经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的：探讨椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的早期临床效果。方法：对18例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折病人的20个椎体，经皮椎弓根向椎体内穿针并注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）。结果：18例病人平均每个椎体注入骨水泥6．5ml，X线检查骨水泥充盈良好，骨折复位满意。术后12h至3d，疼痛明显减轻或消失，应用视觉模拟评分法测试疼痛缓解81％，术中术后无明显并发症出现。对16例病人随访3－6个月，疼痛未复发，椎体形态未见改变。结论：经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折，能够迅速缓解疼痛，增加椎体的稳定性，是安全有效的微创技术。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床效果。方法 对20例老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折病人的27个椎体，经皮经椎弓根向椎体内穿刺并注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲醇(PMMA)，测量并计算术前和术后椎体前／后缘高度比值。结果 20例病人平均每个椎体注入量为5．8ml，经x线检查骨水泥充盈良好。术后4—6h疼痛开始缓解，无显危害性并发症发生。术前和术后椎体前／后缘高度比值无显性差异。对19例病人随访3-8个月，疗效评价按WHO标准CR PR率为100％。结论 经皮椎体成形术是一种有效的微创治疗技术。能迅速缓解老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折所致的疼痛，加固椎体。增强脊柱稳定性。     

经皮椎体强化成形术在椎体病理骨折治疗中的应用

目的利用经皮穿刺椎体强化成形术治疗椎体肿瘤及骨质疏松性所致椎体压缩骨折引起的脊柱不稳及疼痛.方法在C臂X光机监视下定位,采取空芯穿刺针导入管注入调配好比例的骨水泥强化椎体.结果 1 例C3椎体转移瘤、病理骨折、畸形、颈椎活动受限者,术后第1天颈痛消失,25 例39个椎体骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折,22 例注射后疼痛即刻缓解,1～6个月后复查无疼痛,1 例出现椎管内渗漏致截瘫.结论经皮穿刺椎体强化成形术是治疗椎体肿瘤、骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折引起脊柱不稳缓解疼痛症状的有效方法之一,但骨水泥向椎管内外渗漏是其严重并发症,值得进一步探索.     

经皮椎体强化成形术在治疗中的应用

目的利用经皮穿刺椎体强化成形术治疗椎体肿瘤及骨质疏松性所致椎体压缩骨折引起的脊柱不稳及疼痛。方法在C臂X光机监视下定位，采取空芯穿刺针导入管注入调配好比例的骨水泥强化椎体。结果1例C3椎体转移瘤、病理骨折、畸形、颈椎活动受限者，术后第1天颈痛消失，25例39个椎体骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折，22例注射后疼痛即刻缓解，1～6个月后复查无疼痛，1例出现椎管内渗漏致截瘫。结论经皮穿刺椎体强化成形术是治疗椎体肿瘤、骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折引起脊柱不稳缓解疼痛症状的有效方法之一，但骨水泥向椎管内外渗漏是其严重并发症，值得进一步探索。     

椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的探讨单球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩骨折的临床疗效。方法采用单球囊双侧扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩骨折8例17椎,均为新鲜骨折,腰背部疼痛剧烈,无神经症状及体征。术前CT显示椎体后壁均完整。MRI显示骨折椎体在T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号。在X线C形臂透视下,采用经皮经椎弓根穿刺,在伤椎内先后植入同一枚球囊,扩张使椎体复位后,将含钡骨水泥注入椎体扩张所形成的空腔内。结果所有患者术后疼痛均明显缓解或消失。平均椎体前缘高度恢复50·2%±12·1%。平均灌注骨水泥5·8mL(4·5~7·6mL),1例椎体前缘发生骨水泥渗漏,未引起临床症状。所有患者均获得随访,随访时间6~48个月,平均14·5个月,未发现与手术有关的并发症出现。结论单球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩骨折可以有效缓解疼痛,恢复椎体高度,疗效满意。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折

目的经皮椎体成形术(PercutaneousVertebroplastyPVP)治疗骨质疏松脊柱骨折的疗效和探讨。方法自2004年2月-2005年2月采用经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折(os-teoporoticvertebralcompressionfractures,OVCF)10例13椎,均为后壁完整的持续疼痛性脊柱压缩骨折。手术过程为经双侧椎弓根穿刺后,以专用注入系统注入骨水泥强化椎体。观察术后症状改善情况。结果10例患者手术均顺利完成,在术后24小时内疼痛明显缓解,所有病例均未出现骨水泥渗漏及并发症。结论经皮椎体成形术作为治疗骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折的新型微创技术,能迅速缓解疼痛,改善脊柱功能。     

弯角椎体成形术在陈旧性骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折中的应用

目的探讨弯角椎体成形术治疗陈旧性骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2018-02—2019-06采用弯角椎体成形术治疗的21例陈旧性骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,比较术前与末次随访时疼痛VAS评分及ODI指数。结果 21例均顺利完成手术,术中未出现血管、神经损伤并发症。手术时间平均27.5(20.0～38.0)min,术中透视次数为17次,骨水泥注入量平均5.3(4.5～5.8)mL。随访时间平均6(5～7)个月。术后出现2例骨水泥渗漏。骨水泥双侧分布:Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级12例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例。末次随访时疼痛VAS评分、ODI指数较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论弯角椎体成形术治疗陈旧性骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折可获得满意的双侧骨水泥分布,术后缓解疼痛、改善功能疗效显著。     

椎体后凸成形术后疼痛的原因分析

目的探讨椎体后凸成形术治疗椎体压缩骨折术后疼痛的原因。方法 8例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折行椎体后凸成形术后仍然疼痛原因:2例出现骨水泥渗漏;3例术中出现椎弓根骨折;2例随访中出现邻近节段骨折;1例术后检查发现转移性病理骨折。骨水泥渗漏和椎弓根骨折患者给予镇痛和卧床休息及继续抗骨质疏松治疗,2例邻近节段骨折再次行椎体后凸成形术,1例转移性病理骨折进行放化疗。结果 8例随访3～12个月,平均7个月,7例骨质疏松性骨折治疗前VAS(3.5±1.5)分,治疗后VAS(1.2±0.5)分;1例病理性骨折治疗前VAS评分为4分,随访时VAS为1.3分。结论椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折术后疼痛原因包括骨水泥渗漏、椎弓根骨折、邻近节段骨折等,应对术后疼痛进行个体化处理。     

单侧椎弓根入路椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨单侧椎弓根入路椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床疗效.方法 对老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折34例（46个椎体）,采用经单侧椎弓根入路椎体后凸成形术治疗.结果 每个椎体手术时间平均38 min,出血量平均35 ml,注入骨水泥平均4.2ml.骨水泥渗漏率17.4％.术后24 h内疼痛症状消失25例,明显缓解9例.结论 单椎弓根入路椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,操作简单,手术风险小,术后镇痛效果肯定,远期椎体恢复良好,特别适合中度压缩、多节段骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折.     

经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折50例临床分析

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术(Percutaneous Vertebroplas-ty,PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床应用。方法 X线透视下经皮椎体成形术治疗50例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,共62个椎体。结果术后1～2d疼痛消失23例,明显减轻20例,部分减轻7例;5例出现椎体两侧骨水泥渗漏,3例椎间盘内渗漏,无骨水泥进入椎管及椎间孔处,无神经根脊髓损伤;手术后随访1～9月,平均6月,患者均恢复伤前生活,原伤椎疼痛均缓解或明显减轻,伤椎高度平均恢复约10%,高度无明显丢失,2例出现相邻椎体骨折。结论经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,手术创伤小,术后恢复快,效果明显,卧床时间短,疗效佳。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.