胸椎黄韧带骨化症的临床特点及手术治疗

背景:胸椎黄韧带骨化症是以脊髓背侧受压为特征的胸椎管狭窄症,治疗以手术减压为主,且手术方式多样。目的目的:探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症的临床特点及手术治疗的疗效和技术要点。方法:回顾性分析2009年11月至2016年6月接受小关节内侧开槽椎管后壁切除减压治疗的48例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者。男23例,女25例;年龄34~69岁,平均52岁,短节段(≤3个)32例,多节段(>3个)16例。10例合并硬脊膜骨化。分析患者临床特点并比较术前和末次随访的疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及改良日本骨科协会评分(mJOA),评价神经功能改善情况。结果结果:所有患者随访6~87个月,平均34.8个月。术前、末次随访腰背部VAS评分分别为2.31±2.67、0.71±1.07,下肢VAS评分分别为1.75±2.25、0.56±0.89,mJOA评分分别为6.33±1.89、9.15±1.18,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。手术疗效方面:优15例,良16例,优良率为64.8%。根据JOA评分计算平均改善率为60.0%。术中硬脊膜撕裂10例,术后脑脊液漏4例,末次随访未见明显脊柱后凸畸形。除1例因邻椎出现黄韧带骨化加重再次手术,其他患者均无二次手术及神经功能恶化。结论结论:胸椎黄韧带骨化症以短节段受累为主,通过感觉平面等定位体征结合影像学明确责任病灶尤为重要。合并硬脊膜骨化的病例并不少见,手术治疗并发症发生率高。在椎板切除减压过程中,小关节内侧开槽更为合理,正确使用高速磨钻和椎板钳是避免神经症状加重的关键。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化所致椎管狭窄症的诊断及手术治疗

报告胸椎黄韧带骨化所致椎管狭窄症并手术２１例。临床表现多为椎管狭窄引起的胸髓压迫症，其影像学检查具特征性表现，故可对黄韧带骨化进行早期诊断。椎板切除减压术范围应充分，包括切除部分小关节以及骨化灶上下各一椎节的椎板。随访１８例，平均随访时间２３个月，优良率６６．７％，有效率７７．８％。     

全椎板截骨再植椎管扩大成形术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症

目的总结胸椎黄韧带骨化症导致胸椎椎管狭窄的影像学特点，探讨改良椎管减压术的临床疗效。方法胸椎黄韧带骨化症31例，男18例，女13例；年龄26—73岁，平均45．7岁。术前均行MR、CT检查以明确诊断。合并颈椎管狭窄3例、腰椎管狭窄5例，颈胸腰椎管狭窄同时存在者2例；合并胸椎后纵韧带骨化和椎间盘突出症9例。单节段3例，双节段12例，三节段11例，四节段以上5例。局限型6例，连续型17例，跳跃型8例。共94个病变节段，其中上胸段(T1～T4)23个节段、中胸段(T5～T8)19个节段、下胸段(T9-T12)52个节段。手术采用全椎板截骨原位再植椎管扩大成形术。对9例合并胸椎后纵韧带骨化和椎间盘突出者，在后方减压的同时，行切除椎管前方突出椎间盘的环脊髓减压及后路钉棒系统内固定。术后疗效评价参照Epstein标准。结果24例患者随访6—63个月，平均15个月。术后疗效优14例、良7例、可3例，优良率87．5％。1例因术后停用脱水药物过早引起下肢瘫痪症状加重；2例出现下肢静脉血栓；2例硬脊膜撕裂。结论MR结合CT检查是诊断胸椎黄韧带骨化症最有效的手段，全椎板截骨再植椎管扩大成形术安全可靠，疗效满意。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术治疗与临床分析

目的观察不同手术方法治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症的疗效。方法对275例经骨刀法后路椎板减压法、高速磨钻法椎板减压术法、高速磨钻扩大化椎管减压法治疗的胸椎黄韧带骨化患者,平均随访5.2年,采用Frankel分级对三种手术患者术后神经功能进行评定,进行统计学分析比较。结果骨刀法后路椎板减压组与高速磨钻法椎板减压术组神经功能恢复比较无统计学意义,高速磨钻扩大化椎管减压术组神经功能恢复率较前两组明显提高。结论高速磨钻扩大化椎管减压术可以较彻底切除致压物,提高了神经功能的恢复率,且从病变外侧进入,减小了手术风险。因此可作为治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症的一种首选方法。     

24例胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术治疗效果观察

[目的]探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术治疗效果。[方法]回顾性分析自2004年1月～2008年1月采用半关节突全椎板切除术手术方法治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症24例,男15例,女9例;年龄42～72岁(56±13)岁。根据JOA评分标准进行术前和术后的疗效评价。[结果]24例患者获得6～56个月随访,平均随访时间28个月。术后优16例,良4例,改善4例,优良率83.3%。[结论]胸椎黄韧带骨化症可压迫脊髓出现神经系统症状,应尽早手术治疗,半关节突全椎板切除减压是胸椎黄韧带骨化症目前较好的手术方式,术中彻底减压和实时的脊髓保护是手术取得成功的关键。     

腰椎黄韧带骨化伴腰椎管狭窄的治疗

目的:探讨腰椎黄韧带骨化伴腰椎管狭窄影像学特点和手术治疗效果。方法 :2013年1月至2016年1月治疗腰椎黄韧带骨化伴腰椎管狭窄患者9例,男5例,女4例;年龄51~63岁,平均57岁。患者均表现为间歇性跛行和下肢放射痛,CT和MRI检查提示病变部位:L4,5和L5S1双节段2例,L4,5单节段5例,L5S1单节段2例。4例单纯行椎板切除椎管减压术,5例行椎板和椎间盘切除、椎间融合及椎弓根螺钉内固定术。采用JOA评分(包括主观症状、日常活动受限度、临床体征和膀胱功能)对治疗前后的临床疗效进行评定。结果:患者术后无感染或神经损伤等并发症,9例患者均获得随访,时间12~60个月,平均24个月。末次随访腰背疼痛和下肢放射痛等明显改善,行走距离均接近正常,JOA评分较术前明显改善。结论:腰椎黄韧带骨化CT检查有特征性影像学表现,影像学表现决定具体手术方法,手术目的以最小创伤获得椎管有效减压并重建下腰椎稳定性。     

胸椎管狭窄症的特点及后路减压术治疗

[目的]探讨胸椎管狭窄症的特点及后路减压手术的疗效。[方法]回顾分析2007年5月~2013年5月本院收治的51例胸椎管狭窄症患者的临床资料,其中男23例,女28例;年龄33~74岁,平均(56.2±10.0)岁。胸椎管狭窄因素:黄韧带增生骨化16例;黄韧带骨化合并小关节突增生12例;后纵韧带骨化8例(其中3例合并黄韧带骨化);椎间盘突出8例;小关节突增生4例;发育性椎管狭窄合并后凸畸形3例。胸椎管狭窄合并颈椎管狭窄13例;合并腰椎管狭窄12例;同时合并颈椎管和腰椎管狭窄2例。非手术治疗12例,后路减压手术治疗39例。[结果]随访12~48个月(26.7±7.9个月),手术治疗组术后JOA评分优良率85%。非手术治疗组神经功能无恢复或加重。[结论]胸椎管狭窄症病因多样化,可合并颈、腰椎节段狭窄,术前需仔细评估,明确诊断。非手术治疗疗效不明显,后路减压手术可获满意疗效,是主要的治疗方法之一。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术方法选择

目的 探讨不同类型胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术方法.方法 1994年1月至2008年6月,手术治疗56例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者,男40例,女16例;年龄43～76岁,平均58.1岁;病程3个月至5年,平均13.4个月.通过CT及MR检查观察骨化累及节段、分布特点、骨化巢形态、椎管狭窄程度以及脊髓压迫程度等.患者均采用全椎板整块或分解切除加后外侧融合术进行治疗.术后手术疗效采用日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分进行评价.结果 术后患者均获得随访,随访时间18～70个月,平均25个月.JOA评分由术前平均(6.25±2.47)分(0～10分)改善至末次随访时(7.53±3.20)分(0～11分).术后恢复率为-116.7%～100%;56例中优25例,良20例,可6例,差5例,优良率80.4%.CT扫描显示根据骨化巢形态胸椎黄韧带骨化分为外侧型6例,弥漫型17例,厚结节型33例.6例外侧型患者采用整块全椎板切除法,手术优良率为83.3%(5/6);弥漫型患者中,采用整块全椎板切除法11例、椎板分解切除法6例,手术优良率分别为81.8%(9/11)、83.3%(5/6);厚结节型患者中,采用整块全椎板切除法4例、椎板分解切除法29例,手术优良率分别为50%(2/4)、82.8%(24/29),并各有2例术后疗效差.结论 全椎板整块切除加后外侧融合适用于治疗外侧型、弥漫型胸椎黄韧带骨化,而全椎板分解切除法加后外侧融合适用于厚结节型胸椎黄韧带骨化.     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的诊断与治疗

目的总结胸椎黄韧带骨化症（TOLF）的临床特点，手术方法及疗效，提高治疗效果。方法回顾性分析37例经过手术治疗的胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者的临床资料，其中30例行后路半关节突全椎板切除减压术，7例行后路半关节突全椎板切除加前路经胸腔侧前方椎管减压椎间盘切除及植骨融合内固定术。结果37例患者全部获得随访，随访时间6～78个月，平均38个月，疗效参照Epstein标准，优21例、良10例、改善5例、差1例。优良率83．78％。结论胸椎黄韧带骨化症一旦确诊，尽快手术治疗是唯一选择，手术可获得满意的疗效，手术疗效与脊髓损伤程度和病程长短有关。     

局麻后路椎板切除减压治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症

[目的]探讨局麻下应用后路椎板切除减压治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症的疗效.[方法]2004年6月～2007年12月,16例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者,在局麻下采用后路椎板切除减压治疗,其中男10例,女6例;平均50.5岁(33～69岁);单节段4例,多节段12例.[结果]平均手术时间180 min(125～250 min);平均失血量360 ml(230～530 ml);平均每例减压2.9个椎板(1～9个).全部病例随访6～48个月,平均28.6个月.术前JOA评分为4.812±1.109,术后JOA评分为8.313±1.702,两者比较差异有统计学意义(t=10.63, P＜0.01),JOA恢复率58.6%,疗效优良率81.3%,总有效率93.8%.所有病例无后凸畸形、慢性背痛等并发症.[结论]临床表现结合影像学检查是诊断胸椎黄韧带骨化症的重要手段.局麻下后路椎板切除减压可有效缓解临床症状,改善功能,可以取得满意的疗效.减压后并不一定需要椎管成形.     

Myxomatous degeneration of the ligamentum flavum of the lumbar spine

STUDY DESIGN: Report of two cases of acute lumbar nerve root compression caused by myxomatous degeneration of the ligamentum flavum. OBJECTIVE: To report a rare cause of acute lumbar nerve root compression. SETTING: Orthopaedic department, Osaka, Japan. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Two patients, both 50-year-old men presenting with signs and symptoms suggestive of acute lumbar nerve root compression were found to have a ligamentum flavum mass. The masses were removed and the patients regained normal function postoperatively. METHODS: To reveal the nature of the mass, histopathological studies were made. Continuous sections were prepared from the removed mass lesions. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, van Gieson's stain, azan stain, periodic acid Schiff reaction, Alcian blue stain and von Kossa's stain. RESULTS: Histological examination revealed myxomatous degeneration of the ligamentum flavum. No elastic fibers were found at the degeneration site. Diffuse mucopolysaccharide deposition was found at the degeneration site, however, no cyst was found. Collagen fibers were not increased. Hypertrophy or ossification of the ligamentum flavum was not recognized in the sections. At a follow-up examination over 2 years later, the patients were free of symptoms and the findings of a neurological examination were normal. CONCLUSION: Two cases of myxomatous degeneration of the ligamentum flavum of the lumbar spine were reported, which have seldom been described as the cause of acute lumbar nerve root compression.     

胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节的发生特点与手术治疗

目的探讨胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节的特点以及软骨结节切除术与改良全脊髓减压术的疗效。方法1978年5月至2005年5月,手术治疗胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节32例,男18例,女14例;年龄23～70岁,平均47.8岁。X线片可见损伤终板后上或后下缘的骨赘、游离骨块、缺损;CT轴位片可见突向椎管的环形或块状骨化影,其内为低密度区;MRI可见脊髓受压,但无法分辨骨性终板与软骨终板。前20年的6例分别采用传统全椎板减压术、侧前方减压术、整块半关节突全椎板减压术治疗各2例;后6年采用软骨结节切除术治疗21例、改良全脊髓减压术治疗5例。结果32例中31例发生于胸腰段、1例位于T8。共发生胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节37处,椎体上终板30处、下终板7处;单一椎体终板发病者27例、相邻椎体上下终板同时发病者4例、跳跃性两处发病者1例。32例中合并胸椎黄韧带骨化者16例,7例与胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节发生于同一椎间、9例发生于与软骨结节上下相邻及其以远椎间。黄韧带骨化按CT分型,棘状型与结节型11例、板块型与隆突型5例。随访26例,随访时间1～27年,平均3.8年。按Otanni分级方法,优22例(84.6%)、良3例(11.5%)、可1例(3.9%)。结论胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节多发于胸腰段椎体的上终板,且常常合并胸椎黄韧带骨化;软骨结节切除术与改良全脊髓减压术是治疗该病的安全、有效术式。     

Pseudocystic degeneration of the lumbar ligamentum flavum: a little known entity

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to investigate the clinical and histologic features of patients with pseudocystic lesions of the ligamentum flavum in the lumbar region of the spinal canal and ascertain the existence of genuine ligamentum flavum pseudocysts. METHODS: Retrospective chart and histologic study of a patient cohort with lumbar radiculopathy due to a cystic intraspinal lesion and who had undergone decompressive surgery was conducted. Intraoperatively, the stenosing process had been found to be different from common etiologic entities and had been submitted for histologic examination. RESULTS: The 33 patients with symptoms and signs of lumbar radiculopathy were between 48 and 85 years of age (mean 63.5 years). Twenty (61%) of them were women. All patients showed degenerative changes of the bony structures of the spine by conventional radiography. Segmental instability due to degeneration of the lumbar spine was present in 45%. Computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging showed a cystic lesion. Clinical and histologic examination confirmed their origin from within the severely degenerated ligamentum flavum. CONCLUSIONS: Radiologic, surgical, and histologic findings suggest that the pseudocystic degeneration of the ligamentum flavum represents a genuine entity that is associated with degenerative changes of the structures of the respective lumbar spine segment. These pseudocystic lesions may compress the adjacent nerve roots, provoking symptoms and signs of radiculopathy. The findings suggest that the surgical treatment not only must consist of removal of the pseudocyst but must also include a radical extirpation of the ligamentum flavum surrounding the pseudocyst to avoid recurrence of such a lesion.     

颈、胸、腰椎共存退行性病变的临床特点及手术治疗

目的 探讨颈、胸、腰椎共存退行性病变的临床特点及手术治疗方法.方法 2004年1月至2008年12月,手术治疗颈、胸、腰椎共存退行性病变患者79例,男51例,女28例;年龄30～80岁,平均58.1岁.79例患者均有颈、胸、腰椎同时受压的表现,如四肢麻木、无力,胸腹束带感,明显感觉减退平面,下肢痛,上、下肢病理征阳性等.其中41例以颈部症状为重,5例以胸椎症状为重,12例以腰椎症状为重.根据病变的严重程度,采用单纯颈椎手术41例,胸椎手术5例,腰椎手术12例;接受两部位手术21例.按日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分评价术后疗效,并计算改善率.结果 采用不同手术方式,术后JOA评分均有不同程度的提高.单纯颈椎手术的改善率为66.06%±14.33%,单纯胸椎手术的改善率为56.19%±9.85%,单纯腰椎手术的改善率为63.49%±9.78%.21例行两部位手术,其中14例一期行两部位手术,改善率为76.78%±3.94%,7例分期行两部位手术,改善率为71.79%±8.74%.结论 颈、胸、腰椎共存退行性病变主要由椎间盘突出、椎管狭窄、后纵韧带及黄韧带肥厚或骨化等引起,为脊柱多部位发现,表现复杂,治疗时应根据患者症状及影像学表现等进行多方面综合判断,选择最佳的手术方案.     

胸椎黄韧带骨化与腰椎黄韧带退变的病理及基本代谢元素的比较研究

目的：探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化的病因。方法：对１４例胸椎黄韧带骨化（包括５例氟骨症）及１４例腰椎管狭窄症患者手术切除的黄韧带标本作病理研究；对患者血清及黄韧带采用雾化原子吸收法等方法测定钙、磷、镁、锌、铜、锰、钼、氟含量，取急性外伤性截瘫患者为对照。结果：（１）骨化黄韧带初期的病理改变与黄韧带退变性质类似；（２）除氟元素外，７种基本代谢元素在骨化与退变患者血清及黄韧带中含量均呈基本一致的变化规律；（３）非氟骨症骨化患者黄韧带中氟含量显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：本文证实胸椎黄韧带骨化发生于黄韧带退变的基础之上，但退变不直接导致骨化，元素氟是诱导退变黄韧带进一步骨化的重要诱因。     

Ligamentum flavum hematoma in the rigid thoracic spinal segments: case report

Ligamentum flavum hematoma, a rare cause of spinal nerve root and canal compression, typically occurs in the mobile lumbar spine segments. A thoracic ligamentum flavum hematoma is extremely rare--only one such case of a thoracolumbar (T11-12) lesion has been reported. The thoracolumbar region with its floating ribs, however, is structurally and biomechanically similar to the lumbar spine and its mobility is greater than the higher thoracic levels. To the best of their knowledge, the authors report the first case of a ligamentum flavum hematoma in the region of the rigid thoracic spinal segments with the contiguous rib cage. A symptomatic T9-10 ligamentum flavum hematoma is described in the case of a 66-year-old woman with compensatory thoracic lordosis secondary to the lumbar degenerative kyphosis. The hematoma was removed and the diagnosis was histologically confirmed. The authors speculate that thoracic lordosis might have contributed to the development of the hematoma because the ligamentum flavum and the facet joint were subjected to greater axial stress than in individuals with normal spinal alignment.     

Thoracic cord compression caused by contiguous multilevel ossification of ligamentum flavum in Chinese patients

OBJECTIVE: To explore the epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiology and surgical treatment outcome in Chinese patients with myelopathy caused by contiguous multilevel ossification of ligamentum flavum. METHODS: Medical notes and imaging data of 18 Chinese patients (14 males and 4 females, aged 43-72 years, mean: 57 years) with myelopathy caused by contiguous multilevel ossification of ligamentum flavum were studied retrospectively in this article. The diagnosis was based on clinical examination, X-ray films, computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning results and pathological results. Sixteen patients were treated by laminectomy and two by laminoplasty. The average follow-up duration was 34 months (range, 28-49 months). The outcome was evaluated by Japanese Orthopaedics Association (JOA) score. RESULTS: The average time for occurring clinical symptoms was 7.5 months (range, 2 days-16 months). All the 18 cases presented with clinical evidences of chronic and progressive thoracic spinal cord compression, which included bilateral leg weakness, spastic gait, numbness in lower limbs, paresthesia in terminal and perineum, and urinary incontinence. Neurological examination revealed severe spastic paraparesis, absence of abdominal reflexes, and reduction of the sensory function below the compression level. The mean JOA score before operation was 3.6 (range, 0-6). MRI and CT scans of the thoracic spine confirmed the presence of contiguous multilevel ossification of the ligamentum flavum. The mean recovery rate after surgery in terms of JOA score was 66.3% (range, 33.3%-100%), with a mean final JOA score of 8.3. Thoracic decompression laminectomy or laminoplasty could result in a good postoperative outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Contiguous multilevel ossification of the ligamentum flavum is not a common cause of myelopathy in Chinese population and should be treated as early as possible. MRI and CT scan examinations may diagnose the presence of thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF). Posterior decompression, especially with en bloc dissection of the laminae, can obtain satisfactory results.     

氟与黄韧带骨化

目的：探讨氟与黄韧带骨化的关系。方法：采用氟离子电极等方法测定１１ 例胸椎黄韧带骨化症（ 包括５ 例氟骨症） 患者血清及黄韧带标本中氟、钙含量,分别选取胸腰椎急性外伤性截瘫及腰椎管狭窄患者为正常及退变对照。结果：氟骨症骨化患者与非氟骨症骨化患者黄韧带中氟、钙含量均显著增高（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 。结论：氟在黄韧带骨化中起重要作用,可能是诱导退变黄韧带进一步骨化的重要诱因。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的治疗方法选择

目的研究胸椎黄韧带骨化症（ｏｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔｕｍｆｌａｖｕｍ,ＯＬＦ）诊断与手术治疗的特点。方法采用回顾性研究方法对手术治疗的胸椎ＯＬＦ的病例进行总结分析。结果总计７２例ＯＬＦ,其中局灶型１５例,连续型４１例,跳跃型１６例;３７．５％合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化症（ｏｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｏｓｔｅｒｉｏｒｌｏｎｇｉｔｕｄｉｎａｌｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔ,ＯＰＬＬ）,１９．４％合并胸椎ＯＰＬＬ,９．７％合并胸椎间盘突出,１．４％同时合并颈、胸、腰椎ＯＰＬＬ,９．７％合并腰椎间盘突出。结论上述特点是胸椎ＯＬＦ诊断及选择治疗方法时要特别考虑的因素。“揭盖式”椎管后壁切除减压是治疗本病安全、有效的手术方法。