腹腔镜胆囊切除术肝外胆管损伤24例分析

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)并发肝外胆管损伤患者的临床资料,分析LC并发肝外胆管损伤的原因、诊断、处理方法,探讨LC并发肝外胆管损伤的预防措施。方法回顾性分析1994年6月至2013年12月6130例LC术肝外胆管损伤24例患者的临床资料。结果共24例肝外胆管损伤的患者,发病率为0.39%,其中,胆总管不完全性横断伤1例,胆总管完全性横断伤11例(其中3例伴组织缺损),胆总管钛夹夹闭伤1例,胆总管机械性裂伤5例,胆总管电灼伤3例,肝总管部分缺损1例,右副肝管横断伤2例。均于LC术中或术后及时确诊,经处理后获得治愈,无死亡病例,随访3~10年,无任何后遗症发生。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)肝外胆管损伤发病率仍较高,值得重视,肝外胆管损伤是可以通过努力而预防的。一旦明确胆管损伤应及时正确的处理,争取一次修复成功,可以避免造成胆道再狭窄等后遗症发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆道损伤的处理策略

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）术后胆道损伤时合理的处理策略.方法 回顾性分析11年间我院处理的17例LC手术后胆道损伤的临床资料,其中胆囊床小胆管损伤4例,采用缝扎或内镜下胆道引流;主要胆管部分损伤8例,采用单纯修补、内镜下引流、放置支架或胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合;胆总管或肝总管完全横断4例,予对端吻合或胆肠吻合;左右肝管横断1例,二期整形后行胆肠吻合.胆道再狭窄患者予内镜下扩张并置入支架,效果不佳者行胆肠吻合.结果 所有患者均无重大并发症发生,疗效满意.结论 LC手术胆道损伤重在预防,一旦损伤,需由有经验的胆道专科医生依据损伤情况选择干预方式,方能达到最好疗效.     

腹腔镜胆道损伤因素及预防的体会

1991年腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)引入我国,目前已经广泛推广应用,包括许多基层医院均已开展,目前已定位为良性胆囊疾病的金标准手术[1].但腹腔镜胆道手术并发症也越来越被内镜外科医生所重视,胆道损伤是LC最主要的并发症,发生率高达0.132%～1.11%[2].2000年至2004年,笔者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术520例,胆道损伤5例.其损伤均发生于胆囊切除术中,其中胆总管横断1例,胆总管部分损伤4例.现将胆管损伤因素及预防的体会报告如下.     

腹腔镜在胆管横断后胆道修复重建中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜下胆道横断后重建和修复的可行性.方法 总结分析2002年8月至2008年4月收治的24例电视腹腔镜术中胆管横断后应用腹腔镜技术进行胆道重建的经验体会,包括手术适应证、禁忌证及有关手术技巧等.本组24例胆道横断的原因包括胰十二指肠切除术中胆总管横断15例,胆总管囊肿切除术中胆总管横断6例,高位胆管癌根治术中肝总管横断1例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝门胆管横断伤1例,胃癌根治术中左肝管横断伤1例.结果 24例全部在腹腔镜下成功进行胆道重建与修复,术后发生俚漏1例,无胆管狭窄等其他并发症.结论 腔镜下胆道重建和修复是可行的、安全的,可在有条件的医院中进行推广.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管横断伤18例处理体会

胆道损伤多为医源性损伤。本文报道腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中致肝外胆道损伤18例的处理体会。1临床资料我院及中南大学湘雅二医院1998年8月至2003年10月共施行LC8520例,发生胆道横断伤18例,其中男11例,女7例。年龄28～72岁,平均52岁。原发病为慢性胆囊炎及萎缩性胆囊炎14例,急性胆囊炎2例,其他胆道变异2例。损伤原因及处理措施:胆囊三角区粘连,结构紊乱导致胆道横断伤12例,LC术中出血致胆道横断伤3例,2例由于胆囊管匍匐于胆管上将肝总管误为胆囊管横断,另1例源于胆道变异。术中发现胆管横断伤6例,3例行Roux en Y胆肠内引流,3例行胆道端端…     

胆道变异与腹腔镜胆囊切除致胆管损伤——单中心17例的经验与体会

目的探讨胆道变异时腹腔镜胆囊切除致胆管损伤的特点与防治方法。方法对我院2005.1.1～2013.1共进行腹腔镜胆囊切除术29881例,其中因胆道变异引起的胆管损伤17例,对其进行总结分析。结果损伤部位:肝门部副肝管损伤完全横断4例;副肝管部分损伤5例;胆囊床迷走胆管损伤4例;胆囊管开口在右肝管4例;损伤后处理:术中胆管发现13例:给予腔镜下处理3例、中转开腹修补+外引流10例;术后发现胆管4例,3例再次腹腔镜探查;1例右肝管完全横断伤,给予行内引流手术;术后胆漏2例,经过引流后治愈。结论胆道变异是导致腹腔镜下胆囊切除胆管损伤的重要原因,提高警惕,掌握合适的手术方法技巧,充分认清胆道变异的形式,掌握胆管损伤表现的各种形式,可以将这种损伤有效避免或将损伤的引起的严重后果降低到最低程度。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管横断和/或缺损伤的临床分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）致胆管横断伤的原因、特点、预防及处理方法。
方法：回顾总结8年间因行LC致胆管横断和缺损伤的11例患者的临床资料。
结果：11例损伤中7例为胆囊颈部结石嵌顿手术,4例萎缩性胆囊炎手术;5例术中发现,6例术后发现。后6例中2例表现为胆瘘,4例表现为胆道梗阻。6例为胆管横断伤,5例胆管横断并缺损伤。3例行胆管修补（端端吻合）、T管支撑引流术;8例行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术(其中1例先行胆道外引流术)。1例胆管修补术后再狭窄再次行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。11例患者全部治愈。随访0.5~17.0年,无胆管（再）狭窄。
结论：胆囊颈部结石嵌顿、胆囊萎缩是腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管横断和/或缺损伤的高危因素;解剖不清是其直接原因;其病情复杂、处理困难、处理方法灵活多样。

     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤问题探讨（附15例报告）

目的　探讨与分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤原因、类型及预防措施。方法　对近 6年来 11796例腹腔镜胆囊切除术及 15例 ( 0 .13 % )胆管损伤进行综合分析。结果　 15例胆管损伤中 ,横断伤 6例 ( 0 .0 5 % ) ,电灼性胆管伤 6例 ( 0 .0 5 % ) ;分离性损伤 3例 ( 0 .0 2 5 % )。横断伤处理以胆肠Roux Y吻合为主 ,电灼伤及分离伤以引流为主 ,个别放置T型管引流。15例均获治愈。结论　胆管损伤常见 4种类型。重视预防及手术技巧的改进 ,器械的更新 ,能降低腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的发生率。恰当的处理方法可以使患者获愈     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管横断性损伤的原因及对策

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）致胆管损伤的特点及处理方法。方法：回顾总结3例LC术中胆管横断伤的临床资料,分析3例胆管横断性损伤的原因及对策。结果：胆管横断性损伤3例,术中发现1例,术后发现2例;胆管修补（端端吻合）＋T管支撑引流1例,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合2例。结论：规范腹腔镜医师培训,提高腹腔镜操作技术,严把手术质量关,避免盲目自信,重视解剖变异、病理性异常,及时中转手术是预防胆道损伤的关键。     

腹腔镜胆道修复重建术治疗腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的胆管损伤

目的腹腔镜手术出现胆管损伤后通常需要中转开放手术修复或二期手术,给患者增加极大的痛苦。能否采用腹腔镜手术的方法修复胆管损伤是一个值得探讨的问题。本研究的目的是探讨腹腔镜修复术治疗术中和术后早期发现的医源性胆管损伤的方法和可行性。方法总结分析2002年11月至2012年12月采用腹腔镜修复重建术治疗的11例术中或术后早期发现的医源性胆管损伤的资料。11例发生在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中（11／1485,0．74％）。男7例,女4例,平均年龄57．4岁（26～70岁）。其中6例为胆管轻度损伤,5例为高位胆管横断的重度胆管损伤。按刘允怡分类法,11例胆管损伤的损伤类型分别是：I型2例,ⅡA型2例,IIIA型2例,ⅣA型3例,ⅣB型2例。9例胆管损伤在术中发现,另2例在术后2d发现。针对不同的损伤类型采用不同的修复方法。2例肝总管部分轻度损伤（UA型）的患者采用镜下缝合修补、T管引流来修复g1例右肝管孔状损伤的患者采用镜下单纯缝合修复;1例胆总管误扎的患者在镜下松解结扎线、胆总管探查、T管引流;1例胆囊床迷走小胆管横断的患者镜下缝扎封闭;1例胆囊颈残余胆漏的患者采用镜下切除残余胆囊、缝扎胆囊管的方法修复;另外5例高位胆管横断伤（肝总管或者左、右肝管横断伤）的患者采用镜下损伤的胆管对端吻合、硅胶支架管内引流的方法修复。结果11例胆管损伤（BDI）患者均完全腹腔镜下一期修复术,无中转开腹手术。术后患者恢复顺利,无腹腔感染、无伤口感染等并发症发生。胆管修复术后平均住院时间是8．9d（5～15d）。患者均获得随访,随访时间8个月-10年不等。11例患者均无胆管狭窄。有1例患者发生过一次胆管炎,CT发现胆总管轻度扩张,行经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术检查未发现胆总管结石,无胆管狭窄、肿瘤,考虑胆管轻度扩张为十二指肠乳头炎性狭窄引起,行经内镜下乳头括约肌切开术后治愈。其余10例患者无胆管炎、胆管狭窄等长期并发症。结论轻度胆管损伤可以采用镜下单纯缝合修补或T管引流治疗,胆管横断损伤可以采用腹腔镜下胆管对端吻合术、支架引流管内引流管术的治疗。腹腔镜下胆管修复术用于治疗医源性胆管损伤是有效可行的。然而,手术的难度极大,技术要求高,必须由具有丰富的胆道外科手术和娴熟的腹腔镜技术的专家进行手术。     

Laparoscopic management of bile duct and bowel injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Accidental injuries to the bile duct and bowel are significant risks of laparoscopic surgery and sometimes require conversion to open surgery. Although some of the injuries related to laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be managed by endoscopic techniques, laparoscopic surgery is not yet sufficiently perfected. We investigated the efficacy of laparoscopic management combined with endoscopic tube or stent insertion in cases of bile duct and bowel injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted on 1,190 consecutive patients between April 1992 and June 1999. The first 70 patients underwent only preoperative intravenous infusion cholangiography (IVC), and the remaining 1,120 patients were subjected to both preoperative IVC and intraoperative cholangiography. We experienced 16 cases of bile duct injury (1.4%). Five patients with circumferential injuries of the bile duct were converted to open surgery for biliary reconstruction. The other 11 patients with partial laceration injuries of the bile duct and biliary leakage from the cystic duct underwent a laparoscopic simple closure technique. In 10 of these patients, an endoscopic tube or stent was inserted on the day after surgery to facilitate biliary decompression and drainage. Bowel injuries occurred in seven patients (0.6%). Three intestinal injuries were due to careless technique, and two duodenal injuries and two intestinal injuries were related to dense adhesions. All of these injuries were successfully repaired using laparoscopic techniques, autosuturing devices, or extracorporeal suturing via the umbilical incision. No postoperative complications were identified. We concluded that the biliary injury site could be closed with a laparoscopic technique so long as the biliary injury was not circumferential. Bowel injuries also could be repaired laparoscopically.     

ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY FOLLOWING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred method of treatment for symptomatic choledocholithiasis. Since its introduction there has been an increase in postoperative diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The aim of this study was to assess the indications and results of ERCP following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Sixty-one patients had an ERCP following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Two broad groups were identified: Group 1 (35 patients) had filling defects (consistent with stones) noted on operative cholangiography, which were not successfully flushed or extracted at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Group 2 consisted of patients who developed problems following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Nine patients had post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain with abnormal liver function tests (LFT), four of whom had common bile duct (CBD) injuries and three had CBD stones. Eleven patients had post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain with a normal diameter common bile duct on ultrasound and normal LFT; only one had a CBD stone. Five patients with a persisting bile leak following laparoscopic cholecystectomy had an ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy. In three the leak ceased, while two required subsequent open surgery to drain bile collections and ligate the cystic duct. One patient presented with an episode of transient jaundice but had a normal ERCP. There were six post-ERCP complications; three patients had mild pancreatitis, two had a minor haemorrhage and one an asymptomatic duodenal perforation. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy was most valuable for the management of retained stones and the diagnosis and management of post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain in association with abnormal LFT. The diagnostic yield was low (9%) when the LFT were normal.     

Bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary A retrospective review and analysis of patients referred to the Division of Gastroenterology and the Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery with common bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy was undertaken in order to identify injury patterns, management, and outcome. Sixteen patients were identified over a 20-month period. Twelve patients had major common bile duct injuries and four had minor injuries (cystic duct leaks). Seventy-one percent of injuries occurred with surgeons who had done more than 13 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Eighty-three percent of patients who had major ductal injury did not have a cholangiogram prior to the injury. Sixteen percent of patients with major common bile duct injuries had findings of acute cholecystitis and 58% of these major injuries were easy gallbladders. One-third of major injuries were recognized at operation. Two-thirds of immediate repairs failed. All cystic duct leaks were managed nonoperatively.It appears that bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are more common in the community than is reported. Bile duct complications occur with surgeons who are experienced and inexperienced with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Common bile duct injuries, unrecognized at laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the majority of cases, usually occur with easy gallbladders. Operative cholangiography is not utilized in the majority of common bile duct injuries. When immediate repair of common bile duct injuries is undertaken, the majority are unsuccessful. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is invaluable in the diagnosis and management of bile duct complications. Cystic duct leaks may be managed successfully with endoscopic stents.Presented at the annual SAGES meeting, April 10–12, 1992, Washington, D.C.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The new 'gold standard'?

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has rapidly been adopted by surgeons, but concerns remain about its safety, the management of common bile duct stones, and the means of appropriate training. Of 647 patients referred for cholecystectomy, preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was performed in 49 (7.6%), with 27 patients (4%) undergoing sphincterotomy and stone extraction. Traditional cholecystectomy was performed in 29 patients (4.5%). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in 618 patients and completed successfully in 600 (97.1%). Surgical trainees functioned as the primary surgeon in 70% of cases. Technical complications occurred in three patients (0.5%), including one patient with a common bile duct laceration (0.2%). Major complications occurred in 10 patients (1.6%), with no perioperative mortality. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 1 day, with return to work or full activity a mean of 8 days after surgery. Two cases of retained common bile duct stones (0.3%) were identified. We now regard laparoscopic cholecystectomy as the "gold standard" therapy for management of symptomatic cholelithiasis.     

Surgical management of bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: analysis and follow-up of 28 cases

BACKGROUND: Biliary tract lesions pose a dreaded complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In a retrospective study we analyzed the clinical presentation, diagnostic and therapeutic management and outcome of 28 patients presenting with iatrogenic bile duct injuries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1994 and 2001 we treated 28 patients with bile duct lesions following laparoscopic cholecystectomy at our center. Operation notes and charts of all patients were reviewed systematically. A follow-up examination of each patient was performed after a median of 12 months (range 1-90). RESULTS: Twenty-two patients presented with major circumferential bile duct defect lesions. Less severe injuries (n=6) were two minor bile leaks, one bile duct stricture and three tangential lesions. Twenty-six patients were referred to our institution within 16 days (range 0-226 days). Six patients were treated by nonsurgical procedures: endoscopic stenting in four and percutaneous intervention in two. In one of the remaining patients a cystic duct leak was closed via laparotomy, and in 21 a hepaticojejunostomy was performed. Reconstruction of a hepaticojenunostomy was performed in two of these patients. Patients were dismissed from the hospital after a median of 13 days (range 4-156). Four patients presenting with generalized biliary peritonitis required prolonged intensive care. One or more episodes of cholangitis were seen in five patients during follow-up examinations. CONCLUSIONS: Major iatrogenic bile duct injuries are associated with high morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. Interdisciplinary cooperation and early referral to an experienced center is crucial in the management of patients suffering from this affliction. Cholangitis is a marked problem in the follow-up.     

Bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Forty series reporting experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the United States from 1989 to 1995 were reviewed. A total of 114,005 cases were analyzed and 561 major bile duct injuries (0.50%) and 401 bile leaks from the cystic duct or liver bed (0.38%) were recorded. Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) was attempted in 41.5% of the laparoscopic cholecystectomies and was successful in 82.7%. In major bile duct injuries, the common bile duct/common hepatic duct were the most frequently injured (61.1%) and only 1.4% of the patients had complete transection. Methods: When reported, most of the bile duct injuries were managed surgically with a biliary-enteric anastomosis (41.8%) or via laparotomy and t-tube or stent placement (27.5%). The long-term success rate could not be determined because of the small number of series reporting this information. The management for bile leaks usually consisted of a drainage procedure (55.3%) performed endoscopically, percutaneously, or operatively. Results: The morbidity for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, excluding bile duct injuries or leaks, was 5.4% and the overall mortality was 0.06%. It was also noted that the conversion rate to an open procedure was 2.16%. Conclusions: It is concluded based on this review of laparoscopic cholecystectomies that the morbidity and mortality rates are similar to open surgery. In addition, the rate of bile duct injuries and leaks is higher than in open cholecystectomy. Furthermore, bile duct injuries can be minimized by lateral retraction of the gallbladder neck and careful dissection of Calot's triangle, the cystic duct–gallbladder junction, and the cystic duct–common bile duct junction. Received: 24 September 1996/Accepted: 28 July 1997     

Delayed presentation of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Bile duct injury is a serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with 50% of bile duct injuries showing a delayed presentation. We experienced four patients (one male and three female) with bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed and referred by a local practitioner. The patients' ages ranged from 34 to 63 years. Symptoms included abdominal pain, anorexia, jaundice, ascites, ileus, fever, and tarry stool. Ductal injuries were a result of electrocautery burn in two patients and biliary strictures were due to malapplication of endoclips in the remaining two. The observed bile duct injuries, confirmed by ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) scanning, and cholangiographic studies, were successfully treated by choledochotomy with a silastic T-tube stent. To avoid bile duct injuries, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be performed by a well trained and experienced hepatobiliary surgeon, who should ensure accurate identification of the anatomical structures of Calot's triangle, careful dissection and management of intraoperative bleeding, and a lower threshold for conversion to open surgery.     

Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: With the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, an increase in the incidence of bile duct injury two to three times that seen in open cholecystectomy was witnessed. Although some of these injuries were blamed on the ``learning curve,' many occurred long after the surgeon had passed his initial experience. We are still seeing these injuries today. Methods: To better understand the mechanism behind these injuries, in the hope of reducing the injury rate, 177 cases of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reviewed. All records were studied, including the initial operative reports and all subsequent treatments. Videotapes of the procedures were available for review in 45 (25%) of the cases. All X-ray studies, including interoperative cholangiograms and ERCPs, were reviewed. Results: The vast majority of the injuries seen in this review (71%) were a direct result of the surgeon misidentifying the anatomy. This misidentification led to ligation and division of the common bile duct in 116 (65%) of the cases. Cholangiograms were performed in only 18% (32 patients) of cases, and in only two patients was the bile duct injury recognized as a result of the cholangiogram. Review of the X-rays showed that in each instance of common bile duct ligation and transection in which a cholangiogram was performed the impending injury was in evidence on the X-ray films but ignored by the surgeon. Conclusions: From this review, several conclusions can be drawn. First and foremost, the majority of bile duct injuries seen with laparoscopic cholecystectomy can either be prevented or minimized if the surgeon adheres to a simple and basic rule of biliary surgery; NO structure is ligated or divided until it is absolutely identified! Cholangiography will not prevent bile duct injury, but if performed properly, it will identify an impending injury before the level of injury is extended. And lastly, the incidence of bile duct injury is not related to the laparoscopic technique but to a failure of the surgeon to translate his knowledge and skills from his open experience to the laparoscopic technique. Received: 14 May 1996/Accepted: 1 July 1996     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的预防

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的原因及其防治方法. 方法回顾分析1 000例腹腔镜胆囊切除术临床资料. 结果中转开腹手术15例(1.5%);并发症6例(0.6%),其中胆总管损伤3例,胃穿刺损伤1例,腹壁刺口出血1例,胆漏1例.无远期并发症. 结论胆道牵拉成角是胆管损伤最常见原因.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤的临床分析

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤的原因、预防措施、诊断及处理方法.方法 回顾分析我院从2008年1月～2013年1月处理的14例腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤的临床资料.结果 在14例患者中,A型（3例）经闭合离断的小胆管＋腹腔引流术治疗,C型（1例）和D型（5例）经肝胆管的修补＋T管引流术＋腹腔引流术治疗,E1型（3例）和E3型（1例）经肝管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术＋腹腔引流术治疗,E4型（1例）经融合左右肝管后再行的肝管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术＋腹腔引流术治疗.14例患者术后随访6～60月,均恢复良好.结论 胆道损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术的严重并发症,我们在了解其主要原因的同时应尽力避免损伤,一旦出现需及时正确处理,以达到满意的预后.