气管内硬膜外联合麻醉下的超前镇痛

目的研究气管内硬膜外联合麻醉下,硬膜外给药时间不同、全麻诱导药物不同对术后镇痛产生的影响。方法开腹行切除肝癌、胃癌的病人120例,随机分为A、B、C、D4组,每组30例。A组:在T8-9经硬膜外注入1%利多卡因和0.25%布比卡因混合液6～8ml,再经硬膜外注入含吗啡2mg、氟哌利多2.5mg的生理盐水10ml;全身麻醉诱导药物为芬太尼3μg·kg-1,异丙酚1～1.5mg·kg-1,琥珀胆碱2mg·kg-1。B组:诱导药物中不使用芬太尼,用利多卡因1～1.5mg·kg-1代替,术中也不使用芬太尼,其余条件同A组。C组:在T8-9行硬膜外穿刺,之后行全身麻醉诱导,诱导药物为芬太尼3μg·kg-1,异丙酚2～2.5mg·kg-1,琥珀胆碱2mg·kg-1,必要时可加芬太尼2～3μg·kg-1。切皮后90min,经硬膜外注入1%利多卡因和0.25%布比卡因6～8ml,再经硬膜外注入含吗啡2mg、氟哌利多2.5mg的生理盐水10ml。D组:诱导药物中不使用芬太尼,用利多卡因1～1.5mg·kg-1代替,术中也不使用芬太尼,其余条件同C组。分别于术毕后4、8、24、48h观测VAS、镇痛药消耗量、恶心、呕吐、骚痒等指标。结果A组的药物消耗量最少、镇痛效果最好;B组和C组次之;D组的药物消耗量最大,镇痛效果最差。结论硬膜外复合气管内麻醉时,硬膜外麻醉与芬太尼同时使用,术后镇痛效果最好。     

硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉在胸腔手术中的应用

<正> 自2000年1月至今,我院对40例择期胸腔手术患者采用了硬膜外阻滞复合全麻,均取得良好效果,现报告如下: 1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料:择期胸腔手术患者40例,男27例,女13例,年龄40～68岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,采用硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉(A组);另选40例手中种类、年龄、性别均与A组类同患者,采用单纯静脉麻醉进行对照(B组)。 1.2 麻醉方法:术前30min肌注鲁米那0.1g和阿托品0.5mg。A组先行于T_(6-8)作硬膜外穿刺置管,注入1％利多卡因为试验量,观察无腰麻症状后注入1.6％利多卡因10ml,出现麻醉平面后,再行全麻诱导插管,以1％普鲁卡因、芬太尼、琥珀胆碱复合液维持麻醉,每隔30～45min经硬膜外导管注入1.6％利多卡因5ml。术毕向硬膜外腔注入吗啡3mg+氟哌啶3mg+生理盐水10ml行术后镇痛。B组单用静脉麻醉,方法同     

芬太尼应用于妇科手术利多卡因硬膜外麻醉的临床研究

33例择期妇科手术病人,随机分为两组,即利多卡因-芬太尼组(F组)16例和利多卡因组(L组)17例。F组硬膜外用药2％利多卡因20ml加芬太尼0.1mg,加生理盐水至25ml;L组2％利多卡因20ml加生理盐水至25ml,两组均含1:20万的肾上腺素。全部病例均于L_(2～3)间隙穿刺,向头端置管3cm。研究结果表明:在妇科手术中,利多卡因-芬太尼混合液应用于硬膜外麻醉较单纯用利多卡因更能增强硬膜外麻醉的镇痛效果,延长镇痛持续时间,减少术中静脉用镇痛药,而腹肌松弛度与单纯用利多卡因相似。术中及术后24h内均未发生呼吸抑制,其他副作用两组相似。因此,利多卡因与芬太尼合用不失为一种可供选用的硬膜外麻醉方法。     

硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉应用于腹部大手术效果分析

目的:观察硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉应用于腹部大手术患者的可行性。方法:全麻诱导用咪唑安定0.1mg/kg,芬太尼3μg/kg,丙泊酚2mg/kg,维库溴铵0.1mg/kg。复合组于诱导前在T_(8～9)或L_(3～4)间隙行硬膜外穿刺置管,注入2％利多卡因5ml,平面确定后进行全麻诱导。全麻维持用丙泊酚2mg.kg~(-1),h~(-1)持续泵入,间断静注芬太尼和维库溴铵,并吸入安氟醚。用多功能监测仪监测心血管功能,记录术后躁动及药物用量。结果:复合组插管、切皮、拔管时的平均动脉压,心率上升幅度较对照组少。术后躁动率、药物用量显著低于对照组。结论:硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉应用于腹部大手术,术中血流动力学稳定、应激反应小,全麻药用量和手术后躁动减小。硬膜外术后镇痛有利于患者创口愈合、早日康复。     

胆囊切除术后行PCEA对胃肠和排尿功能的影响

我们对胆囊切除术后行硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)组与非镇痛组(对照组)进行了观察,现报道如下. 资料与方法 一般资料择期胆囊切除术病人160例,男73例,女87例,年龄24～65岁,体重45～80kg,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级.入室后接受同样的麻醉方法,即自T8～9间隙先硬膜外注入2%利多卡因5ml作为试验剂量后分次注入0.5%布比卡因至阻滞完全,关腹前再注入0.5%布比卡因3～5ml.术毕时对照组(64例)拔出硬膜外导管,PCEA组(96例)保留硬膜外管并连接镇痛泵,配方为0.5%布比卡因40ml+芬太尼0.2mg+氟哌利多5mg+注射用水54ml.镇痛输入方式为背景加自控输入,背景输入速度为2ml/h,自控输入量每次2ml,锁定时间为20分钟,用泵时间一般至术后36～48小时.     

Ebstein畸形矫治术的合理麻醉处理

目的 总结Ebstein畸形矫治术的麻醉处理经验。方法Ebstein畸形矫治术的麻醉处理19例。成人患者术前口服安定10mg,肌注东莨菪碱0．3mg,吗啡10mg;而12岁以下小孩诱导前肌注氯胺酮6～7mg／kg、东莨菪碱0．01mg／kg。全麻诱导静脉注射咪唑安定0．01—0．03mg／kg,依托咪酯0．1～0.3mg／kg,芬太尼5-10μg／kg,哌库溴铵O．1mg／kg麻醉诱导,吸入1MAC异氟醚。持续静脉输注异丙酚0.8—2μg／ml;间断给予芬太尼5～10μg／kg,哌库溴铵0．05mg／kg。结果麻醉平稳,所有患者术后症状明显改善,围术期无一例死亡。结论采用复合麻醉药物的处理．对Ebstein畸形矫治术具有良好的麻醉效果。     

芬太尼、吗啡、丁丙诺啡复合局麻药分别行硬膜外术后镇痛效果观察对比

目的 :探讨术后分别应用芬太尼、吗啡、丁丙诺啡复合局麻药及氟哌利多行硬膜外自控镇痛 ,观察其镇痛效果及不良反应发生率 ,综合比较哪种药物配方更理想。方法 :选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,年龄 2 2～ 30岁 ,体重无较大差异的妇产科手术病人 6 0例 ,随机分为A、B、C三组 (每组 2 0例 ) ,均行硬膜外麻醉。术后接止痛泵行PCEA。单次剂量 1ml,锁定时间 2 0min ,术后随访 2d。结果 :从镇痛效果比较 ,A组为 50 % ,B组 75% ,C组为 80 %。结论 :芬太尼配方组不良反应少 ,但镇痛效果差 ;吗啡配方组镇痛好 ,但不良反应发生率高 ;丁丙诺啡组镇痛效果最好 ,不良反应发生率低 ,故选用丁丙诺啡 0 .6mg ,氟哌利多 2 .5mg ,复合 0 .1 1 2 5%布比卡因 1 0 0ml行妇产科手术后PCEA是一种较理想的药物配方。     

可疑硬膜外麻醉空气压迫神经根一例

患者，女，35岁，因“急性阑尾炎”入院，在硬膜外麻醉下行阑尾切除术，穿刺点为T12～L1，用注射器内置空气接穿刺针，以阻力骤减法判断穿刺针尖是否进入硬膜外间隙。因硬膜外穿刺困难，反复多次穿刺后才成功，穿刺时无异感，置管顺利。局麻药物为利布合剂(1：1)，麻醉效果佳，手术经过顺利，术毕接硬膜外镇痛泵，镇痛液：0．75％布比卡因25ml、芬太尼0．7mg、氟哌利多10mg，     

术后镇痛致锥体外系反应二例报告

例1.女,31岁,50kg。无神经精神病史,ASAⅠ级。因左卵巢囊肿扭转入院。麻醉前常规用药。硬膜外用药为1％利多卡因+0.375％布比卡因15ml。术中给以咪唑安定8mg静注,麻醉效果满意手术顺利,术中病人平稳。术后接镇痛泵行硬膜外镇痛,PCA配方:吗啡7mg、氟哌利多5mg、布比卡因150mg溶于100ml生理盐水,持续量是2mg/h,bolus 0.5ml/15min。术后镇痛效果良好。于术后28h患者出     

腹腔镜手术病人咪达唑仑-芬太尼-异丙酚麻醉诱导的优化配伍方案

目的 采用权重配方法探讨腹腔镜手术病人咪达唑仑、芬太尼、异丙酚复合麻醉诱导的优化配伍方案。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期腹腔镜手术病人60例，男34例，女26例，年龄31～55岁。诱导药物的低效量和足量分别确定为咪达唑仑0．02、0．06mg／kg，芬太尼2、6μg／kg，异丙酚0．5、1．5mg／kg。根据权重配方法，将病人随机分配至3种药物不同剂量组合的6个配伍组（n=10）。连续监测脑电双频谱指数（BIS）、心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）。各组依次静脉注射相应剂量咪达唑仑、芬太尼、异丙酚和罗库溴铵0．6mg／kg行麻醉诱导和气管插管。记录诱导前即刻、异丙酚注入后1、2min、插管即刻、插管后1、3、5、7min的BIS、MAP及HR。按权重配方法的剂量优化原则评判复合药效，分析各组份药的重要程度及相互作用的性质。结果以BIS为评价指标，当咪达唑仑0．06mg／kg、芬太尼5μg／ks、异丙酚1．0mg／kg配伍时，异丙酚为主药，异丙酚与咪达唑仑和芬太。尼具有相加性作用；以MAP为评价指标，当咪达唑仑0．06mg／kg、芬太尼5μg，kg、异丙酚1．5mg／kg配伍时，异丙酚为主药，异丙酚与咪达唑仑具有协同性作用，异丙酚与芬太尼具有相加性作用；以HR为评价指标，当咪达唑仑0．06mg／kg、芬太尼5μg／kg、异丙酚1．0mg／kg配伍时，芬太尼为主药，异丙酚与咪达唑仑和芬太尼具有协同性作用。结论腹腔镜手术病人咪达唑仑、芬太尼、异丙酚复合麻醉诱导在维持镇静方面为相加作用，在维持血液动力学稳定方面为协同作用；优化配伍方案为咪达唑仑0．06mg／kg、芬太尼5μg／kg、异丙酚1．5mg／kg。     

Brainstem anaesthesia after peribulbar anaesthesia

Purpose  To present a case of brainstem anaesthesia as a complication of peribulbar anaesthesia. Clinical features  A 75-yr-old woman received peribulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery. A few seconds after the block was performed, she had a respiratory arrest, became unconscious, and developed hypertension and tachycardia followed by hypotension and bradycardia. Ventilatory and haemodynamic support were performed before the patient regained adequate spontaneous breathing and normal heart rate and blood pressure. Conclusion  Peribulbar anaesthesia generally cames a low risk of serious complications. However, respiratory arrest and brainstem anaesthesia may occur as complications of peribulbar blocks.

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Résumé Objectif  Présenter un cas d’anesthésie du tronc cérébral compliquant une anesthésie péribulbaire. éléments cliniques  Un bloc péribulbaire était réalisé chez une femine de 75 ans pour l’extraction d’une cataracte. Quelques secondes après l’injection, la patiente cessait de respirer et perdait conscience. Elle devenait hypertendue et tachycarde puts hypotendue et bradycarde. La ventilation et la circulation devaient être supportées jusqu’au retour spontané à la normale. Conclusion  En général, l’anesthésie péribulbare comporte un faible risque de complications sérieuses. Un arrêt respiratoire par anesthésie du tronc cérébral est toujours possible.

     

Spinal anaesthesia

Spinal anaesthesia is the injection of local anaesthetic into the subarachnoid space. It is a simple technique that can be used to provide surgical anaesthesia for procedures involving the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs. To perform the technique safely it is important to understand the physiology of the block and the pharmacology of the drugs commonly used. Although serious complications are rare, they must be recognized and managed quickly.     

Low-flow anaesthesia

An 8-week survey was conducted to determine whether the introduction of low-flow anaesthesia (a fresh gas flow of 4 litres/minute or less) into routine use would be acceptable to members of a representative anaesthetic department and if the consequent reduction in use of volatile anaesthetics would result in financial savings. The hourly consumption of the volatile agents was measured during anaesthesia conducted using either conventional or low fresh gas flows. Anaesthetists' acceptance of low-flow anaesthesia was assessed using a questionnaire. Data were gathered on 286 patients undergoing inhalational anaesthesia for routine operative procedures. A 54.7% reduction in the consumption of isoflurane and a 55.9% reduction in that of enflurane was found. Of the 28 anaesthetists at the hospital, 21 would use low-flow anaesthesia routinely. The routine use of low-flow anaesthesia would therefore be acceptable and could result in annual savings of 26,870 pounds at Northwick Park Hospital.     

Spinal anaesthesia

Spinal anaesthesia involves the injection of local anaesthetic solution into the intrathecal space. It is a widely practised anaesthetic technique that can provide surgical anaesthesia for procedures below the umbilicus. Due to the proximity of the central nervous system, safe practice is of paramount importance and requires a good understanding of relevant anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Complications are rare but need to be recognized and managed rapidly and appropriately.     

Inhalational anaesthesia

Sevoflurane and desflurane have important advantages over isoflurane and halothane. Disadvantages, which the clinician should keep in mind, include the degradation of both agents by soda lime under certain circumstances during closed circuit anaesthesia. As a result compound A and carbon monoxide (CO) may be generated in soda lime canisters and may be inhaled by patients. The extent to which this constitutes a significant problem during routine anaesthesia in humans is not clear. Recent developments in absorbent technology have the potential to reduce any hazard to negligible proportions. Other undesirable properties of the newer inhalation agents include agitation with sevoflurane in children and cardiovascular and airway effects with desflurane.