经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术初步探讨

目的探讨经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术的安全性和可行性。 方法2015年1月1日至2018年12月30日,临沂市人民医院共收治252例肾上腺肿瘤患者。其中行经腹腔入路腹腔镜肾上腺手术115例(经腹腔组),行经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术137例(经脂肪囊内组)。经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术方法：手术常规建立腹膜后空间,打开肾筋膜后直接经肾脏中上极与肾周脂肪囊之间的无血管层面分离、解剖肾上腺,行肾上腺全切术或部分切除术。分析、比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间等临床资料。 结果经腹腔入路腹腔镜肾上腺手术115例及经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术137例均顺利完成,无一例中转开放手术。经腹腔入路腹腔镜肾上腺手术平均手术时间(52.7±19.7)min,平均术中出血量(33.1±23.2)ml,平均术后住院时间(3.5±0.9)d。经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术平均手术时间(54.4±22.7)min,平均术中出血量(31.8±21.4)ml,平均术后住院时间(2.8±0.4)d。两组比较,手术时间、术中出血量无统计学差异,经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术组术后住院时间缩短,差异有统计学意义。 结论经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术解剖肾上腺操作简便,患者术后康复较快,是安全可行的手术方式。     

腹膜后腹腔镜肾脏手术中转开放的原因及防治

腹腔镜肾脏手术有经腹腔和经腹膜后两种方法,并各有利弊. 1990年Clayman等[1]成功实施了世界上第一例经腹腔腹腔镜肾切除术,使腹腔镜在泌尿外科的应用逐步推广,目前,腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科占有重要地位,腹腔镜肾切除术在多数医院还以经腹腔为主.1992年Gaur等[2]首先使用自制气囊扩张后腹腔,使之具有足够的操作空间,开创了后腹腔手术的新途径.该途径适合泌尿外科手术的特点,可直接到达患处,损伤轻,不干扰腹腔脏器,减少了胃肠反应,无污染腹腔的危险,具有术中出血少、并发症少、术后住院时间短以及恢复快、术后腹腔感染和粘连少等优点,但由于后腹腔操作空间小、周围脂肪多及相对缺乏解剖标志, 手术器械易相互干扰, 因此对技术要求更高, 在某些情况下会中转开放手术.     

后腹腔镜肾癌根治术中保留肾上腺处置策略的研究

目的:复习后腹腔镜下肾及肾上腺关系的应用解剖,探讨后腹腔镜肾癌根治术中保留肾上腺的处置策略。方法:2009年6月至2012年4月收治105例局限性肾癌患者,其中左侧48例,右侧57例;肿瘤最大径1.5～7.5 cm,平均4.3 cm。均根据以下策略保留肾上腺:(1)经后腹腔途径处理肾蒂血管后,于肾门区域内侧、肾上腺下方游离至肾前筋膜内侧,抬高肾上极,使其具有一定张力,于肾脏后上方游离肾上腺底部,至肾上极内上方,使两者分离;(2)进一步向肾脏上极内侧游离至肾前筋膜内侧,使肾上腺与肾周脂肪完全脱离。结果:105例手术均获成功,无一例中转开放手术。手术时间31～80 min,平均43 min;出血量10～150 ml,平均30 ml;术后3～7 d出院。术中3例发生肾上腺外侧支稍撕裂。结论:根据后腹腔镜下肾及肾上腺的解剖特点,此处置策略使手术操作更加直接,暴露良好,受肾上极弧度及肾周脂肪干扰小;分离肾上腺后稍加推进,即可使肾上腺与肾周脂肪完全脱离,使肾上极的游离更加简便、省时,撕裂肾上腺的几率降低。     

利用常规器械经后腹腔单孔腹腔镜-内镜解剖性肾上腺切除术:首次经验及短期随访结果

目的:报道世界上首次利用常规器械行经后腹腔单孔腹腔镜-内镜解剖性肾上腺切除术的经验及短期随访结果. 材料及方法:2009年6月至2010年4月,共25例患者接受了经后腹腔单孔腹腔镜-内镜解剖性肾上腺切除术.首先在12肋缘下做一2.5～3 cm横行皮肤切口,放入三通道单孔腹腔镜穿刺器,手术器械包括5 mm 30°腹腔镜和另外两个常规腹腔镜器械.剪开Gerota's筋膜,在肾脏上内方肾周脂肪和肾前筋膜之间寻找第一个解剖平面,在手术的第一阶段首先确定肾上腺位置.     

腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿外科疾病46例报告

目的 :探讨腹腔镜技术治疗泌尿外科疾病的方法。方法 :应用腹腔镜技术对 2 1例精索静脉曲张及 12例肾囊肿行经腹入路手术 ,9例肾囊肿及 3例肾上腺疾病 ,1例左肾萎缩伴结石行经后腹膜腔入路手术。结果 :4 6例中 4 5例完成腹腔镜手术 ,左肾萎缩伴结石 1例因肾蒂解剖困难而中转手术 ,双侧肾上腺囊肿 4例及合并胆囊结石 2例均同时完成腹腔镜手术 ,无并发症发生。结论 :精索静脉曲张及部分肾囊肿 ,尤其囊肿在肾脏外侧缘向腹侧凸出者选择经腹入路腹腔镜手术较易完成 ,经后腹膜腔入路与泌尿外科手术入路相同 ,对腹腔干扰少 ,适于肾及肾上腺疾病的腹腔镜手术 ,经此路径 ,术野空间较小 ,需要足够的耐心和细心     

层面解剖技术在腹腔镜肾上腺手术中的应用技巧

目的总结层面解剖技术在腹腔镜肾上腺切除术中的应用体会。方法应用层面解剖技术对56例肾上腺疾病患者进行腹腔镜下手术切除。其中22例实施经腹腔途径腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术,34例实施经后腹腔途径腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术。观察、分析手术的效果及安全性。结果 56例患者均顺利完成手术,无中转开放手术。手术路径明确,手术创面干净,无出血或少量出血,解剖层面清晰。经腹腔途径术后未发生并发症,经腹膜后途径术后2例血淀粉酶轻度升高,考虑为术中胰尾部轻度损伤所致,经保守治疗痊愈。2例腹膜后感染病例,给予抗感染治疗及充分引流后恢复。结论应用层面解剖技术实施腹腔镜肾上腺手术,能够快速、准确确定手术路径,手术创面清洁,基本没有出血,手术目标及路径周边结构清晰,从而确保精准操作,最大程度减少副损伤和并发症,手术安全性高。     

腹腔镜经腹膜后解剖性肾上腺(腺瘤)切除术的体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜经腹膜后解剖性肾上腺(腺瘤)切除术的手术方法及临床效果。方法:为48例患者按既定手术步骤施行解剖性肾上腺(腺瘤)切除术。制备腹膜后腔操作空间后,先将肾上极腹膜外脂肪向下推至髂窝,然后避开腹膜返折纵行切开肾后筋膜外层,进入肾周筋膜固有间隙,扩大腹膜后腔,并在此间隙快速找到肾上腺,根据术前诊断及术中情况选择行肾上腺或腺瘤切除术。结果:48例手术均获成功,术中出血少,均未输血,无严重并发症发生。术后住院4～8 d,平均5.2 d。结论:腹腔镜经腹膜后解剖性肾上腺(腺瘤)切除术步骤明确,解剖层次清晰,疗效确切,为肾上腺疾病的微创外科治疗提供了更安全的选择。     

经腹和经腹膜后肾周脂肪外平面入路肾上腺切除术的比较

目的探讨肾周脂肪外平面入路肾上腺切除术的手术技巧及临床效果。 方法回顾分析2018年1月至2018年12月中山大学附属第三医院及南方科技大学医院双中心多治疗组经治的肾上腺肿瘤切除患者136例。其中经腹腔肾周脂肪外平面入路97例,经腹膜后平面入路39例,比较患者术中及术后情况。 结果136例均手术成功,经腹腔肾周脂肪外平面入路的平均手术时间（47±13）min,术中平均出血量（32±9）ml;经后腹腔肾周脂肪外途径平均手术时间（66±19）min,术中平均出血量（35±11）ml。3例中转开放,术中输血1例,术后高血压危象1例。经腹组在手术时间、出血量控制控制等方面优于后腹腔组。在较大直径的肾上腺肿瘤及肥胖患者人群中经腹组也具有优势。手术并发症及术后恢复方面两组间差异无统计学意义。 结论经腹和经腹膜后的肾周脂肪外层面入路行腹腔镜肾上腺切除术均可达到安全、满意的疗效。     

解剖程序化后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术140例报告

根治性肾切除术是局限性肾癌的标准治疗方法,随着腹腔镜手术操作技巧、经验的不断提高,腹腔镜手术已经逐步替代开放手术成为新的标准术式.腹腔镜下根治性肾切除手术路径主要包括经腹和腹膜后两种,后腹腔镜入路不干扰腹腔,可避免脏器粘连和肿瘤在腹腔内种植,并且相对容易控制肾蒂血管.但后腹腔空间狭小,缺乏解剖标志,手术经验不足或可引起严重的手术并发症[1],解剖程序化后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术能够弥补腹膜后路径的不足,并最大限度地减少手术并发症.     

后腹腔镜解剖学肾上腺肿瘤切除术的体会

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨经后腹腔镜解剖性肾上腺肿瘤切除术的手术方法和临床疗效。方法〓回顾性分析2010~2013年住院手术治疗的38例肾上腺肿瘤患者的临床资料,按既定的手术步骤施行后腹腔镜解剖性肾上腺肿瘤切除术,对临床资料、影像资料和手术录像等进行分析。结果〓38例手术均获成功,手术时间42~110 min(66±20.1),术中出血少,术后住院3~10 d,平均6.6 d。术后无严重并发症发生。术后随访6个月~2年未发现复发病例。结论〓后腹腔镜解剖性肾上腺瘤切除术,解剖层次清晰,手术操作较易掌握,疗效确切。     

Anatomic landmarks and time management during retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Retroperitoneoscopy has not been widely considered the preferred approach to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for cancer, in part because the retroperitoneal anatomic landmarks have not been well defined. The aim of this study is to provide prospective, objective data on retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy with regard to anatomic landmarks and time management of the sequential operative steps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A uniform database was devised to record predetermined intraoperative parameters prospectively in 18 consecutive retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomies. RESULTS: A three- or four-port technique was employed to perform 10 left and 8 right retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomies. Initial balloon dilation was routinely performed outside of and posterior to Gerota's fascia. The anatomic landmarks visible immediately on initial insertion of the laparoscope were: psoas muscle in 18 cases (100%), Gerota's fascia in 18 (100%), peritoneal reflection in 15 (83%), ureter and/or gonadal vein in 11 (61%), and renal artery pulsations in 10 (56%). Aortic pulsations were seen in 9 of 10 left (90%) and the inferior vena cava in 2 of 8 right (25%) radical nephrectomies. The mean surgical time was 203 +/- 52.9 minutes (range 105-290 minutes). The sequential operative steps and their individual time breakdowns were: port placement 12 +/- 3.9 minutes, hilar dissection 63 +/- 29.1 minutes, adrenal mobilization 49 +/- 12.1 minutes, specimen mobilization 19 +/- 20.8 minutes, and specimen entrapment and exit 23 +/- 18.2 minutes. When the initial balloon dilation resulted in visibility of four or more anatomic landmarks, the hilar dissection time was significantly shorter (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Proper development of the retroperitoneal space and identification of adequate anatomic landmarks is important during retroperitoneoscopy. This timed analysis of the sequential operative steps of retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy has served as an important self-assessment tool for us in improving our surgical technique. As a result, our surgical time for retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy has decreased from the earlier 4- to 5-hour range to the current 2- to 3-hour range.     

Transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: outline of the preoperative management, surgical approach, and outcome

The laparoscopic approach to the adrenal gland has evolved to be the gold standard for most cases of adrenal conditions requiring surgical treatment. There is general consent about the safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of laparoscopic adrenal surgery. Compared to the open surgery, significant advantages with regard to shorter hospitalization time, decreased postoperative morbidity, improved cosmetics, and quicker convalescence are evident. The anatomic location of the adrenal gland led to the development of various approaches, including lateral transperitoneal, anterior transperitoneal, lateral retroperitoneal, posterior retroperitoneal, and even transthoracic approaches. The lateral transperitoneal approach is the technique most frequently used for laparoscopic adrenalectomy. A large operative field provides good orientation and visualization of familiar landmarks known from open surgery. In particular in the early learning curve this represents an advantage of the transperitoneal laparoscopic approach. This article describes in detail the indications, contraindications, preoperative evaluation, surgical technique, management of intraoperative complications, and outcome after lateral transperitoneal adrenalectomy.     

Adrenalectomy using natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES): A transvaginal retroperitoneal approach

Background  Endoscopic adrenalectomy currently is performed using either a retroperitoneal or transperitoneal approach. The retroperitoneal approach is ideal for patients with small lesions who have undergone previous intraabdominal surgery. This study aimed to explore transvaginal retroperitoneal right and left adrenalectomies in porcine and cadaver models. Methods  Right and left adrenalectomies were performed for two female pigs. With the pig supine under general anaesthesia, the retroperitoneal space was entered with a double-channel endoscope (Storz) through a posterior colpotomy. A retroperitoneal tunnel was fashioned using blunt dissection with the assistance of low carbon dioxide insufflation up to the inferior pole of the kidney. Dissection of the upper renal pole allowed access to the adrenal gland. Using blunt dissection, a plane was created between the aorta on the left and the adrenal gland and inferior vena cava on the right. The left main middle vascular pedicle was identified and taken between clips, whereas an endoloop was used on the right side. The specimen was retrieved intact with a polypectomy snare. The same access then was reproduced with two female cadavers. Results  Transvaginal retroperitoneal adrenalectomies were successfully accomplished with a transvaginal approach using natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). The operative time was 70 min, and there was no injury to the retroperitoneal structures. The access was effectively reproduced in the cadaver model, with prompt identification of the retroperitoneal anatomic landmarks. Conclusion  Transvaginal retroperitoneal NOTES adrenalectomy is feasible in the porcine model. It reaches the adrenal proper anatomic plane with no need for dissection or retraction of the surrounding organs. This technique might be especially valuable for patients with multiple previous abdominal operations and obese patients in that allows direct access to the adrenal gland and minimizes the cardiovascular and pulmonary risk related to carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Although the operation was successfully validated with cadavers, further experiments and better tools are needed before NOTES transvaginal retroperitoneal access is considered for humans. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Advanced image-guided skull base surgery

BACKGROUND

Tumors of the skull base frequently encase or extend into normal neural and vascular structures. Preoperative planning and intraoperative identification of anatomic landmarks is especially important in complex tumors since it helps avoid or minimize surgical morbidity.

METHODS

By creating a surgical plan the image guidance software offers help in the establishment of a surgical approach. During surgery, the neuronavigation system displays the location of anatomic landmarks of the skull base regardless of any erosion or displacement.

RESULTS

A series of 10 patients with complex tumors in various skull base locations is reported. Osseous structures are easily identified using the CT-based image guidance since these landmarks do not shift due to CSF loss. Image fusion of CT and MRI data gives additional information on the displacement of soft tissue structures. Image fusion in a substraction mode is helpful when a tumor has invaded bony structures or when the encasement of major vessels has to be visualized.

CONCLUSION

The preoperative data preparation (planning of the approach, image fusion) plays a vital role in modern neuronavigation and contributes useful information during surgery for complex skull base tumors. Such advanced neuronavigation increases the efficacy and safety of intraoperative maneuvers. Eroded and distorted anatomic landmarks are not subject to a significant amount of intraoperative shift throughout the surgical procedure.     

Pelvic emergency clamps: anatomic landmarks for a safe primary application

The application of the pelvic clamp as a tool for emergency stabilization of unstable pelvic ring fractures has proved to be a life-saving procedure. Using correct technique, the pelvic clamp can be applied within a few minutes after the patient's admission. To avoid severe complications (eg, pin perforation into the pelvis) during the application, anatomic landmarks for the correct pin placement have to be defined. The surface landmarks that are presently recommended for the correct pin placement are not always reliably found due to deformation of the body surface caused by swelling and hematoma. Our experience with 43 emergency applications of the pelvic C-clamp showed that reliable anatomic landmarks on the bony surface of the innominate bone could be identified to ensure correct pin placement. The ideal insertion point of the pins is an anatomic region on the lateral cortex of the ileum, where an easily palpable "groove" is formed by angulations of the lateral cortex of the iliac wing. Being increasingly used as an entry point for percutaneous transiliosacral screw fixations of sacroiliac joint injuries and sacral fractures, this region, which is close to the sacroiliac joint, represents an ideal point for maximum compression of the posterior pelvic ring. With the described technique, this "groove" can be identified easily even in emergency situations by blunt palpation with an instrument, avoiding the time-consuming use of a fluoroscope in most cases.     

The endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal approach to the sellar and suprasellar area. Anatomic study

AIM: The microscopic trans-sphenoidal approach has been the treatment of choice of different sellar lesions over the last thirty years. However, due to several advantages brought by the endoscope, which provides a panoramic and close up view of all the anatomic landmarks either in the sphenoid sinus and in the sellar region, an increasing interest for the trans-sphenoidal approach to the sellar and suprasellar region is being noticed in the recent past years. Since the endoscopic approach drives the surgeon through a corridor whose walls were previously hidden by the nasal speculum, the precise knowledge of the endoscopic anatomy and the anatomical landmarks of the surgical approach are essential to better explore the mentioned advantages. METHODS: The endoscopic endonasal approach to the sellar region was performed in 40 adult fresh cadavers, with the aim of describing the anatomical landmarks for a safe realization of the surgical approach. RESULTS: The anatomic features and the variations of the sphenoid ostia, sphenoid sinus and septae, sella turcica, optic and carotid protuberances and their relationships have been described, as well as supra and parasellar neurovascular structures. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal approach provides a straight approach to the sellar region, where it offers a multiangled and close-up view of all the relevant neurovascular structures.     

Anatomy Relationship around Internal Carotid Artery in the Endoscopic Surgery of Nasopharynx: A Study Based on Computed Tomography Angiography

Objective Anatomic knowledge is needed to avoid injury to internal carotid artery (ICA) during the endoscopic surgery around nasopharynx and its surrounding space. Design We prospectively studied the computed tomography angiography (CTA) data of 28 patients with image processing software. Special attention was given to ICA and various landmarks around nasopharynx. Results The anatomic relationship between ICA and different landmarks around nasopharynx was clearly presented in three-dimension. The fossa of Rosenmuller is the nearest point of the nasopharyngeal cavity to ICA. The opening of the Vidian canal in the middle cranial fossa could be either above, below, or at the level of the horizontal segment of petrous ICA. The pharyngeal trunk of the ascending pharyngeal artery can also be clearly identified in most reconstructed CTA images. Multiple anatomic relationships were also quantified. Conclusions Reconstructed CTA can provide key anatomic information for a safe and accurate endoscopic dissection around nasopharynx.     

Laparoscopic pyeloplasty: status and review of literature

The ideal treatment for ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction should have the highest success rate, enable treatment of all types of obstruction, allow removal coexisting renal stones, and be minimally invasive. Open pyeloplasty offers all these features except the last (minimal invasiveness), whereas endourology techniques guarantee only the last one. Different techniques of pyeloplasty can be applied laparoscopically, although the best results are seen with dismembered pyeloplasty (Anderson-Hynes technique). Various methods of tissue approximation have been devised to avoid the difficult-to-master, time-consuming conventional suturing technique. Laparoscopic (antegrade) stenting is preferred by some surgeons, but we consider retrograde stenting is superior, as this rules out the presence of associated distal-ureteral obstruction. The transperitoneal approach has the advantages of a larger working space and readily identifiable anatomic landmarks. However, access to the renal pelvis requires considerable mobilization and retraction of the overlying loops of bowel. The retroperitoneal approach has the perceived disadvantage of a somewhat limited working space and absence of readily identifiable intra-abdominal anatomic structures such as the liver and spleen. However, the retroperitoneal approach has the advantage of greater familiarity, better detection of crossing vessels, direct and rapid access to the UPJ, and less risk of ileus. The robot-assisted technique has made suturing easier and may allow expansion of advanced laparoscopic procedures to surgeons without expertise in advanced laparoscopic surgery. The optimal length of follow-up after pyeloplasty is still unclear. Although most failures occur within the first 2 years, failures continue to appear after 5 and 10 years.     

Taking the side of transperitoneal access for surgery in upper urinary tract

Laparoscopic surgery has become a preferred treatment option for the management of upper urinary tract pathology. Large series of complex urologic operations have been published, with favorable outcomes. Although the early experience with urologic laparoscopy consisted almost exclusively of transperitoneal procedures, some surgeons prefer the retroperitoneal approach. The debate of retroperitoneal versus transperitoneal laparoscopy for upper tract pathology is complex because comparative and randomized studies are lacking. In contrast to the retroperitoneal approach, transperitoneal laparoscopic procedures allow for a larger working space, adequate maneuverability, and the presence of familiar anatomic landmarks. This article highlights our experiences and approaches to major laparoscopic upper urinary tract surgery for benign and malignant conditions. A summary of the published literature as it pertains to the transperitoneal approach also is presented.