外固定器加小夹板外固定治疗肱骨干骨折

目的:探讨外固定器加小夹板外固定治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效。方法:以单臂外固定器加小夹板外固定治疗肱骨干斜形、螺旋形、粉碎性及多节骨折36例。其中,男25例,女11例;年龄为14~82岁,平均34·4岁。按AO/ASIF分类:A2型11例,B型19例,C型6例。观察骨折临床愈合时间及手术后并发症。以“Constant肩关节评分法”评价肩关节功能,以“关节活动范围测量”评价肘关节功能。结果:随访7~15个月,平均9·3个月。所有骨折均达功能复位或解剖复位,术后平均12周(9~25周)达临床愈合。术后平均7周(4~13周)拆除小夹板,术后平均12周(9~25周)拆除外固定器。最后随访时Constant肩关节评分平均为96分(89~100分),而肘关节功能不受影响。无并发症发生。结论:该疗法用于治疗不稳定性肱骨干骨折具有简便易行、创伤少、固定牢、费用低等优点。两种固定方法同时使用可以取长补短,提高疗效,值得推广。     

中西医结合夹板外固定减少肱骨干骨折再移位的临床观察

目的:观察肱骨干骨折复位后夹板外固定对骨折X线片的变化。方法:回顾性研究61例肱骨干骨折闭合复位小夹板外固定治疗的患者,治疗后立即行X光片检查,随访伤后3天、1周、3周、6周、3个月、6个月的情况,主要观察指标是肱骨干骨折在冠状和矢状面测量的角度,第二指标有VAS评分,末次随访的DASH、肘关节MEPI、肩关节Constant、SF-36评分,骨折愈合、医源性桡神经损伤情况。结果:夹板固定后即刻X线片的平均角度为内翻8°和前屈6°。末次随访,平均冠状面成角是10°和前屈7°。在整个治疗过程中骨折丢失角度平均正位片2°和矢状面1°(P0.05),平均每天内翻和屈曲畸形约0.01°。VAS评分均较干预前4.5分到2.0分下降,有显著的统计学差异(P 0.05)。DASH平均10.5分,MEPI平均94.1分,Constant平均95.1分,SF-36平均88.3分,发现一例骨折不愈合,二期手术干预愈合(愈合率97.6%),无医源性桡神经麻痹。结论:对肱骨干骨折复位后夹板外固定,可及时调整维持骨折复位成果、缓解疼痛、早期康复训练,取得优良的功能结果和满意度。     

T形外固定架治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的:介绍T形外固定架治疗肱骨近端骨折的手术方法。方法:回顾自1998年以来用T形外固定架治疗肱骨近端骨折32例,其中男19例,女13例;年龄26⁷5岁,平均55岁。骨折按Neer分型:Ⅰ型7例,Ⅲ型20例,Ⅳ型4例,Ⅵ型1例。结果:32例均获随访,时间10²0个月,按尚天裕肩关节功能评分标准判定,优20例,良10例,满意2例,优良率96%。结论:应用T形外固定架治疗肱骨近端骨折符合肱骨近端骨折的生物学固定要求,疗效可靠,值得推广。     

夹板对股骨闭合复位内固定术后碎骨片的复位作用

目的:评估外用夹板对股骨粉碎骨折术后碎骨片的复位作用。方法:自2004年7月-2005年5月收治12例13侧股骨干粉碎骨折,男7例,女5例;平均年龄46.8岁。外伤后1周内施行闭合复位髓内钉内固定术,术中未对骨折处进行剥离固定,术后即刻摄片发现有大块的骨折片明显移位,股骨整体力线和长度恢复良好。予以夹板外固定2⁴周,移位的骨折片处适当加压,每周摄片观察调整。结果:所有病例移位明显的骨折片在夹板固定1周后即有满意的复位,碎骨片向中心轴靠拢0.5³cm,无夹板造成的软组织挤压伤,创口I期甲级愈合,骨折愈合时间平均16.2周,患侧髋、膝关节功能良好。结论:外用夹板对股骨碎骨片的复位疗效确切、方法简便,与微创内固定相互结合,明显提高疗效。     

超声引导下闭合复位联合外固定架治疗青少年及儿童肱骨近端骨折

目的 探讨超声引导下闭合复位联合外固定架治疗青少年及儿童肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年12月我院收治的38例移位明显的肱骨近端骨折病人的临床资料,其中男25例,女13例,年龄为6~17岁,平均年龄为10.3岁。手术方式均采用超声引导下骨折闭合复位联合外固定架。全程使用超声进行监控,术前明确骨折情况,术中引导下复位并维持位置安装组合外固定架,固定完成后再次进行超声检查骨折复位质量,并行“C”型臂X线机透视验证复位状态。结果 36例病人闭合复位成功,2例病人术中复位困难后转开放复位,闭合复位成功率为94.7%。所有病人均无神经血管损伤等相关并发症。闭合复位成功的36例病人,术后X线片复查,骨折对位对线良好,无Schanz针误伤骺板的发生。术后3个月随访,拆除外固定架,复查X线片,骨折愈合良好,无肱骨近端畸形愈合,术后肩关节功能良好。骨折愈合时间为8~12周,平均为10.5周。结论 超声引导下闭合复位联合外固定架可以有效提高青少年及儿童肱骨近端骨折闭合复位成功率,减少病人辐射及不良结局,值得推广。     

闭合性胫腓骨下段骨折三种治疗方法的临床观察

目的:探讨闭合性胫腓骨下段骨折治疗方法的选择及其对预后的影响。方法:闭合性胫腓骨下端骨折62例,男39例,女23例;年龄17⁶3岁（平均39.6岁）。横形骨折15例,螺旋形骨折12例,粉碎性骨折35例。骨折按AO/ASIF分型:A1型12例,A2型9例,A3型6例;B1型19例,B2型16例。分别用小夹板外固定、交锁髓内钉内固定和解剖钢板内固定治疗。结果:15例小夹板固定治疗,肢体缩短在15²0mm（平均17mm）,骨折愈合时间平均16.5周。24例应用带锁髓内钉内固定,其中18例术后需辅助石膏托制动,2例发生切口周围的皮肤坏死,5例出现髌下疼痛;骨折愈合时间平均27.6周,其中1例出现延迟愈合。23例应用解剖钢板内固定,4例出现皮肤坏死,骨折愈合时间平均24周。结论:根据不同的骨折类型可选用超踝小夹板外固定和解剖钢板内固定治疗,但是无论何种治疗方法局部皮肤和骨膜的血运状况都是影响骨折预后的关键因素。     

半环槽式骨外固定器治疗胫腓骨开放性骨折

目的：探讨半环槽式骨外固定器治疗胫腓骨开放性骨折的临床疗效。方法：2005年3月至2011年3月,经闭合手法复位或辅助克氏针撬拨复位半环槽式外固定器治疗94例胫腓骨开放性骨折患者,男63例,女31例;年龄17～65岁,平均39岁。横形骨折5例,斜形与螺旋形骨折19例,粉碎性骨折70例。骨折按Gustilo分类：ⅢA型49例,ⅢB型45例。术后观察伤口感染发生率、骨折愈合时间,并采用Johner-Wruhs评定标准对其功能进行评价。结果：所有患者获随访,时间14～63个月,平均29个月。骨折愈合时间16～39周,平均21.4周,无骨折不愈合、骨髓炎及小腿骨筋膜室综合征等并发症发生。94例中伤口I期愈合者81例,深部伤口感染者2例。功能评价采用Johner-Wruhs评定标准,优52例,良37例,中5例。结论：闭合复位或辅助克氏针撬拨复位及外固定器固定可降低胫腓骨开放性骨折感染率。对于胫腓骨开放性粉碎骨折半环槽式骨外固定器固定3～6周时根据骨折端愈合情况去除中间固定骨折块的克氏针,使支架动力化,可促进骨折愈合。     

自制夹板外固定治疗掌骨骨折的临床疗效观察

目的： 探讨手法复位结合自制夹板外固定治疗掌骨骨折的临床效果。方法： 回顾性分析急诊科自2018年1月至2018年12月采用手法复位自制夹板外固定治疗的掌骨骨折患者126例,其中男102例,女24例;年龄9~73（33.2±14.3）岁。治疗期间定期复查X线,根据X线情况选择继续或调整外固定,X线示骨痂生长,骨折端稳定后拆除外固定继续功能锻炼,采用TAM评分标准对手的功能进行评价,并对患者骨折愈合情况及并发症情况进行总结。结果： 126例中6例在治疗过程中出现骨折再移位而选择手术治疗,其余120例经该方法治疗掌骨骨折均获得骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间（6.3±1.8）周。随访时间2~12（4.4±2.2）个月。随访结束时采用TAM评分标准对患者的手功能进行评价：优105例,良13例,可2例,差0例。7例骨折出现短缩畸形,3例出现成角畸形。结论： 手法复位结合自制夹板外固定治疗掌骨骨折可以取得良好的临床效果,自制夹板取材方便且费用低廉,是值得临床推广的一种有效方法。     

切开复位有限内固定结合外固定治疗肱骨干下1/3处骨折

目的评估有限切开内固定结合外固定支架治疗肱骨干下1/3处骨折的近期疗效,探索肱骨干下1/3处骨折新的治疗方式。方法对采用有限切开内固定结合外固定支架固定技术治疗肱骨干下1/3处骨折的10例患者进行分析总结。其中男7例,女3例,年龄16～60岁,平均(38.60±13.78)岁。左侧6例,右侧4例。采用肩关节Constant评分、肘关节Mayo评分评估功能。结果本组患者均获随访,随访时间12～18个月,平均(15.00±2.26)个月,肩、肘关节功能恢复良好。术后6个月随访时,肩关节Constant评分平均为(87.50±6.26)分,肘关节Mayo评分平均为(89.90±4.63)分。2例发生钉道轻度感染,经换药及口服抗生素后感染控制。结论对于肱骨干下1/3处骨折采用有限切开内固定结合外固定支架固定效果可靠,可早期功能锻炼,术后功能恢复良好,疗效满意。     

单边外固定器在肱骨干下1/3骨折治疗中的应用

目的 回顾分析单边外固定器治疗肱骨干下1／3骨折的效果。方法 1997年10月～2002年10月33例肱骨干下1／3骨折，年龄18～70岁(平均31岁)，其中横形骨折3例、斜形骨折1例、螺旋形骨折9例．粉碎性骨折20例。15例行切开复位、有限内固定结合外固定器固定，10例行切开复位、外固定器固定，8例行闭合复位、外固定器固定。9例桡神经损伤者均行桡神经探查。结果 随访8～24个月(平均18个月)。骨折愈合时间11～22周，平均14周。术后有2例桡神经损伤，与术前的9例桡神经损伤在最后一次随访时均恢复功能。肘关节功能恢复正常。有7例外固定针孔感 染，经口服抗生素及针道清创后好转。结论 单边外固定器结合切开复位、有限内固定，在肱骨干下1／3骨折治疗中具有独特的价值及良好的效果。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.