影的影像学表现及其临床意义。方法 对25例重症急性胰腺炎病人和20例胰腺无疾患志愿者,按Seidinger法将导管插入至胃十二指肠动脉行胰腺血管造影。结果 重症急性胰腺炎时胰腺血管造影的影像学表现为：(1)主干动脉／分支动脉的直径比增大;(2)“树枝状”结构的“树枝”数目明显减少;(3)“网络状”结构模糊;(4)胰腺“轮廓”的消失,或成片状、模糊不清。结论 (1)胰腺血管造影是一种比较客观、直观地反映胰腺血供情况的影像学手段;(2)重症急性胰腺炎时,胰腺血管造影有较明显的影像学异常表现;(3)其临床意义在于：对重症急性胰腺炎病情严重度有一定的评估作用;预测区域动脉灌注治疗的疗效;为临床应用改善胰腺微循环药物提供客观的影像学证据。     

活体肾移植供肾血管影像学评估的应用价值

肾移植是终末期肾病的重要治疗手段。随着肾移植手术需求量的增大及对术后移植肾功能恢复要求的增高,术前供肾的筛选及评估引起了临床医师的关注。术前全面清晰了解肾动、静脉的正常解剖及变异,可缩短手术时间,提高手术成功率。随着影像学技术的不断发展,多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)、彩色多普勒超声及肾动脉血管造影已成为术前评估供肾血管情况的主要影像学方法,其中MSCTA具有快速、相对无创、敏感性及准确性高等特点,可作为活体肾移植前了解供肾血管的首选检查方法。本文综述了各种影像学方法的优、缺点,临床医师需根据患者的不同需求来选择最合适的影像学评估方法。     

血管支架材料及植入支架后影像学随访研究进展

植入血管支架已成为治疗心、脑及外周血管疾病的主要方法。植入支架后常需通过CT血管造影(CTA)或MR血管造影(MRA)进行随访,以及时诊断或预测相关并发症。本文对血管支架材料及植入支架后影像学随访研究进展进行综述。     

介入栓塞治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘的疗效分析

目的 探讨介入栓塞硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)的可行性和有效性.方法 自2010年12月至2012年5月共治疗104例SDAVF患者,选择符合条件的26例进行栓塞治疗.男性22例,女性4例,男女比例5.5:1;年龄34 ～81岁,平均55.9岁.SDAVF分别位于胸段10例、腰段9例、骶段7例.主要表现为双下肢进行性麻木无力和大小便障碍,病程1～ 156个月,平均17.1个月.栓塞材料使用ONYX-18液态栓塞剂或Glubran-2外科胶,未完全栓塞的患者,择期行手术治疗.治疗后3个月行脊髓功能评价和MRI检查,6个月行脊髓功能评价、MRI和脊髓血管造影检查.结果 26例患者中有15例达到即刻完全栓塞的影像学标准.使用ONYX-18栓塞20例,14例完全栓塞;应用Glubran-2栓塞6例,仅1例完全栓塞.10例胸段患者中仅3例获得完全栓塞,16例腰骶段患者中,12例完全栓塞.未完全栓塞的患者2周内均行手术治疗.所有病例于术后3和6个月复查MRI,6个月复查DSA.完全栓塞患者症状术后即刻均有不同程度的好转,6个月随访时肌力和大小便功能均有较明显的改善,MRI显示脊髓水肿消失,蛛网膜下腔的迂曲血管影消失.复查脊髓DSA均未见病变残留或复发.所有经过栓塞治疗的患者,术后未出现症状加重或新发症状.结论 部分SDAVF,尤其病变位于腰骶部的患者,适宜栓塞治疗,栓塞的材料和方法需要进一步探讨.     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊治探讨

硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)是一种致残率较高的脊髓血管畸形，对患者、家庭及社会危害大，而且诊断和治疗上有一定困难。我科从1990年1月至2004年3月共收治49例SDAVF患者，38例采用微导管超选择血管内桂塞治疗，11例行手术治疗，现对诊治情况进行回顾分析。     

尿路造影剂反应的类型及防治

含碘造影剂广泛用于泌尿系统的影像学检查,如膀胱造影、肾盂造影、尿道造影、CT检查等.用于泌尿系统影像学检查的造影剂一般是很安全的,无论是血管内或血管外用药,所引起的反应一般很轻微,多可自行消失.但无论采用哪种途径用药,均可出现严重的、威胁生命的反应.因此,使用造影剂者应熟悉各种反应的临床症状,掌握各种反应的治疗原则,以防不测.     

股骨头坏死及融通术数字减影血管造影的初步观察

目的观察和分析了３９例（６４髋）治疗前后的股骨头坏死的数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）的影像学表现。方法对不同病因,不同分期的股骨头坏死行旋股内动脉持管造影和灌注尿激酶、丹参和川芎嗪。结果①股骨头坏死分期与血管造影上下骺动脉分型关系：股骨头坏死０期、Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期表现为股骨头内Ⅱ型血管为主,Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型血管较少;Ⅲ期则Ⅱ型血管减少,而Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型血管增多;②股骨头坏死不同病因与血管造影上干骺动脉分型关系：股骨头     

颅内肿瘤合并动脉瘤的治疗(附2例报道)

颅内肿瘤合并动脉瘤的病例少见。随着神经影像学的发展,磁共振血管成像(MRA)、三维CT血管成像(CTA)及数字减影全脑血管造影(DSA)的应用,颅内肿瘤合并动脉瘤的病例逐渐增多。我院1996年7月至9月经神经影像学检查及手术证实为脑膜瘤合并     

Volumetric myelographic magnetic resonance imaging to localize difficult-to-find spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas

Although more prevalent in males in the 6th and 7th decade of life, spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) are an uncommon cause of progressive myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging and more recently Gd bolus MR angiography have been used to diagnose, radiographically define, and preprocedurally localize the contributing lumbar artery. Three-dimensional myelographic MR imaging sequences have recently been developed for anatomical evaluation of the spinal canal. The authors describe 3 recent cases in which volumetric myelographic MR imaging with a 3D phase-cycled fast imaging employing steady state acquisition (PC-FIESTA) and a 3D constructive interference steady state (CISS) technique were particularly useful not only for documenting an SDAVF, but also for providing localization when CT angiography, MR imaging, MR angiography, and spinal angiography failed to localize the fistula. In a patient harboring an SDAVF at T-4, surgical exploration was performed based on the constellation of findings on the PC-FIESTA images as well as the fact that the spinal segments leading to T-4 were the only ones that the authors were unable to catheterize. In a second patient, who harbored an SDAVF at T-6, after 2 separate angiograms failed to demonstrate the fistula, careful assessment of the CISS images led the authors to focus a third angiogram on the left T-6 intercostal artery and to perform superselective microcatheterization. In a third patient with an SDAVF originating from the lateral sacral branch, the PC-FIESTA sequence demonstrated the arterialized vein extending into the S-1 foramen, leading to a second angiogram and superselective internal iliac injections. The authors concluded that myelographic MR imaging sequences can be useful not only as an aid to diagnosis but also for localization of an SDAVF in complex cases.     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗

目的：总结硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析经脊髓MRI和血管造影确诊的110例硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者的临床及随访资料。结果：本组患者首选经全椎板切除入路夹闭瘘口至脊髓表面的引流静脉61例,经半椎板切除入路手术37例,经血管内栓塞12例,栓塞后复发再手术3例。患者术后采用了抗凝、血液稀释、早期康复等辅助治疗。106例患者术后复查脊髓血管造影证实瘘口全部闭塞。89例复查脊髓MRI显示髓周血管流空信号全部消失,其中74例髓内T2高信号消失、15例缩小。术后98例患者获随访,随访时间3-120个月,54例症状完全消失,34例症状改善,10例无变化,其中3例栓塞1-5年后瘘口再通而手术。结论：硬脊膜动静脉瘘早期诊断、早期治疗,预后良好。经单侧半椎板切除入路,夹闭自瘘口到脊髓表面的引流静脉是本病道选的治疗方法。     

Clinical aspects and treatment of dural-spinal arteriovenous fistulas with perimedullary venous drainage. 10 cases

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) are rare but represent the most frequent spinal arteriovenous malformation. Their clinical manifestations are well known, but their management can still be discussed between surgery and endovascular treatment. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the pre-eminence of surgical management for posterior and postero-lateral fistulas, which are the most common location of the malformation. METHODS: We report a consecutive series of 10 patients with SDAVF treated between July, 1995 and July, 1997. Results are compared with other series of the literature. RESULTS: Clinical manifestations were not specific and the diagnosis was established in most cases only one year after the onset of symptoms, as a progressive myelopathy. Low back pain was present in 4 patients, with pseudo-radicular pain in the lower limbs suggesting spinal degenerative disease in 3 cases. At the time of diagnosis, 8 patients had permanent motor weakness of the lower limbs, usually associated with hypesthesia and sphincterial dysfunction (7 cases). In all cases, the diagnosis was established using MRI. In most cases, the intradural draining spinal veins were also visible on MRI images. The location of the SDAVF was always precised by angiography, and was located between T5 and L1 in our series. Seven patients were successfully operated on, with surgical interruption of the intradural draining vein. Three patients underwent an endovascular treatment, but two of them were operated on later, as control angiography showed recurrence of the SDAVF. The clinical status of patients always improved after treatment, but recovery was incomplete in patients with severe and long lasting neurological deficit. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical interruption of the intradural draining vein is a safe and effective method of treatment of SDAVF, especially for posterior and postero-lateral fistulas. Endovascular treatment is recommended for anterior locations of SDAVF.     

Deterioration after surgical treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula associated with spinal perimedullary fistula

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) are the most common type of vascular malformations of the spine and are defined as abnormal arteriovenous shunts within the dura. SDAVFs are considered to be acquired and should be distinguished from congenital intradural perimedullary arteriovenous fistulas (PMAVFs). A 32-year-old female presented with both SDAVF and PMAVF, manifesting as a slowly progressive paraparesis over a 6-month period. Initial spinal angiography demonstrated an SDAVF in the sacral region and was terminated with incomplete demonstration of all segmental arteries. The fistula was obliterated by surgery and the patient showed transient postoperative improvement followed by delayed deterioration 2 months later. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed many hypointense flow voids around the cord. The second angiography verified a PMAVF in the lumbar region and complete obliteration of the SDAVF. The fistula was closed by surgery and the patient improved slightly. Surgical results of SDAVFs are generally good. Therefore, if a patient fails to improve or deteriorates further after surgery with persistent perimedullary vessel abnormalities on MR imaging, the possibility of reopening of the fistula or the presence of another fistula should be considered and repeat angiography must be performed, especially if the initial angiography was incomplete.     

Endovascular Treatment of Spinal Vascular Lesion in Japan: Japanese Registry of Neuroendovascular Therapy (JR-NET) and JR-NET2

A subgroup analysis of spinal vascular lesions in the Japanese Registry of Neuroendovascular Therapy (JR-NET) and JR-NET2, retrospective registry studies conducted in 2005–2009, was performed to understand the current status of treatment in Japan. Of 201 spinal lesions enrolled, 98 analyzable cases of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF), 43 of spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula (SPAVF), and 23 of spinal intramedullary arteriovenous malformation (SIAVM) were assessed. Treatment was radical in the majority (83.6%) of SDAVF, palliative in the majority (70.6%) of SIAVM, and radical and palliative in a similar number of cases of SPAVF. Total occlusion was achieved in 26 (54.2%) SDAVF cases, 9 (29.0%) SPAVF, and 4 (23.5%) SIAVM. Treatment-related complications occurred in 3 (3.1%) SDAVF cases, 7 (16.3%) SPAVF, and 1 (4.3%) SIAVM. Post-treatment neurological improvement was achieved in 49 (50.0%) of SDAVF cases, 15 (34.9%) SPAVF, and 5 (21.7%) SIAVM. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0, 1, or 2 on postoperative day 30, the primary endpoint, was achieved in 62 (63.3%) SDAVF cases, 26 (60.5%) SPAVF, and 12 (52.2%) SIAVM. The mRS of 0–2 on postoperative day 30 was correlated with pre-symptomatic mRS of 0–2 [P < 0.0001, odds ratio (OR): 42.88, 95% confidence interval (CI): 14.83–123.97] and postoperative neurological improvement (P = 0.046, OR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.02–6.48). In Japan, endovascular treatment of spinal vascular lesions was administered safely. Good mRS on postoperative day 30 was highly correlated with good pre-symptomatic mRS, suggesting necessity of early diagnosis and treatment.     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘诊断及治疗的临床研究

目的 探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)的发病原因、诊断及治疗方法。方法 我科自1990年1月至2003年1月共收治SDAVF患者31例，采用单纯栓塞治疗23例、手术治疗5例及栓塞加手术治疗3例，全组患者术后均行抗凝治疗。结果 31例病人中痊愈10例，好转17例。4例无变化，总有效率87．1％。结论 血管内栓塞或显微手术电凝切除瘘口及瘘口与冠状静脉丛之间的引流静脉是目前治疗SDAVF的最好方法，根据供血动脉的差异可选择不同的治疗方法，且术后都需使用抗凝药物。     

Sacral dural arteriovenous fistula: report of 4 cases

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) in the sacral region is relatively rare and remains difficult to diagnose because of the uncommon origin of its feeder. It also has higher incidence of recurrence than usual thoraco-lumbar lesion and needs subsequent treatment. We reviewed 51 cases of SDAVF over the past 10 years. Especially in patients with sacral lesion, clinical features and the findings on spinal angiography were analyzed. Four patients (7.8%) had SDAVF in the sacral region. In all cases, SDAVF were supplied by the lateral sacral artery. Multiple feeders were observed in 3 (75%) out of 4 patients and 2 patients (50%) had multiple fistulas. Endovascular embolizations were performed in all patients, and neurological symptoms were improved in two patients (50%) and the other two were stabilized (50%). There was no recurrence during a follow-up period of 3 months to 8 years. We should keep in mind that SDAVF in the sacral region can have multiple shunts and feeders derived from the lateral sacral artery.     

Surgical treatment of spinal dural arterio-venous fistulae: long-term results and analysis of prognostic factors

Summary   Background. Spinal dural arterio-venous fistulae (SDAVF) are slow-flow extramedullary vascular lesions which account for 75–80% of all spinal vascular malformations. At present there is no agreed view with regard to the best therapeutic option being surgical or endovascular, and several reports favour one or other form of management. This is so because of lack of consistent literature, as well as knowledge, concerning the long-term clinical outcome of the patients. The objective of this study is to retrospectively analyse the results obtained with patients operated for a SDAVF at the Department of Neurosurgery of Verona during a 15-year period and to evaluate possible prognostic factors related to neurological outcome. Patients and methods. Between January 1987 and May 2002, 29 patients with SDAVF were operated at the Department of Neurosurgery of Verona. For 25 of these patients we were able to obtain a clinical follow-up using telephone interviews. The patients were evaluated with the Aminoff and Logue’s scale and subsequently stratified into three classes of disability. An overall score (gait and micturition, G + M) of 0–3 indicates a mild disability, a score between 4 and 5 indicates a moderate disability and a score between 6 and 8 a severe disability. All patients underwent surgical treatment which was mainly the first therapeutic option. Following surgery, the patients were re-evaluated with the same neurological scale. We also investigated with statistical analysis the possible impact on clinical outcome of the major clinical, neuroradiological and surgical variables. Results. The epidemiological, clinical, radiological and pathological features of our group of patients are very similar to those previously described in the literature. For 10 patients surgery consisted simply of the interruption of the intradural arterialised draining vein (with or without closure of the small extradural arterial afferents), whereas in the remaining 15 patients coagulation or excision of the fistolous dura was also accomplished. At the last follow-up (mean 7.3 years; in 19 patients longer than 5 years), 10 patients had improved (40%), 11 were stable (44%) and 4 had deteriorated (16%). We determined that only the pre-operative neurological status, described by the G value in the Aminoff and Logue’s scale and the class of disability, had an impact on clinical outcome. Conclusions. This retrospective study confirms that the surgical treatment results of SDAVF are satisfactory even if evaluated after many years. Given these results, and in accordance with the majority of the literature, we concur that surgery should be the first choice treatment for these spinal vascular lesions in order to avoid a dangerous delay and consequently further neurological deterioration. In our group of patients the only prognostic factor statistically related to clinical outcome was the pre-treatment neurological status, particularly the grade of paraparesis and the class of disability. Correspondence: Dr. Paolo Cipriano Cecchi, Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, Regional General Hospital, Via Boehler 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.     

Recovery from paraplegia after the treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: case report and review of the literature

Background  

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) is a rare and enigmatic disease. Functional outcome is particularly uncertain for the small group of patients that are unable to stand at the time of diagnosis (grade 5 gait disturbance on the Aminoff-Logue scale, ALS). The objective of this study is to examine the final functional outcome of patients with SDAVF in grade 5 gait ALS before treatment.