输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管膀胱壁段结石

目的：探讨不切开输尿管口,直接输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管膀胱壁段结石的手术技巧。方法：选取输尿管膀胱壁段结石患者32例,根据结石的分类,不切开输尿管口,采取盲法结合直视下输尿管镜钬激光碎石,术后留置双J管2～4周,3～6个月后复查B超、CT或者IVU。结果：32例患者均成功粉碎结石,其中10例发生输尿管黏膜轻微撕脱,1例发生输尿管黏膜下假道。留置双J管后随访,复查正常。结论：不切开输尿管口,采取盲法结合直视下输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管膀胱壁段结石是一种安全有效的微创治疗。     

输尿管镜技术治疗输尿管膀胱壁间段结石的疗效观察

目的 探讨输尿管镜技术治疗输尿管膀胱壁间段结石安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析我院近10年采取输尿管镜技术治疗的输尿管膀胱壁问段结石患者86例.结果 全部患者成功碎石并留置双J管,术后4周拔除.术后6个月复查超声与尿常规未见同侧肾积水、输尿管开口狭窄和尿路感染.结论 输尿管镜技术治疗输尿管壁间段结石安全有效,具有创伤小、安全性高、疗效确切等优点,具有很强的实用性及可操作性.     

钬激光联合输尿管镜治疗输尿管狭窄38例临床分析

目的:探讨输尿管镜下钬激光内切开术治疗输尿管狭窄的临床疗效.方法:采用精尿管镜下钬激光内切开术治疗38例输尿管狭窄患者,术中留置F7～F8双J管一根;术后2-3月拔除双J管;拔管后3-6个月进行B超或静脉肾孟造影检壹.结果:术后随访32病例中,时间3-24个月,29例治愈(治愈率90.6%).结论:输尿管镜下钬激光内切开术治疗输尿管狭窄是一种疗效确切、安全、微创的手术方法.     

URSL联合ESWL治疗上段输尿管结石及肾结石

目的探讨提高对输尿管上段及肾结石治疗效果的措施。方法对220例输尿管上段及肾结石患者施行气压弹道碎石术(URSL)联合ESWL进行治疗。结果193例联合治疗一次成功(87.7%);14例碎石不完全,拔除双J管后结石嵌顿于输尿管形成石街,再次URSL治疗成功;10例因肾内结石较大,URSL置入双J管后给予多次ESWL治疗;3例行多次ESWL后摄片结石形态改变不大,改行B超引导下经皮肾穿联合输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治愈。术后双J管1个月内拔除,结石均于拔管后3月内排净。术后3月复查B超,肾积水显著减轻或消失。结论联合应用URSL与ESWL治疗输尿管上段结石或肾结石,能大大提高碎石效率及结石排净率。     

腔内双重双J管内引流治疗输尿管狭窄

目的 探讨腔内留置双重双J管内引流治疗输尿管狭窄的安全性和有效性.方法 我院2008年5月至2010年1月收治12例输尿管狭窄患者,采用输尿管镜下腔内留置2根相同大小双J管(F4～F6)内引流治疗各种原因导致的输尿管狭窄.结果 12例术后留置双J管2～6个月,平均3个月;12例随访2～12个月,平均8个月,其中11例患者拔管前后无腰腹胀痛、发热、血尿等并发症,术后5～7d复查KUB平片示无双J管移位,IVP和B超示肾积水较前明显减轻或无肾积水,双J管引流通畅;1例患者由于反复血尿、腰痛,复查B超和IVP示无梗阻和积水,于术后1个月拔除双J管,血尿症状消失而治愈.结论 腔内留置双重双J管内引流治疗输尿管狭窄安全有效,但远期效果和相关并发症有待于大样本进一步研究验证.     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石52例报告

目的:探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的临床效果.方法:采用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石患者52例,其中双侧输尿管上段结石2例,共计左侧30例侧,右侧24例侧.结石大小(0.4～1.7)cm×(0.6～2.0)cm.结果:手术成功率98.1%,平均手术时间约28 min(17～65 min).1例侧因输尿管口狭窄进镜困难改行开放手术.术后1个月复查,一次性碎石排净率为90.6%,5例侧有结石残留患者保留双J管行ESWL治疗,结石排出.术后3个月复查,所有患者患侧肾积水均明显减轻.结论:在熟练掌握输尿管镜操作技术的前提下,采用输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石是一种安全、有效的方法.     

腔镜下球囊导管辅助钬激光治疗输尿管中段和上段结石76例

目的探讨在输尿管镜下碎石术中使用输尿管球囊导管阻止结石移位的效果。方法 2010年5月～2011年8月,对76例输尿管中段和上段结石,使用Wolf F8/9.8输尿管硬镜,F4输尿管球囊导管阻止结石移位,国产腔内灌注泵灌注使视野清晰,65 W钬激光碎石。结果 71例一次碎石成功,成功率为93.4%（71/76）,术后2～8周拔除双J管时复查B超或泌尿系平片检查,均无输尿管结石残留。5例未成功：3例上段结石上移到肾盂（1例为钬激光击中球囊致球囊破裂后结石移位,2例放球囊前结石已经被冲入肾盂）改ESWL治疗,1例因输尿管穿孔、1例因输尿管开口变异无法上插输尿管镜改开放手术。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石术中使用输尿管球囊导管,可以阻止结石移位。     

低压输尿管镜治疗合并感染的急性输尿管梗阻

目的 探讨术中低压技术治疗输尿管结石梗阻合并严重感染的可行性.方法 对28例输尿管结石合并急性感染的患者一期行输尿管镜下置入F5双J管引流;二期采用术中保留F5双J管、留置F8尿管、低灌注水压等低压技术以小口径输尿管镜行钬激光碎石术.结果 28例一期均行输尿管镜留置双J管引流成功.二期采用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术,23例术中保留双J管,5例术中未保留双J管.2组中均有2例出现术后发热;分别有0例、1例出现结石退回肾内.所有病例于术后3个月复查无结石残留,患者肾功能不同程度恢复.结论 一期采用输尿管镜下留置F5双J管,二期采用术中低压技术并以小口径输尿管镜行钬激光碎石术解除梗阻是治疗合并感染的急性输尿管梗阻的有效治疗手段.     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗困难的输尿管中上段结石

目的探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术在治疗困难的输尿管结石中的临床效果。方法 2006年6月～2010年6月,对51例困难的输尿管中上段结石行后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术。结石位于中段6例,上段45例,结石长径15～30mm。患侧均伴有不同程度的肾盂积水,轻度10例,中度35例,重度6例。术前26例有ESWL史7,例有输尿管镜碎石史。经后腹腔操作,分离出输尿管中上段,用尖刀或电钩切开输尿管并取出结石,通过trocar留置双J管并间断缝合输尿管切口。结果 51例手术均取得成功。手术时间55～200 min,平均90 min,出血量10～100 ml,平均30 ml。无感染、尿漏等并发症。术后住院3～9 d,平均6 d。术后复查KUB及B超无结石残留。随访6～12个月,B超示39例肾积水消失,12例中度积水,无输尿管狭窄和结石复发。结论后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管中上段结石效果确切,创伤小,并发症少,可作为ESWL和腔内碎石等治疗方法失败的难治性输尿管结石的首选方法。     

腹腔镜治疗复杂性输尿管中上段结石的疗效探讨

目的:探讨经腹腔途径腹腔镜下治疗复杂性输尿管中上段结石的临床技巧和疗效。方法:回顾性分析50例输尿管中上段结石患者的临床资料,均行彩超、CTU或MRU等影像学检查确诊,其中输尿管上段结石38例,输尿管中段结石12例。18例曾行1~4次ESWL治疗,9例曾行输尿管镜碎石治疗,3例曾行经皮肾镜(PCNL)碎石治疗失败。50例均行经腹腔途径腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术。结果:50例手术均顺利完成,无中转开放手术者。取出结石大小1~3cm。21例伴有息肉,其中14例较小息肉给予电钩切除,7例较大、蒂宽息肉给予息肉段输尿管切除吻合。切除息肉术后病理检查均为输尿管炎性息肉,输尿管壁慢性炎症。平均手术时间70(50~105)min;平均术中出血量20(10~50)ml。2例出现漏尿者于术后2周和1个月漏尿停止。其余患者术后无明显外科并发症,3~5天拔除引流管,5~7天拔除尿管,术后6~8天顺利出院。术后6~8周拔除双J管。术后随访6个月~3年,2例双J管拔除后逐渐出现腰痛,彩超和IVU示原结石部位狭窄,狭窄段长0.5~1.0cm,行输尿管镜丝状电极内切开术后治愈。余48例彩超及IVU检查显示未见结石残留及吻合处输尿管狭窄发生。结论:经腹腔途径腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术创伤小,恢复快,并发症少,是治疗复杂性输尿管中上段结石的理想方法。     

Rigid ureteroscopy for the treatment of ureteral calculi in children

PURPOSE: We assess the safety and efficacy of rigid ureteroscopy for the treatment of pediatric ureterolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 33 children with an average age of 7.4 years (range 9 months to 15 years) treated with rigid ureteroscopy between May 1995 and July 2003 were reviewed. In 35 ureteral units use of a rigid 6.9 to 10Fr ureteroscope was planned for treating stones at various levels of the ureter. Stones were located in the upper ureter in 6 cases, middle ureter in 3 and lower ureter in 26. Dilatation of the ureteral orifice was necessary in 11 cases. RESULTS: Stone size varied from 3 to 10 mm (mean 5.3). In 33 patients (94%) all stone fragments were removed successfully. Stones were fragmented with pneumatic lithotripsy in 20 cases and removed by forceps without fragmentation in 13. In 1 child an upper ureteral stone migrated up to the kidney during ureteroscopy but following extracorporeal shock lithotripsy therapy she was rendered stone-free. In another child it was not possible to remove the stone. In a 9-month-old female patient with bilateral stones it was not possible to enter the left ureter because of a tight orifice resistant to balloon dilation. At the end of the procedure a 3 or 4Fr ureteral or a 4.8Fr Double-J (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) stent was left in place for 3 days to 3 weeks in 12 cases. There were no cases of ureteral perforation. Of the patients 31 were followed for 1 to 36 months. No incidence of vesicoureteral reflux was detected in 9 who underwent postoperative cystography. CONCLUSIONS: After becoming experienced and meticulously working with finer instruments in adults, rigid ureteroscopy can be a safe and efficient treatment for ureteral stones in every location in children.     

Clinical experiences of renal and upper ureter stone by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). II: 3-month follow-up of cases treated with ESWL

Fifty three out of 60 cases treated with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL), were followed up for 3 months. Forty four of the patients had renal stones (2 had bilateral renal stones, 3 had staghorn calculi, 2 had incomplete staghorn calculi, 10 had multiple renal stones), 2 had the unilateral renal and ureteral stones and 16 had ureteral stone. The stone had been discharged completely within 3 months in 47 cases (86.8%), and residual stones were noticed in 6 cases (11%), two of which had stone discharge after retreatment with ESWL. The other cases are being followed up without further treatment, because the residual sandy stones are thought to be able to be discharged spontaneously.     

Combined percutaneous and transurethral approach to stenoses of the ureteral meatus after transurethral resection for bladder tumor

A stenosis of the ureteral meatus may result from transurethral resection (TUR) for bladder tumor. Open reconstructive surgery is not recommended because of possible tumor implantation. Preservation of the renal function is the main goal, particularly when chemotherapy with nephrotoxic drugs is planned. Moreover, the patency of the vesicoureteral junction has to be preserved to allow regular inspection of the upper urinary tract for urothelial tumor. The first measure is decompression by nephrostomy. After antegrade cannulation of the stenotic ureteral meatus, a ureteral stent is left for several weeks prior to transurethral meatotomy, which is also followed by stenting for 6 weeks. The retrograde approach will fail more frequently. Sixteen ureteral meatal stenoses were treated in 11 patients. The vesicoureteral junction was permanently restored in about 50%, even when it had not only been injured by one or several TURs, but also by the preceding radio- and chemotherapy.     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石(附154例报告)

目的探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法2002年5月～2005年5月，我院采用Wolf F8/9.8硬性输尿管镜和气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石154例。结果154例输尿管结石中，141例治疗成功，成功率91．6％（141／154），上段、中段、下段输尿管结石的治疗成功率分别为60．0％（12／20）、93．3％（42／45）和97．8％（87／89），术中并发症发生率2．6％（4／154），其中黏膜下假道和输尿管穿孔各2例，均放置双J管引流治愈。术后1个月无石率为95．7％（135／141）。125例随访3～6个月，平均4．2月，无复发及输尿管狭窄。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石安全、微创、效果确切，是治疗输尿管中下段结石的首选方法。     

Clinical study of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for 1000 patients with renal and ureteral stones

Using a Dornier HM3 lithotripter, we treated 1,000 patients with renal and ureteral stones from April, 1986 to July, 1989. They consisted of 612 solitary stones (pelvic stones, 152; calyceal stones, 167; ureteral stones, 293), 265 multiple stones and 123 staghorn calculi (complete, 48; partial, 75). The overall rate of the auxiliary procedure was 59.3% (pre-operative, 47.9%; post-operative, 11.4%). Pre-operative procedure included 430 catheterizations, 26 percutaneous nephrostomies (PNSs) and 23 pyelograms . Post-operative procedure included 69 transurethral lithotripsy , 21 PNSs, 26 percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNLs), 6 meatotomy , 5 chemolysis and 1 open surgery. 484 (68.3%) in 709 good follow-up cases were stone-free at the time of 3 months since the first extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Complications were pain (34.8%), fever (4.3%), pain & fever (8.5%), subcapsular hematoma (0.1%) and ureteral obstruction (0.1%). Thus, ESWL is considered to be a useful means for renal and ureteral stones and in the case of large stone the combination therapy with PNL is more effective than ESWL-monotherapy.     

Pitfalls of repeat subureteral bovine collagen injections for the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux

PURPOSE: Collagen has been used for the endoscopic subureteral treatment of vesicoureteral reflux since the late 1980s. We evaluated the long-term efficacy of repeat subureteral glutaraldehyde bovine cross-linked collagen injections for the endoscopic management of vesicoureteral reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 14 girls and 2 boys (21 ureteral units) 6 months to 16 years old (median age 6 years). In all patients initial treatment failed or reflux recurred after a single subureteral collagen injection and injection was repeated. Patients were followed with voiding cystography. Reflux-free periods after each injection and reflux grade were documented. RESULTS: All patients were treated twice with subureteral bovine collagen injection. Mean injected collagen volume of injections 1 and 2 was 1. 5 ml. (range 0.7 to 3.0) and 1.6 ml. (range 1.0 to 2.3), respectively, at a concentration of 35 mg./ml. In all but 4 cases reflux disappeared after injection 2. Mean followup was 11 months (range 1 to 41) after treatment 2. However in 10 patients (13 ureteral units) treatment failed or reflux recurred a mean of 10 months after injection 2. The reflux-free period after injection 2 was prolonged compared to that after injection 1 (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that repeat endoscopic subureteral bovine collagen injections prolong the reflux-free period but remain ineffective at long-term followup for correcting vesicoureteral reflux.     

输尿管镜急诊治疗输尿管结石肾绞痛165例

目的探讨输尿管镜急诊治疗输尿管结石梗阻引起持续、顽固性肾绞痛的临床效果。方法 2006年5月~2009年5月,采用Wolf F8/9.8、F7/8.5硬质输尿管镜,瑞士EMS气压弹道碎石装置,美国Trimedyne OmniPulse钬激光机,治疗输尿管结石急性梗阻肾绞痛165例。结果 160例在输尿管镜直视下1次操作成功,成功率97.0%（160/165）。6例术后复查B超、X线发现残留结石（3 mm以上）辅以ESWL治疗,结石粉碎;手术结石清除率96.2%（154/160）。结石粉碎,梗阻解除,肾绞痛未再发作。术后4~6周内结石全部排净。12例发生并发症：输尿管穿孔6例,采取单纯放置双J管保守治疗5例,开放手术治疗1例;泌尿系感染6例,其中1例感染性休克,治疗后痊愈。泌尿系感染6例随访6~9个月,3例结石复发,感染性休克患者半年后患肾萎缩,功能减退。结论输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石引起的急性梗阻具有快速、安全、高效,对顽固、持续肾绞痛者立竿见影。     

Outcome of endoscopic treatment for vesicoureteral reflux in children using polydimethylsiloxane

PURPOSE: We reviewed the outcome of subureteral injection of polydimethylsiloxane as a bulking agent for endoscopic treatment for vesicoureteral reflux in patients younger than 12 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 children (59 ureters) with primary grades II to IV vesicoureteral reflux were treated with a single subureteral injection from 1997 to 2001 and followed an average of 26 months (range 4 to 45). Results in 38 patients (55 ureteral units) were available for review. Each child underwent preoperative voiding cystourethrography, renal ultrasound, dimercapto-succinic acid scan and urine culture. Treatment was done on an outpatient basis. With the patient general anesthesia polydimethylsiloxane implant was injected transurethrally below the ureteral opening of the affected renal unit. Renal ultrasound at 1 week and voiding cystourethrography at 2 months were done to rule out obstruction at the injection site and/or persistent reflux, respectively. Cure was defined as absent vesicoureteral reflux on voiding cystourethrography 2 months after injection. RESULTS: After a single injection polydimethylsiloxane cured vesicoureteral reflux in 45 ureteral units (81.8%), while in 5 (9.1%) the condition was improved. The remaining 5 ureteral units (9.1%) showed no change in reflux grade. In 1 patient (1.9%) with unilateral grade IV vesicoureteral reflux contralateral reflux developed. None of the cured patients had recurrent reflux during followup. In 1 patient ureteral obstruction was successfully treated with ureteral reimplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic subureteral injection of polydimethylsiloxane implant in children with primary grades II to IV vesicoureteral reflux appears to be an effective, safe and minimally invasive technique.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石

目的：探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法：采用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石患者128例，其中5例为ESWL后输尿管石街形成，6例并发急性梗阻性肾功能不全。结果：128例中，一次性碎石成功117例，占91．4％。碎石失败11例，占8．6％，其中6例输尿管上段结石移位至肾盂，留置双J管后行ESWL治愈，另外2例输尿管穿孔和3例进镜失败患者均立即改行开放手术治愈。6例并发急性梗阻性肾功能不全患者碎石术后即进入多尿期，2周后复查肾功能恢复正常。结论：输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石具有微创、安全、效果好等优点，可作为输尿管中、下段结石的首选治疗方法。     

输尿管结石继发严重上尿路感染的联合治疗

目的：探讨输尿管结石继发严重上尿路感染的治疗方法与疗效。方法：回顾性分析32例输尿管结石梗阻继发急性严重上尿路感染患者的临床治疗方法：在积极抗感染的同时,急诊行膀胱镜下逆行插管引流,或在B超引导下经皮肾穿刺置管引流,其中27例感染控制后二期行输尿管镜下碎石或ESWL,3例在抗感染同时行ESWL,2例在抗感染同时行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术。结果：19例膀胱镜下逆行插管成功,8例在B超引导下行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术成功,3～6天后患者体温和血白细胞数降至正常。二期14例行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术成功,13例行ESWL成功。在抗感染同时一期行ESWL或输尿管镜的5例碎石成功。所有患者无输尿管穿孔、输尿管撕裂、严重出血等并发症。术后1～8周输尿管结石全部排净,平均住院28．5天。结石排净后随访1～9个月,患肾功能全部恢复正常。结论：膀胱镜下逆行插管引流或经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流联合输尿管镜下碎石或ESWL简便,耐受性好,并发症少,可迅速控制感染,清除结石,二者联合应用是输尿管结石继发急性严重上尿路感染的理想治疗方法。