乳腺恶性肿块的超声表现及彩色多普勒分析

目的探讨乳腺恶性肿瘤的实时超声表现及彩色多普勒特点。方法对经手术及病理证实的83例乳腺癌患者肿块大小、内部回声,有无钙化、肿块边界、有无包膜及后方回声衰减、彩色多普勒,并将恶性肿瘤超声的特征与病理结果进行对照分析。结果83例乳腺癌的典型声像图特征：形态不规则,回声不均匀,后方回声衰减,肿块内点条状血流信号微小钙化（小乳癌无）,纵横径比值〉1等,超声诊断符合率87．9％（73／83）;CDFI显示血流0级10．8％（9／83）,I级11例13．2％（11／83）,Ⅱ级43例51．8％（43／83）,III级24．0％（20／83）。结论超声对乳腺癌有重要诊断价值。     

高频彩色多普勒超声在乳腺肿块良恶性诊断中的应用

目的探讨高频彩色多普勒超声诊断乳腺良恶性肿块的声像图特征及其诊断价值。方法对61例乳腺肿块住院患者,首先用二维超声明确肿块部位、形态、大小等一般情况,然后用彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)观察,记录血流分级,用频谱多普勒测量病灶内多处血管并记录最高的搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)和峰值流速等参数。结果本组大多数恶性肿块形态不规则,边界不清,无包膜,内部回声不均匀,以低回声为主,部分后方有衰减,侧缘有不规则强回声声晕,肿块纵横比>1。彩色多普勒血流分级大多数为2~3级;PI值>1.2,RI值>0.70,血流丰富。乳腺良性肿块大多表现为形态规则,边缘光滑,有包膜,内部回声均匀,侧缘无声晕,纵横比<1。彩色多普勒血流分级大多数为0~1级,PI值<1.2,RI值<0.70,少量血流。结论高频彩色多普勒超声对乳腺肿块良恶性的鉴别诊断具有较高的临床应用价值。     

乳腺肿块的高频图象特征及彩色多普勒诊断与病理分析

目的探讨良恶性乳腺肿块的高频图象特征及彩色多普勒血流状况及病理学基础。方法 98例经手术证实的乳腺肿块的高频声像图与病理结果进行了回顾性分析。结果乳腺肿块的高频声像图表现,如肿块边界、内部回声、钙化、衰减以及彩色多普勒检出血流的表现,均与病理改变有一定关系。结论高频超声和彩色多普勒结合病理学基础诊断乳腺良恶性肿瘤符合率较高,具有较大的诊断价值。     

良性前列腺增生相关性血尿的彩色多普勒表现

目的：探讨前列腺增生相关性血尿的经直肠彩色多普勒超声特征。方法：对53例诊断为前列腺增生患者经直肠超声观察其前列腺动脉尿道支,测量其最大血流速度（Vmax）、最小血流速度（Vmax）、阻力指数（RI）。进行统计学处理。结果：良性前列腺增生相关性血尿组及非血尿组前列腺动脉Vmax均值分别为（23．07±3．71）cm／s、（17．12±4．25）cm／s（P=0．00）,Vmax均值分别为（4．75±3．26）cm／S、（5．07±2．54）cm／s（P=0．35）,RI均值分别为（0．79±0．035）、（0．67±0．041）（P=0．00）。结论：经直肠彩色多普勒超声可显示前列腺动脉尿道支,出现前列腺增生相关性血尿的患者,前列腺腺体血流信号增加,前列腺动脉最大血流速度增快,血供增加,血管阻力指数增大。Vmax及RI可作为良性前列腺增生相关性血尿的预测指标。     

彩色多普勒超声在精索静脉曲张高位结扎术后随访中的价值

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声在精索静脉曲张高位结扎术后随访中的价值。方法选择63例经临床确诊为左精索静脉曲张并行精索静脉曲张高位结扎术的患者,分别用彩色多普勒超声测量术前、术后6个月睾丸包膜动脉血流参数,测值包括：收缩期峰值速度（ PSV）、舒张末期血流速度（ EDV）、阻力指数（ RI）;同时,对比手术前后精液质量,包括：精子总数、活率、精子密度。结果与术前相比,术后患者精液质量明显提高（ P ＜0．05）;术后6个月左侧睾丸包膜动脉PSV、RI下降（ P ＜0．05）,EDV差别无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）;术后右侧睾丸包膜动脉PSV、EDV、RI差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。相关分析显示,左侧睾丸包膜动脉PSV、RI与精子密度相关（ P ＜0．05）。结论精索静脉曲张高位结扎可有效改善睾丸血供及精液质量;彩色超声多普勒睾丸包膜动脉阻力指数检测可作为精索静脉曲张术后随访的重要指标。     

高频彩色多普勒血流显像诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤

目的探讨高频彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）在乳腺恶性肿瘤诊断的临床应用。方法回顾60例在我院手术治疗的乳腺恶性肿瘤的CDFI高频超声声像图特征,并与手术、术后病理结果对照。结果乳腺恶性肿瘤在形态、边缘、包膜、内部回声、后方回声、纵横比具有特异性,乳腺恶性肿瘤内及周边血流信号丰富,肿瘤内部出现粗大彩色血流信号。结论高频彩色多普勒超声是一种对乳腺恶性肿瘤的诊断具有重要的临床应用价值的无创伤性检查方法。     

彩色多普勒超声在血管性阴茎勃起功能障碍诊断中的应用

目的评估阴茎海绵体注射后彩色多普勒超声对男性血管性阴茎勃起功能障碍（ED）患者诊断作用。方法47例ED患者经阴茎海绵体注射PGE1 30μg诱导勃起后行彩色超声多普勒检查左、右海绵体动脉血流指标,包括收缩期最大流速（PSV）,动脉舒张末期血流速度（EDV）,阻力指数（RI）。结果非血管性ED组41例（87.2%）,其中左、右海绵体动脉PSV分别〉25 cm/s者33例,左右海绵体动脉PSV相加〉50 cm/s者8例。动脉性ED组2例（4.25%）,左右海绵体动脉PSV均〈25 cm/s,背深静脉未见血流。静脉性ED组4例（8.51%）。结论阴茎海绵体注射血管活性药物后多普勒彩色超声对男性血管性ED检查是一种微创而准确的方法。     

乳腺肿物超声评分系统设计与病理对照研究

目的：探讨乳腺肿物超声评分系统对乳腺肿物良恶性倾向性评判的应用价值。方法：根据乳腺肿块BI-RADS超声影像特征、腋窝淋巴结及彩色多普勒血流图像特征各参数进行赋值量化设计乳腺超声评分系统软件,分析经手术病理证实的乳腺肿块患者570例,对乳腺肿物进行超声评分估值,根据病灶直径大小对乳腺良性疾病和恶性肿瘤进行分组比较,并应用ROC曲线评价乳腺肿物超声评分系统的应用价值。结果：乳腺肿物超声评分系统对直径小于1.0cm的I组乳腺良性肿物与意义恶,性全肿组瘤乳分腺值肿比块较超无声差评异分性系（统P〉RO0C.0曲5）线,对下直面径积大为于（01.8.084c±m0的.01I6I）、I,I敏I、I感V性组为乳8腺6.良8%性,肿特物异性与为恶性97肿.5%瘤,分全值组比最较佳显良示恶有性统临计界分学值为13.50。结论：乳房肿块超声评分系统采集了BI-RADS的影像学特征、腋窝淋巴结改变及彩色多普勒血流图像特征等三方面的参数进行综合分析,具有一定的实用价值,对直径大于1.0cm的乳腺肿物术前良恶性判断具有较高评判价值。     

乳腺肿块的彩色多普勒诊断分析

目的通过彩色多普勒诊断和鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性肿块。方法对门诊及住院病人96例,首先进行二维超声检查,以乳头为中心放射状扫查各个象限,观察腺体和导管及异常回声,发现肿块,仔细观察病灶周边及内部回声、形态、结构、有无血流,测量血流速度,阻力指数,全部经针吸及活检或手术后病理检查,结果本组96例乳腺肿块,全部经病理确诊,彩色多普勒诊断与病理诊断符合率达91.3%。结论二维超声和彩色多普勒对乳腺肿块的诊断有较高的价值。     

彩超诊断附睾腺瘤样瘤2例报告并文献复习

目的提高临床医生对超声诊断附睾腺瘤样瘤的认识。方法报告2例彩超诊断附睾腺瘤样瘤的患者,并结合文献复习其解剖、临床、病理和超声特征。首先2例患者术前使用二维超声观察记录肿块大小、形态、部位、边界、内部回声,并用彩色多普勒(CDFI)检查,记录其彩色血流信号分布,将取样容积置于血流信号最丰富处,获取频谱,使声束和血流的夹角<60°,测定收缩期血流速度、阻力指数等参数。后经手术顺利切除附睾肿瘤。结果2例附睾肿块均呈等回声、边界规则的肿块,内部回声均匀。1例位于右附睾头的肿块,内部未探及明显彩色血流信号;1例位于左附睾头的肿块,内部探及少量彩色血流信号,最大流速16cm/s,RI:0.62。术后病理诊断为附睾腺瘤样瘤。结论附睾腺瘤样瘤临床少见,超声检查可在附睾头或尾部见到等回声,形态规则,边界清晰完整,内部回声均匀,CDFI示无或有少量彩色血流信号的肿块,腺瘤样瘤可能性大。     

ROC曲线评价二维超声与彩色多普勒诊断小乳腺癌

目的评价二维超声与彩色多普勒超声在小乳腺癌诊断中的价值。方法分别采用二维超声及其结合彩色多普勒对134个乳腺小瘤灶(≤2cm)的图像资料进行分析,评价其良恶性,并以手术病理诊断为金标准进行分析。结果二维超声及其结合彩色多普勒超声诊断小乳腺癌的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.705(SE1=0.045)和0.844(SE2=0.035),两者差异有统计学意义(Z=2.438,P0.001)。结论二维声像图是发现小乳腺癌的主要方法;与彩色多普勒超声联合应用、综合判断,可以提高小乳腺癌诊断水平,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Breast cancer angiogenesis: A quantitative morphologic and doppler imaging study

Background: Tumor growth and metastases require the development of new vessels (angiogenesis). Angiogenesis, assessed by microvessel count using immunocytochemical stain of endothelial cells, has been shown to predict metastases and correlate with early death. Recently developed color Doppler mapping can detect the “tumor flow signals” in breast cancer and help to distinguish it from benign lesions. The question is, does this tumor vascularization assessed by color Doppler mapping correlate with the angiogenesis assessed by immunocytochemistry? Methods: Eighty-four patients admitted for breast surgery were studied. The final diagnosis was made by pathology for 52 malignancies and 32 benign lesions. The color Doppler mapping of the breast lesion was made preoperatively. The following parameters were assessed: (a) vessel location (peripheral or central); (b) density of color Doppler signals; and (c) maximum systolic velocity. Tumor angiogenesis was assessed by microvessel count under light microscopy using the platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule antibodies (CD31) method. The correlation between maximum velocity and microvessel count of breast cancer was examined. The clinical significance of maximum flow velocity of breast cancer with various clinicopathologic factors was assessed. Results: Color signals were detected in 48 cases of 52 malignancies (92%). All tumors demonstrated signals at the periphery of the lesion but in only 13 (27%) were the signals detected within the tumor. Color signals were scored as + + or + + + in 44 (92%) patients. Pulsed wave blood flow was shown in all these 48 tumors, with maximum velocities varying from 4 to 36 cm/s. Among the 32 benign lesions, color signals were detected in 10 (31%) and all were peripheral and scored subjectively as +. Evaluation of these color Doppler mapping parameters shows no significant correlation with microvessel counts using CD31 monoclonal antibodies. However, there was a positive association (p<0.05) between nodal metastases and higher tumor flow velocity in T1 (<2 cm) breast tumors but not in larger tumors. Conclusion: Although the color Doppler mapping has been shown to be useful in distinguishing benign from malignant breast lesions, the intensity of signal and velocity of flow had no correlation with the extent of angiogenesis of breast cancer. The presence of high-flow tumor signal in early breast carcinoma is significantly associated with the presence of axillary lymph node metastases.     

乳腺彩超低估乳腺癌的临床病理特征分析

目的分析乳腺彩超诊断为低分类的乳腺肿物应用微创旋切术后的临床病理特征。 方法回顾性分析中山市人民医院于2008年3月至2021年12月术前彩超为低分类的乳腺肿物女性患者22 922例,其中284例患者微创旋切术后确诊为乳腺癌,探讨彩超分类与患者年龄、肿物大小、病理组织类型、分子亚型之间的关系。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析敏感度、特异度。 结果284例患者中术前彩超BI-RADS 2类11例、3类137例、4a类136例。组织学类型为浸润性导管癌198例,其中有68例伴部分原位癌;浸润性小叶癌19例,其中有6例伴部分原位癌;原位癌29例;黏液癌12例;其他类型癌共26例。分子亚型为Luminal A型96例,Luminal B型142例,三阴性乳腺癌37例,HER-2过表达型9例。ROC曲线分析发现彩超分类预测术前为乳腺癌的敏感度为47.9%,特异度78.1%,曲线下面积为61.8%。 结论乳腺癌患者肿瘤较小、原位癌、黏液癌及三阴性乳腺癌术前容易被乳腺彩超低估,应引起重视。     

Stereotactically guided laser therapy of occult breast tumors: work-in-progress report

HYPOTHESIS: Mammographically detected breast tumors can be completely ablated with laser energy. DESIGN: Nonrandomized control trial. SETTING: A university hospital ambulatory care center. PATIENTS: Thirty-six patients with mammographically detected well-defined breast tumors were selected. INTERVENTIONS: The diagnosis of malignant neoplasms and determination of prognostic factors were established by image-guided needle-core biopsy. Patients were treated on a stereotactic table, using a 16- to 18-gauge laser probe, with an optic fiber transmitting a predetermined amount of laser energy. A multisensor thermal probe was inserted into the breast adjacent to the laser probe to monitor treatment. In the last 10 patients, the tumor blood flow was evaluated before and after laser therapy with contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasound. One to 8 weeks after laser therapy, the tumors were surgically removed and serially sectioned. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Complete necrosis in 66% of tumors. RESULTS: Total tumor ablation with negative margins was observed whenever 2500 J/mL of tumor was given or the thermal sensors recorded 60 degrees C. Microscopic examination at 1 week showed disintegration of malignant cells, with peripheral acute inflammatory response and at 4 to 8 weeks extensive fibrosis. Contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasound revealed loss of tumor circulation after therapy, and positron emission tomography scan correlated well with histologic findings. There were no systemic adverse effects. Two patients sustained 3 x 4-mm skin burns around the laser needle. CONCLUSION: A stereotactically guided minimally invasive technique may be effective for the treatment of mammographically detected breast cancer.     

A Review of Breast Ultrasound

Frequent advances in transducer design, electronics, computers, and signal processing have improved the quality of ultrasound images to the extent that sonography is now a major mode of imaging for the clinical diagnosis of breast cancer. Breast ultrasound is routinely used for differentiating cysts and solid nodules with high specificity. In combination with mammography, ultrasound is used to characterize solid masses as benign or malignant. There is growing interest in using Doppler ultrasound and contrast agents for measuring tumor blood flow and for imaging tumor vascularity. Ease of use and real-time imaging capability make breast ultrasound a method of choice for guiding breast biopsies and other interventional procedures. Breast ultrasound is used in many forms. B-mode is the most common form of imaging for the breast, although compound imaging and harmonic imaging are being increasingly applied to better visualize breast lesions and to reduce image artifacts. These developments, together with the formulation of a standardized lexicon of solid mass features, have improved the diagnostic performance of breast ultrasound. Several approaches that are currently being investigated to further improve performance include: (1) computer-aided-diagnosis; (2) the assessment of tumor vascularity and tumor blood flow with Doppler ultrasound and contrast agents; and (3) tissue elasticity imaging. In the future, ultrasound will play a greater role in differentiating benign from malignant masses and in the diagnosis of breast cancer.     

周围型肺癌的彩超征象与微血管密度的相关性

目的采用能量多普勒超声（CDPI）分析周围型肺占位病变血流与微血管密度（MVD）的相关性,探讨CDPI对周围型肺占位病变的诊断价值。方法81例周围型肺占位病变患者,良性组49例,恶性组32例。先行CDPI观察血流,再应用免疫组化方法测定手术标本的MVD,最后对CDPI与MVD结果行相关性分析。结果血流和MVD均与肿块大小、良恶性、有无淋巴结转移有关,与恶性病变中组织分型无关。良性组血流显示较恶性组丰富,多达Ⅱ级或以上,差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.38,P〈0.01）。恶性组中鳞状细胞癌与腺癌差异无统计学意义。CDPI显示的血流与MVD呈正相关（r=0.651,P〈0.05）。结论CDPI观察血流是初步判断周围型肺占位病变良、恶性的可靠方法。     

彩色多普勒超声评价PICC上肢静脉血栓

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声检查在评价经外周置人中心静脉导管( PICC)患者发生上肢静脉血栓中的应用价值.方法:对2010年2月-2012年1月期间留置PICC并出现上肢症状的89例患者进行上肢静脉彩色多普勒超声检查,分析声像图特点.结果:89例留置PICC患者中56例(62.9％)的导管位于右上肢,33例(37.1％)位于左上肢.10例(11.2％)患者发生导管相关性上肢静脉血栓,6例位于右侧,4例位于左侧.其中男性7例,恶性血液病3例,肺部恶性肿瘤2例,腹部恶性肿瘤1例,重症肺炎1例;女性3例,均为乳腺肿瘤患者.结论:彩色多普勒超声能方便、快捷、无创地评价留置PICC患者上肢静脉血栓的发生,值得推广.     

彩色多普勒超声引导下粗针穿刺活检在涎腺肿块中的应用

目的分析彩色多普勒超声引导下粗针穿刺活检在涎腺肿块中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析56例涎腺肿块经彩色多普勒超声引导下粗针穿刺活检资料。活检病理诊断结果如果为恶性可定为真阳性;如果为良性或未见恶性,结合其他影像学检查并临床随访6个月以上最终确定诊断。计算穿刺活检的成功率、敏感度和特异度,并比较涎腺良、恶性肿块穿刺前的彩色多普勒超声表现。结果彩色多普勒引导下粗针穿刺活检的56例涎腺肿块,穿刺次数1~3次。确诊良性病灶32例,恶性肿瘤23例;1例穿刺病理诊断不明确,后经切除活检确诊为B细胞淋巴瘤。穿刺成功率、敏感度、特异度和假阴性率分别为98.21%(55/56)、95.83%(23/24)、100%(32/32)、4.17%(1/24)。无严重并发症发生。56例良恶性涎腺肿块彩色多普勒超声表现中,肿块的边界、形态、回声均匀性、包膜完整性和血流分级差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论彩超引导下粗针穿刺活检具有安全、准确、并发症少的优点,可避免不必要的手术,对涎腺病变的诊断有重要作用。     

数字化乳腺摄影联合超声与MRI对乳腺良、恶性疾病诊断的对照观察

目的评价数字化乳腺摄影联合超声与MRI在乳腺良恶性疾病诊断中的意义及临床应用价值。方法对105例乳腺疾病患者的数字化乳腺摄影联合超声诊断结果与MRI诊断结果进行回顾性分析。结果 105例患者共110个病灶,其中恶性62个,良性48个。所有病灶均被病理证实。数字化乳腺摄影联合超声对乳腺恶性病变的诊断敏感度、特异度分别为90.32%（56/62）、91.67%（44/48）;MRI对乳腺恶性病变的诊断敏感度、特异度分别为91.94%（57/62）、87.50%（42/48）。结论数字化乳腺摄影联合超声检查诊断准确性高,适用于乳腺疾病的常规检查;MRI空间分辨力及组织分辨力高,适用于前二者检查难以定性的病变及乳腺癌的术前评估。