2355例直肠癌临床病理特征分析

目的探讨不同年龄组直肠癌病人临床病理特征。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年12月间华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院外科收治并行手术的直肠癌病人临床病理资料,比较不同年龄组直肠癌病人临床病理特点。结果共纳入2355例直肠癌病人,年龄范围为21~90岁,中位年龄58岁;男性1433例(60.8%),女性922例(39.2%),男女性别比约为1.55∶1。青年组、中年组、老年组直肠癌病人在性别、肿瘤位置、淋巴结转移、N分期、TNM分期、神经侵犯、脉管侵犯、肿瘤大小、分化上差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),在肿瘤T分期上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论不同年龄组直肠癌病人临床病理特征不同,青年直肠癌病人中女性病人比例更高、肿瘤更大、分期更晚、病理分化更差,低位直肠癌比例更高。     

青年人与中老年人结直肠癌的临床病理及预后对照研究

目的分析影响青年人（40岁以下）结直肠癌预后的临床病理因素。方法对比研究青年人与中老年人结直肠癌的临床病理资料,通过统计方法分析影响青年组与中老年组结直肠癌预后差异的主要因素。结果青年组5年生存率（37.5％）与中老年组(62.3％)相比差异有显著性意义(P=0.022)。青年组中DukesA加B期占41.7％（10/24）,C期占58.3％（14/24）,与中老年组66.9％和33.1％（101/151和50/151）相比,差异有显著性意义(P=0.017)。青年组中组织学类型分化较好者占41.7％（10/24）,而分化较差者占58.3％（14/24）,与中老年组79.5％和20.5％（120/151和31/151）相比,差异有显著性意义(P<0.001)。全组生存率影响因素的Logistic回归分析结果提示Dukes分期（P=0.0007）和组织学类型（P=0.0285）是影响5年生存率的主要因素,肿瘤部位、患者年龄、性别与5年生存率关系不相关。按Dukes分期计算标准化5年生存率,青年组为49.7％,中老年组为61.7％,差异无显著性意义（P=0.282）。结论青年人结直肠癌预后差的主要因素是Dukes分期较晚和组织学类型分化较差。     

青年结直肠癌病人临床病理学特征及预后分析

目的比较青年与老年结直肠癌病人临床病理学特点的差异并探讨影响青年结直肠癌病人预后的因素。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年12月中山大学附属第六医院收治的青年(诊断年龄40岁,398例)和老年(诊断年龄60~70岁,398例)结直肠癌病人临床病理资料的差异。通过术后随访了解病人的生存情况,随访截止时间为2017年12月。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线并计算存活率,采用Log-rank检验与Cox回归模型进行预后分析。结果青年组病人肿瘤家族史比例高(P0.001),TNM分期以Ⅲ、Ⅳ期为主(P=0.015),更倾向接受新辅助治疗(P0.001),血清白蛋白高(P0.001),术前贫血比例高(P=0.017),而术前癌胚抗原(CEA)阳性率及体重指数(BMI)较低(P值均0.001)。术后病理,青年组病人肿瘤体积较大(P0.001),浸润型肿瘤比例高(P=0.023),分化程度较低(P=0.003)且黏液腺癌的比例大(P0.001)。青年组与老年组的3年存活率分别为85.5%与85.6%。单因素及多因素预后分析均显示青年组与老年组总体存活率差异无统计学意义。青年结直肠癌病人预后多因素分析显示,TNM分期Ⅳ期(HR=10.85,95%CI 4.698~25.050,P0.001)及脉管癌栓阳性(HR=4.283,95%CI 1.956~9.378,P0.001)是影响青年结直肠癌病人预后的独立危险因素。结论青年与老年结直肠癌病人的临床及病理学特征存在差异,但总体存活率差异无统计学意义。TNM分期Ⅳ期及脉管癌栓阳性是影响青年结直肠癌病人预后的独立危险因素。     

糖尿病与结直肠癌临床病理因素及预后的相关性研究

目的 探讨糖尿病对结直肠癌临床病理因素及预后的影响.方法 采用回顾性研究的方法,将2000年1月至2007年6月收治的共计599例结直肠痛患者分为糖尿病组(DM组)和非糖尿病组(NDM组),比较两组性别、年龄等一般情况及临床病理因素的差异并作Logistic多因素同归分析;并对直接接受根治手术的402例患者进行预后影响凶素的Cox回归分析.结果 本组患者中共58例(9.7%)罹患糖尿病,糖尿病组与非糖尿病组患者在体质量、年龄、是否合并高血压方面差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组在肿瘤组织学分级、浸润、淋巴转移、TNM分期及脉管癌栓方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).Logistic多因素回归分析显示糖尿病与结直肠癌的病理因素无相关性(P>0.05).直接接受根治手术的患者生存分析显示:术后3年的转移复发Kaplan-meier曲线及生存曲线有、无糖尿病的两组间差异均无统计学意义(P=0.521、0.909);多因素Cox回归分析未提示糖尿病与结直肠癌患者预后相关(P=0.991).结论 在接受了外科手术的结直肠癌患者中,糖尿病与结直肠癌的临床病理因素无相关性;罹患糖尿病并不改变结直肠癌患者的预后,糖尿病在结直肠癌发展与转归的作用尚需进一步研究.     

青年与中老年进展期直肠癌患者新辅助放疗后的临床病理学比较研究

目的 研究青年与中老年进展期直肠癌患者新辅助放疗后的临床病理学差异及其对预后的影响.方法 收集分析252例于2000年1月至2005年1月接受开腹根治性手术的进展期直肠癌患者的临床病理资料.根据患者年龄分为青年组(＜40岁)和中老年组(≥40岁),比较两组患者新辅助放疗后肿瘤病理与临床预后方面的差异,并研究两组肿瘤降期率与局部复发情况.结果 252例患者中,青年组54例、中老年组198例,两组患者性别、治疗前肿瘤临床分期、治疗前CEA水平的差异无统计学意义.青年组黏液腺癌及印戒细胞癌的比例、ⅢA期以上的比例均显著高于中老年组(P＜0.05).青年组接受新辅助放疗者与未接受新辅助放疗者的局部复发率差异无统计学意义,而中老年组接受新辅助放疗者的局部复发率显著低于未接受新辅助放疗者(3.3%比11.2%,P＜0.05).两组的术后5年无病生存率(63.3%比68.5%,P＞0.05)和总生存率(73.5%比72.9%,P＞0.05)差异均无统计学意义.结论 青年人直肠癌与中老年人直肠癌根治性手术后远期生存率无明显差别;新辅助放疗对青年人直肠癌的局部控制作用尚待明确.     

老年结肠癌患者预后影响因素分析

目的探讨老年结肠癌患者临床病理特点及预后的影响因素。方法回顾性分析405例≥60岁老年结肠癌患者(老年组)的临床资料,进行预后分析并与同期收治的146例≤40岁的结肠癌患者(青年组)的临床资料进行对比。结果 2组患者在家族肿瘤史、合并疾病、术前肠梗阻及肿瘤分化程度方面的差异均有统计学(P<0.05),老年组和青年组患者术后5年生存率分别为64.9%和56.8%(P<0.05)。多因素回归分析表明,合并其他疾病、术前血清CEA值、术前肠梗阻、肿瘤大体类型、淋巴结转移、肝转移及TNM分期是影响老年结肠癌患者术后生存的独立因素。结论 老年结肠癌有着独特的临床病理特点,预后较好。影响老年结肠癌患者术后生存的独立因素是合并其他疾病、术前血清CEA水平、并发肠梗阻、肿瘤大体类型、淋巴结转移、肝转移及TNM分期。     

CES2、CA19-9表达与结直肠癌患者临床病理特征及化疗预后关系的分析

目的观察羧酸酯酶2(CES2)及糖链抗原19-9(CA19-9)在结直肠癌组织中的表达,并分析两者与患者临床病理特征及化疗预后的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测134例结直肠癌组织、30例腺瘤组织、30例正常结直肠组织中CES2、CA19-9表达情况,分析两者表达与结直肠癌患者临床病理特征和预后的关系。选择接受FOLFIRI化疗方案的69例结直肠癌患者,重点探讨CES2与患者FOLFIRI化疗近期疗效的关系。结果结直肠癌组中CES2高表达者占52.99%,CA19-9高表达者占79.85%,但与腺瘤及正常结直肠组织比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P 0.05)。CES2高表达与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大体类型、T分期、N分期、M分期、Dukes分期、肿瘤大小及分化程度均无关(均P 0.05)。CA19-9高表达与性别、年龄、肿瘤大体类型、T分期、M分期、Dukes分期、肿瘤大小及分化程度均无关(均P 0.05)。N1～2期患者中CA19-9高表达者比例高于N0期患者,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。CES2高表达患者累积生存时间长于低表达患者(P 0.05)。CA19-9高表达者累积生存时间与低表达者比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。接受FOLFIRI化疗方案者中,CES2高表达者近期疗效优于低表达者,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 CA19-9与结直肠癌患者淋巴结转移情况有关;CES2与结直肠癌患者临床病理特征无关,但可为化疗预后评估提供一定参考。     

青年与老年直肠癌临床对比分析

目的探讨青年与老年直肠癌的临床、病理及预后差异。方法中国医学科学院肿瘤医院自1990年1月至2000年1月收治40岁以下直肠癌患者138例（青年组），65岁以上者163例（老年组），对这组患者的病例资料进行生存分析和预后的多因素分析。结果青年组Ⅲ期直肠癌患者比例（53．6％，74／138）明显高于老年组（34.3％，55／163）；P=0．001；青年组中黏液腺癌和低分化腺癌患者比例（28．2％，39／138）也高于老年组（10．4％，17／163）P〈0．001。青年组和老年组5年生存率分别为50．4％和64．1％．两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；而按照TNM分期进一步分析显示．同期别两组的生存率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。多因素分析结果显示，肿瘤T分期（P=-0．001）和淋巴结转移（P〈0．05）是影响两组患者预后的独立因素。结论与老年直肠癌相比，青年直肠癌患者的病期较晚、肿瘤分化程度较低，影响其预后；但相同病期者生存率相似。早期诊疗是提高直肠癌总体生存率的关键。     

青年与老年患者结直肠癌临床及病理特征比较

目的探讨青年与老年患者结直肠癌临床及病理特征。方法比较青年组40例与老年组160例结直肠癌患者性别、并存病、家族史、临床表现、病程、首诊情况、病灶部位、病理类型、治疗方法、Dukes分期、疾病预后情况等差异。结果与老年患者比较青年结直肠癌患者并存病少、疼痛及出血肠梗阻比例高、有家族史比例高、病程长、首诊确诊比例少、好发于左半结肠、组织学类型恶性程度高、Dukes分期C-D期为主、手术治疗比例高（P〈0.05）;两组性别构成及3年存活期无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论青年结直肠癌起病隐匿,早期诊断困难,提高对本病认识和警惕性,重视结直肠癌的防治达到早诊断目的。对诊断明确的结直肠癌及时行根治性手术是有效的手段。     

结直肠癌同时肝转移和腹膜转移的处理及预后

目的 探讨结直肠癌同时性肝转移和腹膜扩散患者的相关临床病理因素以及手术干预对其预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析12年间中山大学附属第一医院肠癌数据库资料中有同时性肝转移和/或腹膜扩散患者(166例/150例)的临床病例资料及随访结果.结果 在诸多病理因素中肿瘤分化程度和浆膜浸润与腹膜扩散有关(P<0.01),而肿瘤分化程度,浆膜浸润和Ducks分期等与同时性肝转移有关(P<0.01);手术不可切除的结直肠癌伴同时性肝转移组与伴腹膜扩散组的短期和长期生存率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而在手术可切除组中伴腹膜扩散者的长期生存率优于伴肝转移者(P<0.01).结论 结直肠癌腹膜转移患者较同时性肝转移患者长期顶后好;手术不可切除的结直肠癌伴腹膜扩散或肝转移才标示着肿瘤的终末期;结直肠癌伴腹膜转移根治切除组较伴同时性肝转移根治切除组预后好,局限的结直肠癌伴腹膜转移通过手术可能得到根治.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.