三角韧带损伤在旋后一外旋型踝关节骨折治疗中的意义

背景：旋后-外旋型踝关节骨折临床常见,三角韧带是否损伤是判定损伤严重程度与影响预后的重要因素。同时三角韧带是否修补与如何修补一直是大家争论的问题。目的：探讨三角韧带的解剖与组织特性,探讨损伤之后的诊断与治疗方法。方法：新鲜尸体标本10具,将内踝与距骨内侧结节之间的软组织由浅至深逐层解剖,胫后肌腱深层部分送检,HE染色后显微镜观察。记录2007年1月至2008年12月,旋后-外旋踝关节损伤患者40例的临床资料。结果：位于胫后肌腱深层的软组织,无论大体解剖还是显微结构,均分为两层、表面是胫后肌腱腱鞘鞘膜,深层是位于内踝后丘与距骨结节之间的三角韧带,宽10．8±1．5mm,长10．4±1．9mm,厚6．4±0．5mm。40例患者没有内侧切开处理三角韧带,随访终点结果良好。结论：三角韧带损伤临床常见,建议必要的辅助检查,分清内踝前丘、后丘与三角韧带的损伤情况。选择合适的手术方式,恢复踝关节的稳定性与关节面平整。     

旋后-外旋型踝关节骨折中三角韧带断裂的诊断与治疗

旋后-外旋型或Weber B型踝关节骨折存在稳定型和不稳定型骨折。不稳定性骨折通常在腓骨骨折的同时存在内踝的骨折或三角韧带的撕裂。现在的共识是对于不稳定型的踝关节骨折,采取切开复位内固定的方式能达到较好的临床疗效。对于内侧韧带撕裂的诊断有很多研究,但对于评估内侧韧带撕裂的最合适方法仍未达成共识。由于外旋引起的三角韧带断裂的患者数量要远比过去想象中的多。在Lauge-Hansen分型中,根据损伤的机制可以提供可能的韧带损伤的信息。通过X线的表现,运用Lauge-Hansen分型系统在评估三角韧带是否损伤具有重要的价值,但其敏感性和特异性有待考究。体格检查、应力位X线片、MRI、关节镜、B超现在已用于踝关节骨折中内侧副韧带的完整的评估,但是这些方法没有一种是便宜、简便、可靠的。现在临床医师习惯使用重力应力试验进行评估,对于可疑的病例,行关节镜探查是非常有价值的。最新的观点认为单纯腓骨骨折,可仅行腓骨骨折切开复位内固定术,对合并外踝骨折的三角韧带撕裂进行修复是没有意义的,也没有证据证明暴露并修复三角韧带对内踝结构有影响。     

手术治疗踝关节骨折伴三角韧带损伤的疗效观察

目的探讨手术治疗踝关节骨折伴三角韧带损伤的疗效。方法 2010年1月-2013年1月,收治11例踝关节骨折伴三角韧带损伤患者。其中男7例,女4例;年龄18~72岁,平均38.2岁。受伤至手术时间为6 h~7 d,平均4 d。踝关节骨折根据Lauge-Hansen分型标准:旋前-外旋型5例,旋后-外旋型4例,旋前-外展型2例。踝关节彩色多普勒超声及MRI检查证实三角韧带断裂。麻醉后行外翻应力试验、距骨外翻倾斜试验和前抽屉试验均为阳性。踝关节骨折行切开复位内固定,探查并修复三角韧带。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染等手术相关并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间12~18个月,平均13.3个月。X线片复查示,骨折均解剖复位,内固定物位置满意,踝关节各骨对应关系无异常,下胫腓联合关系正常;骨折均愈合,愈合时间6~8周,平均7.6周。术后3~6个月复查踝关节MRI示三角韧带形态正常。按美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)评分:获优6例,良3例,可1例,差1例,优良率81.8%。结论对于踝关节骨折伴三角韧带损伤,切开复位内固定骨折同时修补三角韧带,可最大程度恢复踝关节内侧稳定结构。     

带线锚钉治疗Ⅳ度旋前-外旋踝关节骨折的初步效果

目的 探讨合并三角韧带损伤的重度旋前-外旋踝关节骨折手术方法和治疗效果.方法 2005年7月-2007年4月,采用切开复位内固定,结合带线锚钉修补治疗17例合并三角韧带损伤的旋前-外旋踝关节骨折.男13例,女4例;年龄21～56岁,平均36.5岁.均为闭合性损伤,不伴软组织缺损,关节活动受限.术前X线片及CT检查均可见外踝、后踝骨折,有明显外移的距骨,不伴内踝骨折.根据Lauge-Hansen分型均为旋前.外旋型Ⅳ度损伤,根据Danis-Weber分型均为C型.受伤至手术时间4～7 d,平均5.6 d.结果 术后患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合.17例均获随访,随访时间11～24个月,平均15.6个月.X线片示17例骨折均达骨性愈合,愈合时间11～16周,平均14.8周.按改良Baird-Jackson评分系统评价:优5例,良9例,可2例,差1例,优良率82.4%.无手术相关并发症发生.X线片测得术后内踝间隙为(3.16±0.37)mm,与术前(4.87±0.43)mm比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术后患侧重力应力位下内踝间隙为(3.55±0.44)mm,与健侧(3.47±0.43)mm比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 治疗合并三角韧带损伤的Ⅳ度旋前-外旋踝关节骨折,在骨折切开复位内固定同时应充分重视修复重建内侧韧带结构.     

旋后外旋型Ⅳ度骨折内固定失败原因分析

目的探讨旋后外旋型Ⅳ度骨折内固定失败的原因和对策。方法对90例旋后外型Ⅳ度骨折术后疗效差的14例进行评估,分析。结果旋后外旋型Ⅳ度骨折术后疗效差和内侧三角韧带损伤的处理和外踝骨折复位固定的质量和方法有关。结论对旋后外旋型骨折术前要仔细鉴别分度,术中注意内侧三角韧带的探查修复和外踝的解剖复位和固定,术后要及时拆内固定。     

一期修复三角韧带手术治疗踝关节旋后外旋Ⅳ型骨折的疗效分析

目的：探讨一期修复三角韧带手术治疗伴三角韧带撕裂的踝关节旋后外旋Ⅳ型骨折的临床疗效。方法自2011年1月至2013年2月,根据Lauge-Hansen分型,对19例伴三角韧带撕裂的踝关节旋后外旋Ⅳ型骨折采用骨折切开复位钢板内固定,三角韧带铆钉修复的手术方法进行治疗。末次随访应用Mazur踝关节评分系统,根据愈后疼痛程度、功能及踝关节活动范围对治疗结果进行评估。结果所有患者均获得随访,术后平均随访时间17.3个月(14.0~25.0个月),骨折处均获得骨性愈合,平均愈合时间4.7个月(4.2~6.9个月),踝穴正常,无创伤性关节炎。 Mazur 踝关节评分：优6例,良11例,可2例,优良率为89.5%。结论伴三角韧带撕裂的踝关节旋后外旋Ⅳ型骨折采用骨折切开复位钢板内固定,三角韧带铆钉修复的手术方法,能够获得满意的临床疗效。     

全层修复三角韧带与下胫腓联合内固定治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折

目的探讨全层修复三角韧带联合下胫腓联合螺钉固定治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-03—2018-03手术治疗的31例Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折,先取仰卧位内侧入路探查三角韧带并评估损伤程度,在三角韧带深层止点预置锚钉,再取侧卧位后外侧入路复位腓骨、后踝固定或不固定,再取仰卧位前外侧小切口探查清理下胫腓联合并行下胫腓联合螺钉固定,最后依次修复三角韧带深层、浅层。结果 31例均获得随访,随访时间平均31(18~48)个月。骨折完全愈合时间为12~48周,无骨折延迟愈合、下胫腓螺钉断裂发生。末次随访时踝-后足AOFAS评分平均91(72~97)分,优27例,良3例,可1例。结论全层修复三角韧带联合下胫腓联合螺钉内固定治疗合并下胫腓联合及三角韧带损伤的Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折可降低踝关节复位不良发生率,恢复踝关节稳定性,有利于患者进行早期功能锻练,达到快速康复的目的。     

手术修补旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折三角韧带损伤的临床对照研究

目的:评价手术修补旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折三角韧带损伤的疗效。方法:将52例旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折其中内踝骨质完整的患者按就诊顺序分为三角韧带手术治疗组(治疗组)和术后内翻位石膏固定组(对照组)各23例,均行外踝骨折切开复位钢板螺丝钉内固定,下胫腓关节以螺钉固定8周;治疗组同时行三角韧带修补,对照组术后行内翻位石膏固定治疗;随访11~34个月,按美国足踝外科协会踝与后足功能评分标准评估疗效。结果:52例患者均获随访,治疗组和对照组优良率分别为84.6%和65.4%,治疗组优于对照组。结论:旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折中三角韧带损伤,有必要同时进行修补。     

踝关节骨折伴急性三角韧带损伤诊疗现状概述

踝关节骨折临床上发生率很高，常需手术治疗。当伴随三角韧带损伤时，则多见于旋前以及部分旋后外旋Ⅳ度的踝关节骨折。临床上此类诊断常较困难，手术修复的时机及方法目前也无统一标准。本文主要综述了近年来"踝关节骨折伴三角韧带损伤"诊疗的研究进展。三角韧带损伤的诊断常需综合各项辅助检查及症状体征来判断，其中以应力试验及磁共振检查最为重要；术中骨折复位固定后发现踝关节不稳或三角韧带嵌顿阻止复位，则建议术中探查修复，修复的方法众多，目前以带线锚钉重建三角韧带为主。     

踝关节旋后外旋、旋前外旋Ⅳ型骨折三角韧带修复效果比较

目的比较旋后外旋(SER)Ⅳ型、旋前外旋(PER)Ⅳ型踝关节骨折三角韧带断裂修复治疗的治疗效果。 方法回顾性分析首都医科大学宣武医院骨科于2016年1月至2018年1月收治的SER、PER Ⅳ型踝关节骨折患者。纳入标准：三角韧带断裂;随访超过1年。排除标准：年龄≥70岁、踝关节存在陈旧性损伤、内踝骨折、同侧下肢其他部位骨折、开放性骨折、无法配合功能锻炼、病理性骨折。按照纳入排除标准,共有68例纳入本研究,SER组47人,PER组21人。评估两组患者术后1年后的踝关节美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)评分、生活质量(QOL)评分,采用t检验比较两组之间的差异。 结果SER组患者的踝关节功能恢复情况优于PER组(t＝8.314,P<0.05);SER组的躯体健康优于PER组患者(t＝0.766,P<0.05)、但精神健康方面两组患者基本一致(t＝0.452,P>0.05),合计SF-36的总分后,发现两组患者的QOL无明显差异(t＝0.172,P>0.05)。 结论踝三角韧带断裂行修复后,SER Ⅳ型骨折患者的踝关节功能恢复情况、躯体QOL比PER Ⅳ型患者好,但是两组患者的精神健康QOL、总体QOL基本一致。     

Posterior Malleolus Fracture Displacement Is Associated with Rotational Ankle Fracture Stability in Patients Without Medial Malleolar Fractures

Background

The optimal method for the determination of ankle stability remains controversial in rotational ankle fractures without medial bony injury.

Questions/Purposes

The purposes of this study were to (1) evaluate whether posterior malleolar (PM) fracture displacement is associated with deltoid ligament injury in supination-external rotation (SER) ankle fractures and (2) compare the diagnostic accuracy of PM displacement and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of the deep deltoid ligament in identifying fractures with deltoid ligament incompetence.

Methods

Patients with rotational bimalleolar injuries containing lateral malleolar and PM fractures without bony medial injury were included. After operative lateral and PM fixation, an external rotation stress test was performed to evaluate deltoid ligament stability. Operative dictations were reviewed to confirm injury pattern, stability on stress test, and visual inspection of the deltoid ligament. Maximum PM displacement was assessed on lateral X-ray. Pre-operative MRI of the ankle was performed following closed reduction and splinting.

Results

The final cohort consisted of 13 trimalleolar equivalent fractures (torn deltoid ligament) and 20 bimalleolar fractures (medial malleolus and deltoid ligament intact). Average PM displacement was significantly higher for SER trimalleolar equivalent patterns when measured on lateral X-ray. The sensitivity of detecting trimalleolar equivalent fracture was higher on all reported X-ray findings than the sensitivity obtained by the reported MRI findings of deltoid ligament injury.

Conclusion

PM displacement on X-ray is a useful adjuvant along with external rotation stress radiography and MRI evaluation of deep deltoid integrity to distinguish between stable and unstable fracture patterns and thus helps facilitate treatment decisions.

     

Does medial tenderness predict deep deltoid ligament incompetence in supination-external rotation type ankle fractures?

OBJECTIVE: To identify whether medial tenderness is a predictor of deep deltoid ligament incompetence in supination-external rotation ankle fractures. DESIGN: All Weber B lateral malleolar fractures with normal medial clear space over a 9 month period were prospectively included in the study. Fracture patterns not consistent with a supination-external rotation mechanism were excluded. SETTING: High-volume tertiary care referral center and Level I trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-five skeletally mature patients with a Weber B lateral malleolar fracture and normal medial clear space presenting to our institution were included. INTERVENTION: All study patients had ankle anteroposterior, lateral, and mortise radiographs. Each patient was seen and evaluated by an orthopedic specialist and the mechanism of injury was recorded. Each patient was assessed for tenderness to palpation in the region of the deltoid ligament and then had an external rotation stress mortise radiograph. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Correlating medial tenderness with deep deltoid competence as measured by stress radiographs. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (23.6%) were tender medially and had a positive external rotation stress radiograph. Thirteen patients (23.6%) were tender medially and had a negative external rotation stress radiograph. Nineteen patients (34.5%) were nontender medially and had a negative external rotation stress radiograph. Ten patients (18.2%) were nontender medially and had a positive external rotation stress radiograph. We calculated a chi statistic of 2.37 as well as the associated P value of 0.12. Medial tenderness as a measure of deep deltoid ligament incompetence had a sensitivity of 57%, a specificity of 59%, a positive predictive value of 50%, a negative predictive value of 66%, and an accuracy of 42%. CONCLUSION: There was no statistical significance between the presence of medial tenderness and deep deltoid ligament incompetence. There is a 25% chance of the fracture in question with medial tenderness having a positive external rotation stress and a 25% chance the fracture with no medial tenderness having a positive stress test. Medial tenderness in a Weber B lateral ankle fracture with a normal clear space on standard plain radiographs does not ensure the presence of a positive external rotation stress test.     

The use of weightbearing radiographs to assess the stability of supination-external rotation fractures of the ankle

Background  

Isolated lateral malleolar fractures usually result from a supination-external rotation (SER) injury and may include a deltoid ligament rupture. The necessity of operative treatment is based on the recognition of a relevant medial soft-tissue disruption. Currently used tests to assess ankle stability include manual stress radiographs and gravity stress radiographs, but seem to overestimate the need for fracture fixation.     

Competence of the deltoid ligament in bimalleolar ankle fractures after medial malleolar fixation

BACKGROUND: The stability of the ankle joint is provided by the medial and lateral malleoli and ligaments. Recent studies of cadaveric ankles have demonstrated that injury to the medial structures of the ankle is necessary to allow lateral subluxation of the talus after fracture. However, cadaveric models are limited by the fracture pattern chosen for the model. We sought to investigate the competency of the deltoid ligament in vivo in patients with an operatively treated bimalleolar ankle fracture. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with a bimalleolar ankle fracture were evaluated. In each patient, the medial malleolus was anatomically reduced and fixed. A radiograph of the ankle was then made with application of an external rotation load to the joint. All lateral malleolar injuries were then reduced and fixed. The radiographs were evaluated for restoration of the competence of the deltoid ligament according to established criteria. RESULTS: Seven (26 percent) of the twenty-seven patients had radiographically evident incompetence of the deltoid ligament after medial malleolar fixation. This finding was associated with a small medial malleolar fragment. CONCLUSIONS: In bimalleolar fractures, the medial injury may be an osseous avulsion, leaving the deltoid intact on the displaced fragment, or it may be a combination of ligamentous and osseous injury with disruption of the deep portion of the deltoid ligament.     

Compatibility of Lauge-Hansen Classification Between Plain Radiographs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Ankle Fractures

We evaluated the accuracy of the predictive injury sequences of the Lauge-Hansen (L-H) classification using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with ankle fractures and determined the possible causes of mismatch. Sixty-five patients with ankle fractures who had a complete series of anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique radiographs and ankle MRI studies available were included. The fracture pattern was assigned by 2 senior orthopedic surgeons according to the L-H classification system. The syndesmotic ligaments, lateral collateral ligaments, and medial deltoid complex ligaments were evaluated on the preoperative MRI scans. Comparisons were performed between the predicted ankle ligamentous injury based on the radiographic L-H classification and preoperative MRI analysis. Of the 65 feet in 65 patients, 50 feet (76.9%) were classified as having a supination-external rotation (SER) fracture, 6 feet (9.2%) as having a pronation-external rotation fracture, 4 feet (6.2%) as having a supination adduction fracture, and 2 feet (3.1%) as having a pronation abduction fracture. The overall compatibility of the radiologic classification with the MRI classification was 66.1%. In the evaluation of 50 feet with the MRI SER designation, maximum compatibility was found for stage 4 (77.3%). The main cause for the discrepancy in the SER designation was missing the presence of deltoid ligament disruption on the plain radiographs, especially in the stage 2 and 3 SER fracture pattern. In the evaluation of deltoid complex injuries, all injuries were localized to the anterior part of the medial deltoid complex. The validity of the L-H classification system was low. A new classification system is needed to address the medial malleolus fracture or deltoid complex injuries without posterior injury. Also, stress radiographs could be added to standard radiographs for the classification to address deltoid complex injuries.     

Deltoid ligament integrity in lateral malleolar fractures: a comparative analysis of arthroscopic and radiographic assessments

Foot and ankle surgeons often rely on the medial clear space to evaluate competency of the deep deltoid ligament when evaluating ankle fractures. This investigation assesses the integrity of the deep deltoid ligament after lateral malleolar fracture by using direct arthroscopic visualization and medial clear-space separation on plain film radiographs. The objectives of this study were to test the reliability of medial clear-space separation and the Lauge-Hansen classification scheme in predicting deep deltoid rupture in displaced lateral malleolar fractures. The medial clear space was measured on injury radiographs of 40 patients with an isolated displaced lateral malleolar fracture who underwent open reduction and internal fixation. Injury radiographs were classified according to the Lauge-Hansen scheme. Direct arthroscopic visualization was used to evaluate the deep deltoid ligament under manual stress before fracture reduction. The mean preoperative medial clear space in patients with a deep deltoid rupture (n = 13) was 6.6 +/- 2.4 mm (range, 4 to 12 mm), and in patients without a deep deltoid rupture (n = 26), it was 4.0 +/- 1.0 mm (range, 2.5 to 6 mm) (P =.002, 2-sample t test). At an injury medial clear space > or =3 mm, the false positive rate for deltoid rupture was 88.5% (P =.54, Fisher's exact test). At > or =4 mm, the false positive rate was 53.6% (P =.007). All fractures were rotational injuries according to the Lauge-Hansen system. Three fractures were not classifiable; another 3 fractures showed deltoid ligament integrity opposite the expected finding. The results indicate that, in isolated displaced fractures of the lateral malleolus, radiographic widening of the medial clear space is not a reliable indicator for deep deltoid rupture. Some fractures considered stable by the Lauge-Hansen classification may require careful scrutiny to rule out deep deltoid injury.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the deltoid ligament in bimalleolar equivalent fractures

BACKGROUND: Lauge-Hansen supination-external rotation Stage IV ankle injuries may simulate a Stage II or Stage III injury radiographically if the medial disruption occurred through the deltoid ligament instead of the medial malleolus, making it difficult to determine whether an operation is indicated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients presented with radiographically isolated lateral malleolar fractures at the syndesmotic level. They were examined with ultrasonography for evaluation of the integrity of the deltoid ligament. Patients in whom ultrasonography showed complete rupture of the deltoid ligament received operative fixation of the ankle fracture, with exploration and repair of the deltoid ligament at the same time. Patients without complete rupture of the deltoid ligament were treated conservatively with a short leg cast for 6 weeks followed by an ankle brace for another 6 weeks. Nine male and six female patients completed the final clinical and radiographic evaluations. RESULTS: Ultrasonography showed complete rupture of the deltoid ligament in six patients. Exploration of the deltoid ligaments confirmed the sonographic findings in all these patients. In the remaining nine patients, the deltoid ligaments were not completely ruptured on ultrasound. These fractures were treated conservatively, and all healed uneventfully. All the 15 patients had good or fair results on the final evaluation. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography is a convenient and accurate diagnostic tool to differentiate unstable bimalleolar-equivalent ankle fractures from an isolated lateral malleolar fracture. Thus, it can be helpful in the decision process for the treatment of choice for different fracture patterns.     

Ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in assessing deltoid ligament injury in supination external rotation fractures of the ankle

The medial deltoid ligament is the primary stabilizing structure in the ankle joint following lateral malleolar fracture. However, medial deltoid ligament ruptures are difficult to diagnose using current imaging modalities. We hypothesized that ultrasonography can be used to accurately allow early clinical assessment of ankle fracture stability, thereby negating the need to perform plain film stress views of the acutely injured ankle. This prospective study included 12 patients (age range, 18-72) with supination external rotation fractures requiring operative fixation. Following induction of anesthesia, ultrasonography examination was performed, followed by an arthrogram under fluoroscopic screening. Radiographs, ultrasonography, and arthrographic findings were compared. There was 100% correlation between ultrasonography and arthrogram findings. Ultrasonography accurately diagnosed medial deltoid rupture with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 100%. Plain film radiographs of the ankle had a sensitivity of 57.1% and a specificity of 60%. The difference between these was significant (χ(2)=.0091). This study demonstrates diagnostic ultrasonography to be an accurate diagnostic modality in assessing medial deltoid ligament integrity in patients with supination external rotation fractures. It offers the same sensitivity and specificity as arthrography without the need for additional invasive procedures. Its relative ease of use and lack of ionizing radiation make it a potentially useful tool, particularly in a busy trauma service.