伴三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折的治疗

[目的]分析治疗伴三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折的手术方法及临床意义.[方法]2002年1月-2007年12月对18例伴三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折患者行腓骨内同定,后踝固定或未固定,三角韧带修复术,未固定下胫腓联合.术后随访6～36个月.平均20.2个月.[结果]用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效,优8例,良8例,可2例.未见关节不稳及创伤性关节炎等并发症.[结论]踝关节骨折伴三角韧带完全断裂时,往往同时合并下胫腓联合分离,固定腓骨,修复三角韧带,就能够恢复踝关节的正常生物力学环境和稳定性,这时即使不固定下胫腓联合,也可以获得下胫腓联合的稳定.固定腓骨和下胫腓联合,而不修复三角韧带,虽然仍能恢复踝关节的稳定性,但三角韧带会愈合不佳、韧带松弛及功能不良,最终仍会导致创伤性踝关节炎.     

胫腓下联合分离伴踝部骨折的治疗

目的探讨踝关节损伤时胫腓下联合分离的机制及胫腓下联合固定的利弊.方法伴胫腓下联合分离的踝关节损伤共31 例,其中19 例未行胫腓下联合分离固定,10 例用螺针固定胫腓下联合,2 例用下胫腓钩固定.内踝骨折以螺钉或张力带钢丝固定.外踝以螺钉或钢板固定,后踝用松质骨螺钉加压固定.结果胫腓下联合固定患者中2 例松动,2 例术后1～2 a取出固定螺钉,其余10 例均6～12周取出胫腓下联合固定螺钉.未发生胫腓下联合螺钉断裂.内外踝及后踝骨折内固定于6～29个月取出.未行胫腓下联合分离固定的病例均未出现胫腓下联合分离.结论胫腓下联合的稳定性不仅仅取决于胫腓下联合本身,胫腓下联合韧带损伤时,只有同时伴有踝关节内侧骨韧带复合体损伤,才会出现临床上的胫腓下联合分离,因此踝关节骨折脱位时,只要内外踝或后踝解剖复位,固定牢固,胫腓下联合分离即可自动复位,一般不必做胫腓下联合的固定.     

锚钉治疗内侧三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折脱位

目的分析利用锚钉治疗内侧三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折脱位的手术方法及临床意义。方法对2007年1月至2011年8月收治的18例伴有三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折脱位患者进行手术治疗，进行腓骨内固定，同时利用锚钉进行内侧副韧带修复15例．内踝钻孔可吸收线拉出固定3例；胫腓联合固定5例；后踝骨块超过1／4关节面的可予固定，其中固定3例。术后随访6．41个月，平均15．2个月。结果按刘云鹏等评定标准评价结果，优良16例，可2例，未见关节不稳及创伤性关节炎等并发症。结论踝关节骨折伴三三角韧带完全断裂时，往往同时合并下胫腓联合分离，固定腓骨，锚钉修复三角韧带，操作简便，固定坚强，能够直接恢复踝关节的正常生物力学环境和稳定性，获得下胫腓联合的稳定。     

内固定和韧带修复治疗踝关节骨折伴下胫腓联合分离

目的探讨切开复位内固定和韧带修复治疗踝关节骨折伴下胫腓联合分离的疗效。方法对20例踝关节骨折伴下胫腓联合分离患者采用踝关节骨折切开复位内固定和修复下胫腓联合前后韧带治疗。结果患者均获得随访,时间6~12个月。术后切口均一期愈合,无感染、断钉、胫腓联合再分离等并发症发生。骨折均愈合,时间为6~8周。末次随访按AOFAS踝-后足评分评定疗效:优13例,良4例,可3例。结论对于踝关节骨折伴下胫腓联合分离,切开复位内固定骨折的同时修补下胫腓联合韧带,可最大程度恢复踝关节稳定结构且不失微动,又减少了下胫腓螺钉的应用,疗效明显。     

胫腓下联合分离伴踝部骨折的治疗

目的：探讨踝关节损伤时胫腓下联合分离的机制及胫腓下联合固定的利弊。方法：伴胫腓下联合分离的踝天节损伤共31例，其中19例未行胫腓下联合分离固定，10例用螺钉困定胫腓下联合，2例用下胫腓钩固定。内踝骨折以螺钉或张力带钢丝固定。外踝以螺钉或钢板固定，后踝用松质骨螺钉加压固定。结果：胫腓下联合固定患者中2例松动，2例术后1～2年取出固定螺钉，其余10例均6～12周取出胫腓下联合固定螺钉。未发生胫腓下联合螺钉断裂。内外踝及后踝骨折内固定于6～29个月取出。未行胫腓下联合分离固定的病例均未出现胫腓下联合分离。结论：胫腓下联合的稳定性不仅仅取决于胫腓下联合本身，胫腓下联合韧带损伤时，只有同时伴有踝关节内侧骨韧带复合体损伤，才会出现临床上的胫腓下联合分离，因此踝关节骨折脱位时，只要内外踝或后踝解剖复位，固定，牢固，胫腓下联合分离即可自动复位，一般不必做胫腓下联合的固定。     

全层修复三角韧带与下胫腓联合内固定治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折

目的探讨全层修复三角韧带联合下胫腓联合螺钉固定治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-03—2018-03手术治疗的31例Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折,先取仰卧位内侧入路探查三角韧带并评估损伤程度,在三角韧带深层止点预置锚钉,再取侧卧位后外侧入路复位腓骨、后踝固定或不固定,再取仰卧位前外侧小切口探查清理下胫腓联合并行下胫腓联合螺钉固定,最后依次修复三角韧带深层、浅层。结果 31例均获得随访,随访时间平均31(18~48)个月。骨折完全愈合时间为12~48周,无骨折延迟愈合、下胫腓螺钉断裂发生。末次随访时踝-后足AOFAS评分平均91(72~97)分,优27例,良3例,可1例。结论全层修复三角韧带联合下胫腓联合螺钉内固定治疗合并下胫腓联合及三角韧带损伤的Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折可降低踝关节复位不良发生率,恢复踝关节稳定性,有利于患者进行早期功能锻练,达到快速康复的目的。     

旋前型踝关节骨折、脱位的手术治疗

目的：探讨旋前型踝关节骨折，脱位的手术方法及疗效。方法：本组63例采用切开复位和坚固内固定，修复三角韧带，恢复踝关节内外侧结构的稳定性。下胫腓联合分离仍不稳定者，给予皮质骨螺钉横向固定，后踝骨折块超过关节面25％者给予整复螺钉内固定，结果：随访4个月－5年。按齐氏疗效评定标准：优良53例，可7例，差3例，优良率84％，结论；强调骨折切开解剖复位，坚强内固定的同时，应充分重视修复三角韧带，下胫腓前韧带，以及恢复下胫腓联合的稳定。     

下胫腓联合损伤的诊断及治疗进展

下胫腓联合损伤是一种常见的踝部损伤,通常发生在旋前-外旋和旋前-外展型踝关节骨折脱位,少部分发生在旋后-外旋型踝关节骨折脱位,也可能单独发生不伴有骨折脱位。按其损伤程度分为3型:Ⅰ型为单纯扭伤无下胫腓分离,Ⅱ型为潜在性分离,Ⅲ型为明显的分离。对于不伴有骨折和内侧结构损伤,没有造成下胫腓分离的韧带扭伤,即下胫腓联合稳定可采用保守治疗。对于伴有骨折和内侧结构损伤,下胫腓联合不稳定的病例应积极手术治疗。下胫腓联合可采用螺钉、下胫腓钩、钩板或缝扣固定,以防踝关节不稳定造成疼痛和创伤性关节炎。     

三角韧带损伤的手术治疗

[目的]探讨踝关节三角韧带损伤的手术治疗及效果。[方法]2002年4月-2005年4月治疗伴有三角韧带损伤的踝关节骨折40例，均采用切开复位和坚强内固定，并修复重建三角韧带，恢复踝关节内外侧结构的稳定性。下胫腓联合分离仍不稳定者，给予皮质骨螺钉横向内固定。[结果]全部病例得到16个月-3a随访，平均1．5a。按齐氏疗效评定标准：优良30例，可8例，差2例，优良率75％。[结论]强调踝关节骨折切开解剖复位，坚强内固定的同时，应充分重视修复重建三角韧带。     

三踝骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨三踝骨折的手术方法,以便提高临床长期疗效。方法自2006年1月至2009年12月,手术治疗三踝骨折42例。A0分型为C型,手术采用后外、下胫腓关节-内踝的固定顺序,固定外踝前均探查修复三角韧带,负重行走前取出固定下胫腓关节的螺钉。结果本组均获得随访,随访9-18个月,平均13个月。骨折全部愈合,无感染、内固定松动断裂,根据临床检查及主诉,参照Leeds的判断标准评定,优35例（83．33％）,良5例（11．90％）,差2例（4．77％）,优良率为95．23％。讨论三踝骨折的手术治疗方式强调按后-外、下胫腓关节-内踝的固定顺序,三角韧带的修复,可提高踝关节的稳定性,防止创伤性关节炎的发生。     

Ankle syndesmotic injury

Ankle syndesmotic injury does not necessarily lead to ankle instability; however, the coexistence of deltoid ligament injury critically destabilizes the ankle joint. Syndesmotic injury may occur in isolation or may be associated with ankle fracture. In the absence of fracture, physical examination findings suggestive of injury include ankle tenderness over the anterior aspect of the syndesmosis and a positive squeeze or external rotation test. Radiographic findings usually include increased tibiofibular clear space decreased tibiofibular overlap, and increased medial clear space. However, syndesmotic injury may not be apparent radiographically; thus, routine stress testing is necessary for detecting syndesmotic instability. The goals of management are to restore and maintain the normal tibiofibular relationship to allow for healing of the ligamentous structures of the syndesmosis. Fixation of the syndesmosis is indicated when evidence of a diastasis is present. This may be detected preoperatively, in the absence of fracture, or intraoperatively, after rigid fixation of the medial malleolus and fibula fractures. Failure to diagnose and stabilize syndesmotic disruption adversely affects outcome.     

Displaced Salter-Harris Type I Distal Fibula Fractures: Two Case Reports and a Review of the Literature

Salter-Harris type I (SH-I) fractures of the distal fibula are commonly encountered in pediatric orthopedics. We describe 2 unique cases of adolescents with completely displaced SH-I distal fibula fractures that were treated operatively. In the first case, a closed reduction attempt failed and the patient required open reduction and internal fixation of the distal fibula and syndesmosis. The syndesmotic ligaments were avulsed from the distal fibular metaphysis. In the second case, closed reduction of the distal fibula fracture was partially successful, but anatomic reduction could not be achieved without open reduction. The distal fibula fracture was fixed with an intramedullary screw. We believe this pattern of injury represents a variant of the adolescent transitional ankle fracture. Because the distal tibial physes were nearing complete closure in these patients, the energy propagated through the distal fibular physis. To the best of our knowledge, this combination of injuries has not been previously reported. This type of physeal fracture raises concern for premature physeal closure, fibular growth disturbance, syndesmotic instability, and medial (deltoid ligament) injury. Both patients had excellent outcomes after anatomic reduction and fixation of the displaced SH-I distal fibula fractures at 1 and 6 years of follow up, respectively.     

Maisonneuve骨折诊治的临床特点

 目的 探讨Maisonneuve骨折诊断和治疗的临床特点。
方法 2005年8月至2009年8月,收治23例Maisonneuve骨折患者,男16例,女7例;年龄25~43岁,平均35.3岁;摔倒伤10例,运动相关损伤8例,车祸伤4例,高处坠落伤1例。所有骨折均为闭合性损伤;其中内踝骨折16例,后踝骨折6例,三角韧带撕裂7例;所有患者均有下胫腓联合分离和腓骨上1/4螺旋型骨折。手术采用固定内踝及后踝骨折、修复内侧三角韧带及固定修复下胫腓联合的方法进行治疗。术后采用Baird-Jackson踝关节功能评定标准对患者踝关节功能进行评价。结果23例患者中有9例在入院前发生漏诊,漏诊率为39.13%（9/23）,入院后经详细查体而明确诊断。22例患者获得随访,随访时间为12~25个月,平均16.8个月。术后患者踝关节均无疼痛、压痛及明显肿胀,踝关节活动度与对侧基本相同。术后4~7个月,平均5.3个月X线片示腓骨骨折及踝部骨折均骨性愈合,踝穴正常,腓骨长度恢复,无下胫腓螺钉断裂及创伤性关节炎发生。末次随访Baird-Jackson踝关节功能评分为85~100分,其中优11例、良8例、可3例,优良率为86.4%。22例患者中有19例已经恢复到伤前的活动水平。
结论 Maisonneuve骨折是容易产生漏诊的踝关节损伤,仅注意到受伤的局部情况和缺乏对这种少见骨折的认识是造成漏诊的主要原因;可采用固定内踝及后踝骨折、修复内侧三角韧带及固定下胫腓联合的方法进行治疗。     

Syndesmotic disruption in low fibular fractures associated with deltoid ligament injury

Low fibular fractures that were associated with deltoid ligament disruption and inferior tibiofibular syndesmotic disruption were studied. All of the patients had a Type B Weber fibular fracture associated with a deltoid ligament injury. It was difficult to detect the syndesmosis disruption on the initial assessment of the anteroposterior and mortise radiographs obtained preoperatively because there was no obvious talar shift on the plain radiograph. Careful evaluation of the plain radiograph and determination of all the recommended measurements were necessary to diagnose the syndesmotic disruption. However, the syndesmotic disruption was easily recognizable on axial computed tomography scans when comparing the injured and the noninjured sides. Axial computed tomography scans also showed a shallow incisura fibularis in all patients and in three cases it revealed anterior fibular subluxation that was not appreciated on the plain radiographs obtained preoperatively. On the basis of the current study using the level of the fibular fracture as a guideline for application of the syndesmotic screw as suggested by some authors may not be accurate. There are several factors that should be considered including the depth of the incisura fibularis, posterior malleolus fractures, deltoid ligament injury, and subluxation of the fibula. The surgeon's impression in the operating room of syndesmosis stability should be considered as the best guideline in the application of syndesmosis fixation rather than depending on the level of the fibular fracture.     

胫腓下联合分离的生物力学研究

目的分析踝关节内、外侧结构和胫腓下联合损伤对踝关节稳定性的影响,探讨胫腓下联合固定的指征。方法12具新鲜膝关节以下下肢标本,随机分为a、b两组,分别模拟内踝骨折和三角韧带撕裂的旋前-外旋型踝关节骨折,按该型骨折加重顺序依次切断周围韧带,用压敏片和位移传感器分别测定每次处理后的关节接触面积和胫腓下联合分离距离。分析各操作步骤对关节接触面积、胫腓下联合分离距离的影响。结果a组切断三角韧带、b组切断骨间韧带后,关节接触面积及胫腓下联合分离距离较基线状态均有明显改变,差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01)。关节接触面积和下联合分离距离呈线性回归关系。结论踝关节的稳定性主要由踝关节内、外侧结构和中间的胫腓下联合共同维持,只有当三者中两处以上发生不可逆性损伤时,踝关节的稳定性才会发生根本性改变。因此,胫腓下联合分离时,下联合固定应选择性地使用。     

Comparing Different Surgical Techniques for Addressing the Posterior Malleolus in Supination External Rotation Ankle Fractures and the Need for Syndesmotic Screw Fixation

Trimalleolar ankle fractures are unstable injuries with possible syndesmotic disruption. Recent data have described inherent morbidity associated with screw fixation of the syndesmosis, including the potential for malreduction, hardware irritation, and post-traumatic arthritis. The posterior malleolus is an important soft tissue attachment for the posterior inferior syndesmosis ligament. We hypothesized that fixation of a sizable posterior malleolar (PM) fracture in supination external rotation type IV (SER IV) ankle fractures would act to stabilize the syndesmosis and minimize or eliminate the need for trans-syndesmotic fixation. A retrospective review of trimalleolar ankle fractures surgically treated from October 2006 to April of 2011 was performed. A total of 143 trimalleolar ankle fractures were identified, and 97 were classified as SER IV. Of the 97 patients, 74 (76.3%) had a sizable PM fragment. Syndesmotic fixation was required in 7 of 34 (20%) and 27 of 40 (68%), respectively, when the PM was fixed versus not fixed (p = .0002). When the PM was indirectly reduced using an anterior to posterior screw, 7 of 15 patients (46.7%) required syndesmotic fixation compared with none of 19 patients when the PM fragment was fixated with direct posterior lateral plate fixation (p = .0012). Fixation of the PM fracture in SER IV ankle fractures can restore syndesmotic stability and, thus, lower the rate of syndesmotic fixation. We found that fixation of a sizable PM fragment in SER IV or equivalent injuries through posterolateral plating can eliminate the need for syndesmotic screw fixation.     

Fractures of the fibula proximal to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis.

Study of thirty-six cases of fracture of the fibula at levels proximal to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis established that there are three types, distinguished by the direction of the fracture line, which are produced by different mechanisms: supination-external rotation, pronation-abduction, and pronation-external rotation. Advanced lesions that were seen were severe injuries of the ankle which included rupture of the deltoid ligament or fracture of the medial malleolus and complete diastasis of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis in addition to the fracture of the fibula. Surgical treatment is necessary in most advanced lesions.     

Clinical Study of Ankle Fracture Combined With Deltoid Ligament Injury: Repair or Not? A Retrospective,Comparative Study

This study retrospectively evaluated patients with ankle fracture to compare the prognosis between patients who had primary repair of the superficial deltoid ligament and those who did not. A total of 71 patients with ankle fracture and fracture-dislocation combined with deltoid ligament injury were divided into 2 groups: repair of superficial layer group (33 cases) and nonrepair group (38 cases). For the repair group, patients first underwent open reduction and internal fixation of the lateral malleolus and received a stress test. If the syndesmosis was widened, it would undergo fixation of the syndesmosis with screws. If instability of the ankle joint was observed, patients might further undergo repair of the superficial deltoid ligament. Ultimately, postoperative functions were evaluated using the Philips and Schwartz scale. All patients achieved bony union without significant pain. In the repair group, plantar and dorsi flexions were 2.5 ± 4.2° (range 0 to 10) and 7 ± 7.1° (range 0 to 20) less than the normal side, respectively. In the nonrepair group, the plantar and dorsi flexions were 2.8 ± 4.6° (range 0 to 10) and 6.6 ± 5.9° (range 0 to 20) less than the normal side. Meanwhile, the Philips and Schwartz scores of the repair and nonrepair groups were 92.5 ± 4.4 (range 80 to 100) and 93.4 ± 3.8 (range 85 to 100), respectively. But the difference of prognosis between the 2 groups was not statistically significant. In conclusion, for ankle joint fracture combined with deltoid ligament injury, routinely exploring or repairing the deltoid ligament was not recommended, but repair of the deltoid ligament increased stability of the ankle joint in the early postoperative stage.     

Syndesmotic Stabilization in Pronation External Rotation Ankle Fractures

Boden et al. suggested syndesmosis fixation was not necessary in distal pronation external rotation (PER) ankle fractures if rigid bimalleolar fracture fixation is achieved and was not necessary with deltoid ligament injury if the fibular fracture is no higher than 4.5 cm of the tibiotalar joint. We asked whether height of the fibular fracture with or without medial stability predicted syndesmotic instability as compared with intraoperative hook testing in these fractures. We reviewed 62 patients (35 male, 27 female) with a mean age of 45.6 years (range, 19–80 years). Using a bone hook applied to the distal fibula with lateral force to the distal fibula in the coronal plane, we fluoroscopically assessed the degree of syndesmosis diastasis in all patients. The mean height of the fibular fracture in patients with a positive hook test was higher than in patients with a negative hook test (54.2 mm; standard deviation [SD], 29.3 versus 34.8 mm; SD, 21.4, respectively). The height of the fibular fracture showed a positive predictive value of 0.93 and a negative predictive value of 0.53 in predicting syndesmotic instability; specificity of the criteria of Boden et al. was high (0.96). However, sensitivity was low (0.39) using the hook test as the gold standard. The criteria of Boden et al. may be helpful in planning, but may have some limitations as a predictor of syndesmotic instability in distal PER ankle fractures.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the deltoid ligament in bimalleolar equivalent fractures

BACKGROUND: Lauge-Hansen supination-external rotation Stage IV ankle injuries may simulate a Stage II or Stage III injury radiographically if the medial disruption occurred through the deltoid ligament instead of the medial malleolus, making it difficult to determine whether an operation is indicated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients presented with radiographically isolated lateral malleolar fractures at the syndesmotic level. They were examined with ultrasonography for evaluation of the integrity of the deltoid ligament. Patients in whom ultrasonography showed complete rupture of the deltoid ligament received operative fixation of the ankle fracture, with exploration and repair of the deltoid ligament at the same time. Patients without complete rupture of the deltoid ligament were treated conservatively with a short leg cast for 6 weeks followed by an ankle brace for another 6 weeks. Nine male and six female patients completed the final clinical and radiographic evaluations. RESULTS: Ultrasonography showed complete rupture of the deltoid ligament in six patients. Exploration of the deltoid ligaments confirmed the sonographic findings in all these patients. In the remaining nine patients, the deltoid ligaments were not completely ruptured on ultrasound. These fractures were treated conservatively, and all healed uneventfully. All the 15 patients had good or fair results on the final evaluation. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography is a convenient and accurate diagnostic tool to differentiate unstable bimalleolar-equivalent ankle fractures from an isolated lateral malleolar fracture. Thus, it can be helpful in the decision process for the treatment of choice for different fracture patterns.