超声测量舌骨-会厌距离对喉镜显露困难的预测价值

目的评估超声测量舌骨-会厌距离预测喉镜显露困难的有效性。方法选择择期行气管插管全身麻醉患者72例,男40例,女32例,年龄18～90岁,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。麻醉前测量张口度、甲颏距离,评估改良Mallampati分级,并在"嗅花位"下超声测量患者舌骨-会厌距离。患者麻醉后在相同体位下行气管插管,根据Cormack-Lehane分级分为两组:Ⅰ和Ⅱ级为喉镜显露容易组(n=53),Ⅲ和Ⅳ级为喉镜显露困难组(n=19)。比较常规评估气道方法和舌骨-会厌距离与喉镜显露困难的关系,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估各项指标预测喉镜显露困难的效能。结果与喉镜显露容易组比较,喉镜显露困难组中男性比例、BMI值和改良Mallampati分级明显升高(P0.05),甲颏距离和舌骨-会厌距离明显缩短(P0.05)。BMI值、甲颏距离、张口度、Mallampati分极和舌骨-会厌距离曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.74、0.63、0.71、0.67和0.84,舌骨-会厌距离临界值为1.4 cm其敏感性为79.0%,特异性为83.0%。结论超声测量舌骨-会厌距离可较好预测喉镜显露困难。     

McGrath可视喉镜与Macintosh直接喉镜显露颈椎手术患者喉部结构的比较

目的 比较McGrath可视喉镜与Macintosh直接喉镜显露颈椎手术患者喉部结构的效果. 方法 50例颈椎手术患者采用随机数字表法随机分为McGrath组和Macintosh组,每组25例.麻醉诱导后,McGrath组先用Macintosh直接喉镜显露喉部结构并记录Cormack-Lehane分级(C/L分级),不插管,再改用McGrath可视喉镜显露喉部结构并插入气管导管.Macintosh组先用McGrath可视喉镜显露声门,再使用Macintosh直接喉镜显露喉部结构并插管.记录患者一般情况、气道评估指标(甲颏间距、张口度、Mallampati分级、颈部活动度)、喉镜显露C/L分级和插管并发症. 结果 两组间患者一般情况和气道评估指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).McGrath可视喉镜的C/L分级(Ⅰ级∶Ⅱ级∶Ⅲ级为34∶14∶2)显著优于Macintosh直接喉镜(Ⅰ级∶Ⅱ级∶Ⅲ级为13∶32∶5,P＜0.01). 结论 McGrath可视喉镜对喉部结构的显露优于Macintosh直接喉镜,提示该可视喉镜有助于颈椎手术患者的气管插管处理.     

TruviewTM EVO2光学喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜显露喉部结构的比较

目的比较Truview^TM EVO2光学喉镜与Macintosh直接喉镜在经口气管插管中显露喉部结构的效果，探讨该光学喉镜在全麻气管插管中的应用价值。方法经口气管插管全身麻醉下实施择期手术的ASAI-Ⅱ级成人患者200例。麻醉前记录人选患者一般情况和气道评估指标（Mallampati舌咽结构分级、甲颏间距、张口度）。全麻诱导后随机应用直接喉镜或光学喉镜先后显露喉部结构并记录Cormack-Lehane喉部结构显露分级（C／L分级），用后一种喉镜进行气管插管。观察指标包括术前患者一般情况及气道评估指标；C／L分级；喉部结构显露难易度；口咽部损伤；术后咽痛、声音嘶哑等并发症。结果200例患者中男107例，女93例，年龄52岁±13岁，身高164．8cm±11．3cm，体重64．0kg±11．5kg，甲颏间距6．9cm±1．1cm，张口度3．7cm±0．5cm。两种喉镜C／L分级均与Mallampati舌咽结构分级具有相关性（P〈0．01），即Mallampati分级越高，C／L分级越高。有91例两种喉镜C／L分级相同，其中76例为I级，15例为Ⅱ级；4例喉镜C／L分级优于光学喉镜，余105例则光学喉镜优于直接喉镜；在200例病人中，用直接喉镜C／L分级百分比分别为：I级40．O％、Ⅱ级38．5％、Ⅲ级20．5％、IV级1％；而光学喉镜为：I级78．5％、Ⅱ级21.0％、Ⅲ级0．5％。所有患者未记录到明显口咽部损伤和术后咽痛及声音嘶哑。结论Truview^TM EVO2光学喉镜对喉部结构显露C／L分级明显优于Macintosh直接喉镜，从而提示应用光学喉镜可能有助于困难气道的处理。     

氟骨症性颈椎管狭窄症手术的麻醉管理

目的探讨氟骨症性颈椎管狭窄症手术的麻醉特点及管理方法。方法对2009年2月～2014年3月5例氟骨症性颈椎管狭窄症的麻醉管理进行总结。2例术前颈椎活动严重受限,改良Mallampati分级Ⅲ级,考虑可能为困难气管插管,清醒表面麻醉下行纤维支气管镜引导气管插管;余3例为非困难气管插管,行快速诱导直视下Macintosh喉镜气管插管。结果5例均安全度过围术期,无死亡。1例因呼吸功能不全,术后转入ICU病房,次日拔管;余4例术后转入PACU拔管。术后均无麻醉相关并发症,顺利出院。结论氟骨症性颈椎管狭窄症患者困难气道发生率高,气道管理是围术期麻醉管理的核心问题。     

喉罩联合光导丝成功处理困难气道一例

<正>患者,男,年龄58岁,身高165cm,体重84kg,BMI30.85kg/m2。因机器卷压致左上臂旋转撕脱离断,肩胛骨骨折并伴失血性休克前期,拟于全身麻醉下行左上臂清创再植术。患有呼吸暂停综合征。查体:患者颈项粗短,张口3指,甲颏距离5cm,Mallampati分级2~3级。自述无高血压、糖尿病病史,无手术麻醉史。Hb 85g/L。术前空腹6h,预计患者无面罩通气困难,但可能存在插管困难,准备管芯、     

Bonfils纤维喉镜用于困难气道病人插管的效果

目的 评价Bonfils纤维喉镜用于困难气道病人插管的效果。方法 择期行全麻气管插管手术病人18例，术前气道评估（Mallampati评级≥Ⅲ级，甲颏距离〈6cm，或不足3横指，张口度〈3．5cm）符合以上任何一项者或有颈部活动受限，颈椎不稳定者和肢端肥大的病人纳入本研究。常规麻醉诱导后用Bonfils纤维喉镜插管。记录诱导前、插管前、插管后的血压和心率。按喉镜插入口咽腔、看见会厌、进入声门和置入气管导管的难易度评估插管情况，记录插管时间和失败率，并随访插管后的不良反应。结果插管后收缩压和心率较插管前均有一定程度的增加，但波动均在正常生理范围内。所有病人均一次插管成功，平均插管时间为62s，有4例（22％）病人看见会厌的难易度为一般，1例（5．6％）病人进入声门较困难。除1例病人外其余的病人术后均无明显咽喉疼痛、声音嘶哑等不良反应。结论Bonfils纤维喉镜对于潜在的困难气道的病人是一种简便易行的插管装置。     

咬上唇试验联合胸颏间距、甲颏间距以及上下门齿间距对预测喉镜显露与气管插管难易度的预测价值：一项前瞻性研究

背景咬上唇试验（ULBT）的准确度已经与Mallampati分级做过比较。在本研究中，我们探讨了ULBT联合胸颏间距（SMD）、甲颏间距（TMD）、上下门齿间距（1iD）或进行综合评分，是否较单一测试方法能更好地预测喉镜检查和气管插管的难易度。方法在此次前瞻性研究中，随机纳入了380例择期手术患者。麻醉诱导前，采用ULBT、SMD、TMD以及HI）分级行气道评估。麻醉诱导后按照Cormack和Lehane分级评估喉镜显露度，并将3和4级显露度定义为困难气道。通过受试者做特征性分析，计算出测试的最佳临界点。最后，计算这些评估标准以及它们与ULBT组合的敏感性、特异性、阳性和阴性预估价值及准确性。结果困难插管发生率为5％（n=19）。ULBTⅢ级、liD〈4．5cm、TMD〈6．5cm和SMD〈13cm是困难插管的预测指标。困难插管本身不存在显著的性别差异（P〈0．05），但是早期的评估指标和喉镜暴露可发现显著的性别差异（P〈0．05，Mc．Nemar试验）。ULBT的特异性和准确性明显高于SMD、TMD以及IID单次测试的结果（特异性分别为：91．69％、82．27％、70．64％和82．27％；准确度分别为：91．05％、71．32％、81．84％和76．58％）。ULBT联合SMD时敏感性最高。结论我们的结论是ULBT的特异性及准确性显著高于其他测试方法，并且可以准确地对气道进行评估。但是，ULBT联合其他测试方法预估喉镜检查和插管的难易度更加可靠。     

颈椎手术困难气道的麻醉管理

正气道管理是临床麻醉安全中最为重要的技术之一,因气道管理困难致死的病例数约占麻醉死亡病例总数的30%,而困难插管是其主要原因。脊柱疾病,尤其是颈椎病变,常导致颈部活动受限,国外报道其困难气管插管比例可高达20.0%~30.2%,北京大学第三医院的前期研究显示择期颈椎手术困难气道比例为14.9%[1],明显高于一般手术的5.8%。颈椎手术围术期气道管理核心问题涉及"术前评估、气道管理、     

计算机面部分析法对困难插管的精确分类

背景尽管麻醉前行床旁气道评估是有益的，但是目前所有的评估方法敏感性低且预测阳性率低，作用都很有限。我们假设患者的个体解剖特征有助于麻醉医生提高预测困难插管的能力，拟采用计算机对患者的面部照片进行分析，推导出一个电脑模型以验证此假设。方法将80例男性患者平均分为两个队列分别用于模型的推导和验证。每个队列各包括20例插管容易和困难插管的患者。我们对困难插管的定义：至少有12个月工作资历的麻醉医生行1次以上插管，喉镜检查示3级或4级，需要另一操作者，或使用非常规的气道开放器械行气管插管。每个受试者的面部照片都通过软件分析，将面部划分为61个部分，每个部分由公式推导出50个维空间的面部模型的一个点。每一个参数均通过逻辑回归来测试辨别力，并结合11个P≤0．1的变量，加上Mallampati分级和甲颏距离，用所有可能性的二项二次回9-5分析模型进行全面测试。将在推导和验证队列中获得的受试者操作特征曲线下面积的乘积最大化来交叉验证候选模型。结果最好的模型包括3个面部参数和甲颏距离。它能够从80例受试者中正确地区分出70例（P〈10娟）。相比较而言，Mallampati分级和甲颏距离的最佳结合仅可从80例中正确地区分出47例（P=0．073）。该计算机模型的敏感性、特异性和曲线下面积分别为90％、85％和0．899。结论面部结构和甲颏距离的计算机化分析能够区分出容易插管和困难插管，它的准确性明显优于常用的临床预测方法。     

超声测量不同气道指标预测患儿喉镜暴露困难的价值

目的评价超声进行气道评估对患儿喉镜暴露困难的预测价值。方法选择需行气管插管全身麻醉的择期手术患儿287例,男194例,女93例,年龄5～12岁,BMI 10～29 kg/m~2。根据年龄和喉镜暴露情况分为四组:5～8岁喉镜暴露困难组(DL5组)和9～12岁喉镜暴露困难组(DL9组)、5～8岁喉镜暴露容易组(EL5组)和9～12岁喉镜暴露容易组(EL9组)。记录术前改良Mallampati分级、张口度和甲颏间距,麻醉诱导前采用超声测量患儿舌纵截面积、舌宽度、颏舌骨肌长度和皮肤到会厌的距离,并计算出舌体积。采用ROC曲线评估超声测量指标预测喉镜暴露困难的有效性。结果 287例患儿中,喉镜暴露困难13例(4.53%)。5～12岁患儿改良Mallampati分级增加、5～8岁患儿张口度缩小、9～12岁患儿甲颏间距缩短对其喉镜暴露困难都有较好的预测作用;超声颏舌骨肌长度缩短(5～8岁,3.85 cm; 9～12岁,4.19 cm)和皮肤到会厌的距离增加(5～8岁,1.56 cm)都能较好地预测患儿喉镜暴露困难,以上指标ROC曲线下面积(AUC)均在0.7～0.9。结论超声测量颏舌骨肌长度和皮肤到会厌的距离均可有效预测患儿喉镜暴露困难。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.