微骨折术修复关节软骨缺损

[目的]探讨关节镜下微骨折术修复膝关节全层软骨缺损的疗效。[方法]对2001年3月~2008年5月收治的膝关节软骨全层缺损的35例患者进行回顾性分析;平均随访(25.3±6.5)个月(16~53个月)。其中,剥脱骨软骨炎12例,外伤性骨软骨骨折20例,自发性骨坏死1例,继发性骨坏死2例。采用公认的功能评分系统,软骨MR I扫描和主观评分作为疗效判定标准。[结果]微骨折技术修复膝关节软骨全层缺损的总有效率为85.7%,其中疗效优19个膝关节,占54.3%,良11个膝关节,占31.4%,差5个膝关节,占14.3%。33例接受MR I检查,其中19例显示缺损软骨修复充填好,占57.6%,充填中等11例,占33.3%,充填差3例,占9.1%,平均Tegner评分从1.5±1.1提高到5.1±1.2(P0.01);Lysholm平均评分由42.3±11.3提高到85.5±12.1(P0.01)。[结论]微骨折技术是一项可供选择的实用有效修复膝关节软骨缺损的完全在关节镜下操作的微创技术;软骨修复充填程度与关节功能恢复密切相关。     

关节镜微骨折与Pridie钻孔修复膝关节软骨

目的:观察并比较关节镜下微骨折术与Pridie钻孔术在膝关节软骨全层损伤修复治疗中的疗效差异。方法:选取80例膝关节软骨全层损伤患者为研究对象,将患者随机分为微骨折术组和Pridie钻孔术组。微骨折术组患者关节镜下使用微骨折锥对软骨下骨表面进行打孔,孔与孔之间间隔为2~3 mm,孔深为3~4 mm;Pridie钻孔术组使用直径1.5 mm克氏针在骨表面打孔,观察两组患者在接受不同手术治疗前后膝关节功能Lysholm评分得分差异和治疗疗效差异。结果:两组患者治疗前Lysholm评分比较,无统计学差异(P0.05),接受治疗后,两组患者术后6个月膝关节Lysholm评分均显著提高,与术前相比具有统计学差异(P0.05),其中微骨折组患者Lysholm评分升高更为显著,为(89.3±11.2),与Pridie组患者评分(80.7±11.3),比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。微骨折组患者接受治疗后总有效率为92.5%;Pridie钻孔术组治疗总有效率为87.5%,两组患者治疗优良率比较无统计学差异(χ~2=0.556,P0.05)。但微骨折组患者治疗疗效达到优(Lysholm评分为80~100分)的患者所占比62.5%,与Pridie钻孔组47.5%相比显著提高,且差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=6.667,P0.01)。结论:膝关节微骨折术和Pridie钻孔术都是膝关节镜下治疗软骨较大面积缺损的有效治疗术式,但膝关节镜下微骨折术与Pridie钻孔术相比,具有操作简便、安全性高、术后血凝块粘附好以及损伤部位热损伤小等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

关节镜下微骨折术联合自体骨软骨移植治疗膝关节股骨髁大面积软骨损伤

目的探讨关节镜下微骨折术联合自体骨软骨移植(osteochondral autologous transplantation,OAT)治疗膝关节股骨髁大面积(4~6 cm^2)软骨损伤的疗效。方法2016年3月-2017年6月,采用关节镜下微骨折术联合OAT治疗22例膝关节股骨髁大面积软骨损伤患者。其中男16例,女6例;年龄22~60岁,平均38.6岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤8例,运动损伤14例。病程1~6个月,平均3.4个月。股骨内侧髁损伤15例,外侧髁损伤7例;软骨损伤面积4~6 cm^2,平均4.98 cm^2。软骨损伤国际软骨修复协会(ICRS)分级:Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级13例。伴半月板损伤18例。术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为(6.36±1.25)分,Lysholm评分为(36.00±7.77)分。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间2~3年,平均2.3年。术后2年时VAS评分为(1.27±0.94)分,Lysholm评分为(77.82±6.21)分,均较术前明显改善(t=16.595,P=0.000;t=21.895,P=0.000)。术后2年,MRI显示软骨缺损区修复良好。结论关节镜下微骨折术联合OAT治疗膝关节股骨髁大面积软骨损伤早期疗效较好。     

关节囊外髌骨外侧支持带松解治疗髌骨外侧挤压综合征

目的探讨关节镜下关节囊外髌骨外侧支持带松解治疗髌骨外侧挤压综合征(LPCS)的疗效。方法笔者自2011-01—2014-07对218例LPCS行关节镜下关节囊外髌骨外侧支持带松解+清理术,根据需要部分患者采取微骨折术治疗。采用IKDC评分及Lysholm膝关节功能评分评价术后疗效。结果 218例均获随访18~24个月,平均20个月。162例合并有软骨不同程度损伤;32例行微骨折术。术后3个月患者膝关节疼痛症状明显减轻或消失。术后3个月、1年IKDC评分与术前比较有所改善,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),术后3个月髌骨适合角及髌骨倾斜角均比术前更接近于正常;术后6个月疗效按膝关节Lysholm评分评定:优163例,良37例,可15例,差3例,优良率91.7%。结论关节镜下关节囊外髌骨外侧支持带松解治疗LPCS创伤小,可同时在关节镜下进行关节清理术,对髌股关节疼痛伴有髌骨外倾的LPCS可获得满意疗效。     

镜下微骨折治疗距骨骨软骨损伤

[目的]探讨关节镜下微骨折术治疗距骨骨软骨损伤(OLT)的核磁共振成像(MRI)随访结果。[方法]选取2016年1月～2019年5月本科关节镜下微骨折术治疗距骨骨软骨损伤的患者40例进行回顾性分析,术前均完善负重位踝关节正侧位X线片及MRI检查,影像学评估术前及末次随访MRI脂肪抑制序列矢状位下的距骨骨水肿面积,临床评估术前及末次随访VAS评分和AOFAS评分。[结果]所有患者均顺利完成手术,无血管、神经损伤等严重并发症。所有患者均获得随访,平均随访时间(29.52±11.84)个月;末次随访时VAS评分由术前(5.95±1.08)降至(1.15±1.08),AOFAS由术前(64.70±9.74)增至(92.33±5.89),MRI显示软骨损伤区骨水肿面积由术前(80.51±39.55) mm2缩小至(35.41±45.27) mm2,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗有效率达92.50%。[结论]关节镜下微骨折术治疗距骨骨软骨损伤具有较好的临床疗效;其MRI显示明显好转。     

关节镜下缝线固定治疗儿童胫骨髁间前棘骨折

目的探讨关节镜下应用缝线固定治疗儿童胫骨髁间前棘骨折的临床疗效。方法2003年5月～2006年7月,对11例胫骨髁间前棘骨折移位患儿,在关节镜下行骨折复位。以钢丝引导PDSⅡ缝线经骨隧道固定,术后石膏或支具外固定。术后随访采用IKDC和Lysholm评分标准评估疗效。结果全部病例均获随访,平均随访14个月(6～28个月),膝关节活动均正常,Lachman试验阴性;3～6个月,患儿均已恢复正常生活及部分体育锻炼;X线片显示骨折愈合。术后末次随访,KT-2000检查双膝松弛度相差0～4mm(平均1.5mm)。Lysholm评分术后末次随访93～100分,与术前56～79分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。术后IKDC评分分级为A级(8例,占72.72%)和B级(3例,占27.28%)。结论儿童胫骨髁间前棘骨折经关节镜下骨折复位、缝线固定是一种创伤小、不损伤骺板、疗效可靠的治疗方法。     

关节镜下一期重建膝关节多发韧带损伤的临床观察

[目的]探讨膝关节多发韧带损伤关节镜下一期重建交叉韧带和周围韧带的临床疗效。[方法]2013年12月~2014年10月,24例膝关节多发韧带损伤患者关节镜下一期重建交叉韧带和周围韧带。其中男16例,女8例;年龄21~54岁,平均31.5岁。左膝10例,右膝14例。术前术后采用Lysholm评分。[结果]24例中术后随访1年者6例,随访半年以上者11例,随访3个月者4例,随访3个月以内者3例。IKDC评级,正常8例,接近正常12例,不正常4例。Lysholm评分优6例,良14例,中4例。伸膝完全正常者18例,轻度受限者6例。膝关节屈曲活动度完全正常者14例,100°~120°以内者8例,90°左右者2例。[结论]膝关节多发韧带损伤应尽早重建交叉韧带并修复周围韧带,尤其是后外复合体及3度周围韧带损伤。     

关节镜下与切开固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点骨折的比较

[目的]探讨关节镜下ETHIBOND线与Inlay切开治疗膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的临床疗效。[方法] 2014年1月～2017年6月收治的40例急性后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折患者,依据住院号单双数随机分为关节镜组18例,切开组22例。评估两组患者术前、术后3 d、术后1个月、末次随访时VAS评分,记录手术时间、膝关节活动度和后抽屉试验稳定性,并使用Lysholm及IKDC评分系统评价膝关节功能恢复情况。[结果]两组手术均顺利完成,无血管神经损伤等严重并发症。关节镜组手术时间显著长于切开组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。平均随访(18.26±4.64)个月。术后影像学检查(X线片和CT)显示所有患者骨折均复位满意并一期愈合。关节镜组术后3d VAS评分高于切开组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但术前、术后1个月VAS评分和末次随访时VAS评分两组差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。末次随访时,两组患者的后抽屉试验阴性率、膝关节平均活动度、Lysholm评分、IKDC评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]关节镜下ETHIBOND线固定与Inlay切开锚钉固定治疗PCL胫骨止点撕脱骨折均可获得满意的临床疗效,但切开组在手术时间和早期术后疼痛方面更具优势。     

关节镜骨软骨镶嵌移植术治疗膝关节软骨损伤效果分析

目的探讨关节镜骨软骨镶嵌移植术治疗膝关节软骨损伤的安全性和效果。方法回顾性分析2017-06—2021-06社旗县人民医院骨外二科行关节镜手术的96例膝关节软骨损伤患者的临床资料。分为骨软骨镶嵌移植术组(镶嵌移植组)和微骨折术组,各48例。术后随访3个月,统计随访期间并发症发生率。末次随访评价患者的运动能力和膝关节功能。结果术后随访3个月期间2组患者的并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时镶嵌移植组患者的运动能力和膝关节功能均优于微骨折术组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论与关节镜微骨折术比较,关节镜骨软骨镶嵌移植术治疗膝关节软骨损伤,有利于提高患者的膝关节功能和运动能力,而且未增加并发症发生率。     

髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征为主的膝关节内紊乱

目的:通过临床病例观察,探讨膝内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的诊断、类型及与半月板损伤、软骨损害的关系,分析膝内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的特点及在骨性关节炎发病中所起的作用。方法:关节镜下治疗内侧滑膜皱襞综合征患者48例(53膝),其中男13例(13膝),女35例(40膝);年龄16~71岁,平均56岁;病程1个月~10年,平均26个月。48例于关节镜直视下观察并手术切除滑膜皱襞,处理相应病变。采用Lysholm膝关节量表记分法评价疗效。观察症状体征与实际病损的关系,计算术前与术中诊断的符合率。关节镜下观察症状性滑膜皱襞的部位、性状、分型及软骨磨损的部位和分级,分析增生的滑膜皱襞与半月板损伤、软骨损害的关系。对术前后Lysholm评分采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行统计学处理。结果:常见的软骨缺损有股骨内髁内侧的沟槽状缺损及股骨内侧滑车的类圆形缺损。软骨退变以股骨内髁非负重区为主,占总数的54.29%;以股骨滑车内侧次之,占40.00%;以髌骨内侧关节面为主的缺损居第3位,占5.71%。术后48例53膝均获随访,随访时间17个月~4年,平均28个月。Lysholm膝关节评分:术前平均(41.00±7.03)分,术后平均(85.00±8.01)分(t=-26.17,P<0.001),证明关节镜治疗效果显著。本组优(>90分)12膝,良(80~90分)37膝,可(70~79分)4膝,优良率92.45%,无复发及二次手术者。结论:通过关节镜下特征性改变可以对内侧滑膜皱襞综合征做出明确诊断,股骨内髁及滑车软骨的沟槽状及类圆形磨损是2种典型的皱襞引起的软骨缺损。镜下切除滑膜皱襞疗效满意,对防止软骨进一步损害有积极的意义。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.