Sky骨扩张器在骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折中的初步应用

目的探讨Sky骨扩张器经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法应用Sky骨扩张器行经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折8例。随访观察患者手术前后疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),测量手术前后病椎前缘及后缘高度,并进行比较和统计学分析。结果8例均经椎弓根途径完成手术,手术时间40~70min,骨水泥注入量每个椎体2.5~4.2ml,分布均超过中线。所有患者疼痛缓解,VAS术前为(8.7±1.1)分,术后第3天为(3.5±2.0)分;椎体高度明显恢复,术前骨折椎体前缘平均高度为17.51mm,术后为20.60mm。8例均无并发症发生。结论应用Sky骨扩张器治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折创伤小,初步观察安全有效。     

经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗 老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术（PKP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床 效果。方法对69例共叨个老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的患者,均行经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸 成形术。观察指标为术前术后的疼痛视觉模拟评分（vasal analogue scale,VAS )、椎体高度的恢复及 并发症发生情况。结果 W个椎体均经皮行双侧椎弓根穿刺成功完成手术。所有患者疼痛缓解, VAS术前平均为（7. 52 10. 49)分,术后第3天平均为（2. 38 1 0. 22)分;术后1个月VAS平均为（1. 88 ±0. 12)分。术前骨折椎体前缘高度平均为（15.65 1 0. 68 ) mm,术后椎体前缘高度平均为（23.68 1 0.83) mm,术前术后差异有显著性（P < 0. 05 )。骨水泥注射量每个椎体3.5-7.5@1,平均5.5 ml。骨 水泥少量渗漏到椎间隙1个椎体,沿手术通道反流至椎弓根2个椎体,均无临床症状,渗漏率为 3.23%。结论经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术（PKP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折,能迅速 缓解疼痛,一定程度的恢复椎体高度,临床疗效确切。     

膨胀式椎体成形术治疗椎体破坏31例

目的总结探讨膨胀式椎体成形术（Sky骨扩张器系统）治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折和椎体肿瘤的临床效果及安全性。方法对31例共59个椎体压缩骨折和椎体肿瘤破坏的患者,应用Sky骨扩张器进行经皮穿刺椎体扩张成形术。观察指标为,术前术后的疼痛视觉模拟评分（vasual analoguescale,VAS）、椎体高度的恢复及并发症发生情况。结果59个椎体均单侧经椎弓根基底穿刺成功完成手术。所有患者疼痛均有明显缓解,VAS术前平均为（8．03±0．27）分,术后第3天平均为（3．0±0．32）分,术后1个月VAS平均为（2．8土0．22）分。术前病椎前缘的平均高度为（17．36±1．28）mm。术后椎体前缘的平均高度为（22．13±0．69）mm,术前术后有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。骨水泥注射量每个椎体3．0～5．0mL,平均4．6mL。骨水泥沿椎弓根针道反流2例,均无临床症状;渗漏到椎管内1例（1个椎体）．2d后出现下肢麻木、疼痛等临床症状,渗漏率为1．7％。结论Sky骨扩张器治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折及椎体转移瘤骨质破坏,可迅速缓解疼痛,能在一定程度上恢复椎体高度,手术操作简便,安全可行。     

应用Sky骨扩张器系统治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床初步报告

目的 探讨应用Sky骨扩张器系统行椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折的早期临床疗效.方法 12例骨质疏松症17个压缩性骨折椎体,采用Sky骨扩张器行单侧经椎弓根椎体扩张,扩张高度为14mm,注入医用骨水泥.观察围手术期并发症,测量压缩椎体和后凸畸形恢复程度.采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)随访患者胸腰背部疼痛恢复情况.结果 每个椎体手术时间(52.4±28.7)min(23～90min),骨水泥注射量为(5.4±1.0)ml(3.5～7ml).随访3～6个月,平均4.5月,术前VAS评分为(7.6±1.8)分,术后1天为(2.8±1.1)分,术后3天为(2.6±1.2)分,末次随访时为(2.2±1.0)分.术前椎体前缘高度(13.8±5.3)mm(压缩49.1%±19.1%)、中线高度(9.9±4.6)mm(压缩39.8%±18.4%),术后椎体前缘高度(16.6±4.8)mm(压缩59.1%±17.2%)、中线高度(15.2±4.0)mm(压缩60.6%±16.9%),手术前后单椎体后凸Cobb角为22.3°±8.5°和12.5°±6.4°.1例少量骨水泥渗漏入椎间盘,未出现临床不适,未见其他并发症.结论 采用Sky骨扩张器系统行经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折安全、有效,其长期疗效尚有待于进一步观察.     

过伸体位复位在PVP治疗椎体压缩性骨折中的应用

目的探讨利用螺旋推进器在过伸体位手法复位后连续高压注射骨水泥行经皮椎体成形术治疗老年脊柱椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法本组选新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折132例患者共196个椎体,实验组在过伸体位手法复位后,应用螺旋推进器产生高压向伤椎椎体内注入骨水泥,行经皮椎体成形术,对照组则按照一般的PVP手术方式进行,未实行过伸体位复位。根据术前和术后侧位X线片测量椎体高度、后凸畸形角度,并计算椎体高度恢复率和后凸畸形矫正率。根据手术前后功能学改变进行视觉模拟疼痛（visual analogue scale,VAS）与Oswesty功能评分。结果 132例手术均顺利完成,对照组50例72椎体术前术后椎体前缘高度恢复率、中线高度恢复率、后缘高度恢复率、椎体后凸畸形矫正率均无显著差异。实验组82例124椎体术前术后椎体前缘高度恢复率、中线高度恢复率、椎体后凸畸形矫正率存在显著差异（P〈0.05）,VAS评分、Oswesty功能评分对照组与实验组手术前后比较均有显著差异（P〈0.05）。术后37例出现骨水泥渗漏者,其中3例出现向椎管渗漏压迫脊髓、神经根（对照组1例,实验组2例）。术后随访两组椎体高度无再丢失。结论过伸体位复位后,采用螺旋推进器连续高压注射骨水泥行经皮椎体成形术,可有效恢复椎体高度和矫正后凸畸形,安全可行,实用性强。     

Sky膨胀式椎体成形器治疗老年骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折

目的探讨Sky膨胀式椎体成形器治疗疼痛性老年骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折的疗效和安全性.方法2004年8月～2005年2月,我院采用Sky膨胀式椎体成形器行经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗疼痛性老年骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折10例15椎.椎体后壁完整,术前均无脊髓和神经根受损的症状和体征.采用经皮穿刺单侧椎弓根置入Sky膨胀式椎体成形器使骨折塌陷椎体复位,用骨水泥进行充填.结果10例术后24 h内疼痛症状明显缓解或消失,术后1 d可下地行走,3 d出院.术后第2天常规行X线复查,1例2个椎体出现骨水泥少许渗漏,未见神经压迫症状.术前骨折椎体前缘的高度为(18.34±3.25)mm,术后椎体前缘的高度为(20.61±1.34)mm(t=2.1475,P=0.00);术前骨折椎体中线的高度为(14.40±2.56)mm,术后椎体中线的高度为(19.56±1.28)mm(t=3.1866,P=0.00);术前骨折椎体后缘的高度为(23.88±1.89)mm,术后椎体后缘的高度为(24.47±2.03)mm(=1.2956,P=0.15),均提示伤椎前中部高度恢复明显.后凸畸形纠正范围13°～26°,平均19°.10例随访3～6个月,平均5.2月,未诉明显疼痛,X线示椎体高度未见明显丢失.未出现严重并发症.结论Sky膨胀式椎体成形器治疗疼痛性骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折,能迅速缓解疼痛,恢复椎体高度.     

骨质疏松性椎体骨折经皮后凸成形术中伤椎和手术入路的选择

目的 探讨骨质疏松性椎体骨折经皮后凸成形术中伤椎定位和手术入路选择.方法 36例骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者,术前根据CT及MRI确定伤椎,根据伤椎椎弓根CT层面经椎弓根进针线确定单、双侧入路,采用球囊或Sky扩张器行椎体后凸成形术.术前、术后1周及随访时摄X线片测量椎体高度恢复率、后凸Cobb角及疼痛视觉类比评分(VAS).结果 36例50节骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折中,44节椎体行经皮椎体后凸成形术.术前计划单侧经椎弓根入路32节椎体,双侧经椎弓根入路12节椎体;术中单侧入路22节椎体,双侧入路22节椎体,其中10节椎体由单侧入路改为双侧入路.术后1周及最末随访时椎体高度恢复率分别为66.3%、65.2%;术前后凸Cobb角为23.4°,术后1周及最末随访时分别为9.2°、10.2°,较术前显著改善(P<0.01);术前VAS评分为8.9分,术后1周及最末随访时分别为1.9分、2.3分,较术前均改善(P<0.01).结论 术前CT伤椎体清晰的骨折线是椎体新鲜骨折的依据,陈旧性骨折需进一步检查MRI确定责任椎.大部分中胸椎及腰椎可以采用单侧经椎弓根入路行经皮椎体后凸成形术,部分下胸椎骨质疏松性骨折患者需行双侧经椎弓根入路.     

Sky椎体成形器治疗老年创伤性椎体骨折

目的探讨Sky膨胀式椎体成形器治疗老年创伤性椎体骨折的疗效和安全性。方法2004年8月～2006年2月，采用Sky膨胀式椎体成形器行经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗老年由创伤引起的脊柱压缩性骨折23例34椎。所有患者椎体后壁完整，术前均无脊髓和神经根受损的症状和体征。采用经皮穿刺单侧椎弓根置人Sky膨胀式椎体成形器使骨折塌陷椎体复位，用骨水泥进行充填。结果所有患者术后24h内疼痛症状明显缓解或消失，术后1d可下地行走，3d出院。术后第2天常规行X线复查，2例3个椎体出现骨水泥少许渗漏，未见神经压迫症状。手术前、后骨折椎体前缘的平均高度分别为（18．34±3．25）mm和（20．51±1．34）mm，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；中线的平均高度分别为（14．40±2．56）mm和（19．66±1．28）rain，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；后缘的平均高度分别为（23．78±1．89）mm和（24．57±2．03）mm，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），均提示伤椎前中部高度恢复明显。后凸畸形纠正范围13^o-26^o，平均19^o。23例随访17—36个月，平均24．3个月，未诉明显疼痛，X线片示椎体高度未见明显丢失。未出现严重并发症。患者术前、术后第3天、随访12个月时的平均VAS评分分别为7．9分、3．1分、2．8分，后两者与术前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论Sky膨胀式椎体成形器治疗性老年创伤性椎体压缩骨折，能迅速缓解疼痛，恢复椎体高度。     

球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折

目的探讨球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的初步疗效及安全性。方法自2004年12月至2006年5月,采用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折16例,24个伤椎,均经单侧椎弓根置入可扩张球囊使骨折塌陷椎体复位,然后使用骨水泥充填椎体,观察术后症状改善及骨折复位情况。结果16例手术均顺利,疼痛于术后48h内均明显缓解并可下床活动,患者4~12d内出院。随访6~18个月,平均11个月。平均VAS评分由术前(8.5±0.3)分到术后(2.1±0.2)分和最终随访(2.3±0.3)分(P<0.01);Oswestry功能评分由术前(43±1.32)分到术后(21±1.29)分和最终随访(22±1.25)分(P<0.01);手术椎体前中柱平均高度由术前(14.8±2.8)mm到术后(24.3±2.1)mm和最终随访(24.4±1.9)mm(P<0.05);cobb角平均由术前23.2°±4.6°到术后10.3°±3.1°和最终随访10.2°±4.3°(P<0.05);1例发生骨水泥渗漏,但无严重的并发症。结论球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术可有效恢复骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折椎体的高度,缓解疼痛,改善患者的功能,明显减少骨水泥的渗漏,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

PKP治疗骨质疏松性多节段椎体压缩性骨折的临床应用研究

目的 探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性多节段椎体压缩性骨折的疗效和安全性.方法 采用Skv膨胀式椎体成形器或球囊扩张对骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折65例238椎(其中Sky组20例,球囊组45例)行经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗.在X线片上测量术前、术后的椎体前缘、中线、后缘的高度及术后后凸畸形纠正范围.术前的临床所见及随访结果 均采用Oswestry功能障碍指数和疼痛视觉模糊评分进行评定.结果 65例术后24 h内疼痛症状明显缓解或消失.后凸畸形纠正范围11～26°,平均17°.随访9～46个月,平均24.8个月,患者诉明显疼痛,X线片示椎体高度未见明显丢失,未出现严重并发症.术后3个月及最后随访时Oswestry功能障碍指数和VAS评分均较术前有明显改善(P<0.05).Sky组与球囊组疗效比较无显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 Sky膨胀式椎体成形器及球囊扩张PKP治疗多发性骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折,均能迅速缓解疼痛,恢复椎体高度,但球囊对于一次治疗多椎体病变更为经济、适用.     

"Free" and "exchangeable" or "trapped" and "non-exchangeable" water in cartilage

We repeated some of our own previous experiments, as well as some of Torzilli's recent experiments (11) on which he bases his conclusions relating to a nonexchangeable "trapped water" in cartilage. We are unable to confirm Torzilli's findings. We observed partition coefficients for 3H.HO very close to unity. That both the extrafibrillar and most of the intrafibrillar water is freely exchangeable and behaves as available water towards small solutes has been independently shown (3) for other collagenous tissues. All the different permutations of partition experiments have yielded results that are fully consistent with our original picture of the very major fraction of cartilage water being free.     

Spatiotemporal analysis of auditory "what" and "where" working memory

Goal-directed attention to sound identity (what) and sound location (where) has been associated with increased neural activity in ventral and dorsal brain regions, respectively. In order to ascertain when such segregation occurs, we measured event-related potentials during an n-back (n = 1, 2) working memory task for sound identity or location, where stimuli selected randomly from 3 semantic categories (human, animal, music) were presented at 3 possible virtual locations. Accuracy and reaction times were comparable in both "what" and "where" tasks, albeit worse for the 2-back than for the 1-back condition. The partial least squares analysis of scalp-recorded and source waveform data revealed domain-specific activity beginning at about 200-ms poststimulus onset, which was best expressed as changes in source activity near Heschl's gyrus, and in central medial, occipital medial, right frontal and right parietal cortex. The effect of working memory load emerged at about 400-ms poststimulus and was expressed maximally over frontocentral scalp region and in sources located in the right temporal, frontal and parietal cortices. The results show that for identical sounds, top-down effects on processing "what" and "where" information is observable at about 200 ms after sound onset and involves a widely distributed neural network.     

"Gas off" or "vaporizer off"

Editor—It is a common misconception that turning off thevaporizer while leaving the fresh gas flow (FGF) on, during     

"Empty wall" and "vertical strut" signs of ACL insufficiency

We report our observation on the "empty wall" and "vertical strut" signs of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency. ACL tears most commonly occur in the midsubstance; arthroscopic evaluation of patients with these tears often reveals minimal evidence of previous ACL tissue along the intercondylar wall, thus giving the appearance of an "empty wall." In proximal ACL tears, the long remnant of ACL tissue may adhere to adjacent PCL tissue. Arthroscopically, one may see this vertically oriented strut of tissue, which to the casual arthroscopist may mimic a normal-appearing ACL except for orientation and tension. In addition, the "empty wall" sign will be noted because the lateral intercondylar wall becomes easily visible following ACL injury. In two separate prospective studies of 84 such patients, the combined incidence of the empty wall sign was 82%, and the incidence of the vertical strut sign was 50%. These findings should be sought for meticulously at the time of arthroscopic evaluation. The vertical strut should not be misinterpreted as an aberrantly oriented ACL or partial ACL tear.