肠腔灌注高氧液对缺血-再灌注后肠黏膜屏障损伤的保护作用

目的探讨缺血期经肠腔灌注高氧液对家兔肠缺血-再灌注后肠黏膜屏障损伤的保护作用。方法健康家兔24只,随机均分成三组:缺血-再灌注组(I/R组)、高氧液处理组(HOS组)、假手术对照组(Sham组)。Sham组只开腹游离但不夹闭肠系膜上动脉(SMA),另两组用无损伤动脉夹夹闭SMA1h。HOS组于缺血期以20ml.kg-1.h-1恒速向肠腔灌注高氧液1h,I/R组则以相同的方式灌注等量的生理盐水,松开动脉夹再灌注2h后取标本。光镜下观察各组肠黏膜组织形态学改变,测定肠黏膜组织ATP含量和肠道的氧摄取率(ERO2);定量分析门静脉血中细菌内毒素(ET)含量;检测血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、乳酸(Lac)水平;观察细菌移位率。结果与Sham组相比,I/R组光镜下肠黏膜损伤严重,肠黏膜组织ATP含量及肠道的ERO2均明显下降,血液中ET含量、Lac和TNF-α水平明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),同时出现了广泛的细菌移位;经肠腔灌注高氧液(HOS组)能够明显改善小肠黏膜损伤及上皮细胞形态学改变,显著提高肠黏膜组织ATP含量及ERO2;明显降低血液中ET、Lac和TNF-α水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),同时显著减少肠道细菌移位率(P<0.05)。结论肠腔灌注高氧液能够显著减轻肠缺血-再灌注引起的小肠黏膜屏障功能障碍,是一种安全有效的小肠保护方法。     

依达拉奉对肝缺血再灌注损伤逆转作用的研究

目的研究依达拉奉影响肝脏缺血再灌注过程中TNF-α的表达情况,探讨依达拉奉对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的逆转作用。方法将80只Wistar大鼠编号,根据计算机产生随机数字,前40为一组,后40为一组,分为实验组和对照组2组,建立常温下部分肝缺血再灌注损伤动物模型。在肝脏缺血再灌注损伤开始前1 h和开始时对实验组大鼠给予依达拉奉注射液10 ml,对照组则给予同等容量的生理盐水。分别于再灌注后0、1、2及4 h测定肝脏脂质过氧化物酶(LPO)和肝脏谷草转氨酶(AST)浓度;应用RT-PCR法检测肝组织TNF-αmRNA含量,并测定肝组织和血清中TNF-α水平;应用TUNEL染色法检测缺血肝组织的细胞凋亡情况。结果再灌注后1、2及4 h,实验组大鼠肝脏LPO及AST浓度均明显低于对照组(P<0.001);实验组再灌注后1 h时肝组织TNF-αmRNA表达量、肝组织和血清TNF-α含量均明显升高且达峰值,但均明显低于对照组(P<0.05);再灌注后各时相实验组肝细胞凋亡率明显升高,但均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉能抑制氧化应激反应,从而降低肝缺血再灌注损伤;并显著减少炎性细胞因子TNF-α的产生,抑制炎性反应的发生,减少肝细胞的凋亡。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对大鼠小肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞( BMSC)移植对其小肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 获取健康Wistar大鼠骨髓,体外提取、培养BMSC,收获传代培养的第3代细胞并鉴定其表型.在健康Wistar大鼠肠黏膜下注射皮肤黑色素瘤细胞,并用底物荧光素法示踪细胞.另外制作Wistar大鼠肠道缺血再灌注模型,将模型大鼠分为2组:实验组大鼠在肠黏膜下注射BMSC悬液1 ml(含5×106个细胞);对照组大鼠在肠黏膜下注射等量生理盐水.分别于术后0、2、6、24、72和120h处死大鼠,留取血清和小肠组织样本.采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清二胺氧化酶( DAO)、D-乳酸和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α),用光镜和透射电镜观察肠组织,蛋白质印迹法和免疫组织化学法检测紧密连接蛋白-1(ZO-1).结果 体外成功分离培养出BMSC.经肠黏膜移植后的皮肤黑色素瘤细胞定植在肠道.实验组大鼠小肠病理改变较对照组轻,小肠黏膜屏障更完好.术后6h实验组DAO为(11.36±1.89) IU/ml,对照组为(14.27±2.09) IU/ml(P＜0.05);24 h时实验组DAO为(5.04±1.04)IU/ml,对照组为(7.35±1.46) IU/ml(P＜0.05).术后6 h实验组D-乳酸为(1.57±0.25) mmol/L,对照组为(1.93±0.19)mmol/L(P＜0.05);术后24 h实验组D-乳酸为(1.09±0.13)mmol/L,对照组为(1.41±0.07) mmol/L(P＜0.01).术后6h实验组TNF-α为(266.09±8.84)ng/L,对照组为(286.81±11.54) ng/L (P＜0.01);术后24 h实验组TNF-α为(190.39±4.24) ng/L,对照组为(218.49±15.51 )ng/L(P＜0.01).实验组ZO-1的表达高于对照组.结论 肠黏膜下移植BMSC可以减轻小肠缺血再灌注损伤.     

原位肝移植大鼠肠道微生态状况研究

目的 探讨肝移植术后大鼠肠道微生态的变化.方法 将雄性Brown-Norway(BN)大鼠40只随机分成肝移植组(BN→BN,n=16,共8对)、模拟移植组(n=8)、假手术组(n=8)和对照组(n=8),24 h后处死,分析肠道菌群构成、回肠末端超微结构变化、血浆内毒素水平以及细菌易位至肝、脾、肾和肠系膜淋巴结的比例.结果 肝移植术后24 h存在明显的肠道菌群紊乱,表现为肠杆菌科细菌和肠球菌数量增加(P<0.05),乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量下降(P<0.05),移植组与模拟移植组存在肠黏膜上皮细胞微绒毛的损伤;肝移植组血浆内毒素水平升高(P<0.01),细菌易位至肝脏、脾脏和肠系膜淋巴结的阳性率增加(P值均<0.05);与模拟移植组比较,肝移植组细菌易位至肝脏的阳性率增加(P<0.05).结论 肝移植术后存在一定程度的肠道微生态紊乱和肠道屏障功能损伤,可能与肝移植手术过程中所经历的缺血再灌注过程有关.     

依达拉奉对大鼠肝I/R损伤的保护作用

目的探讨依达拉奉对大鼠肝缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤中的保护作用。方法将60只大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,建立常温下部分肝脏I/R动物模型。在肝脏I/R开始时和1 h后对实验组大鼠给予依达拉奉注射液,对照组给予同等容量的生理盐水。再灌注0,2,4 h测定肝脏脂质过氧化反应物(LPO)浓度和肝脏酶学指标及TNF-α和E-selectin的mRNA,并行两组肝脏的病理学检查。结果再灌注2,4 h实验组大鼠肝脏LPO反应程度和肝脏酶指标检测值明显低于对照组(P0.05)。再灌注2 h肝TNF-αmRNA和E-selectinmRNA表达明显低于对照组(P0.05)。再灌注2 h实验组大鼠肝脏切片的E-selectin免疫反应性明显低于对照组。结论依达拉奉能抑制氧化应激反应,从而降低肝I/R损伤;并显著减少炎性细胞和黏附分子的产生,抑制炎性反应的发生。     

枳术汤加味对大鼠肠黏膜屏障功能的保护作用

目的 探讨中药枳术汤加味对大鼠肠黏膜屏障功能的保护作用及其机制.方法 将70只雄性大白鼠随机分为对照组(10只)、造模组(20只)术前连续7d饮水灌胃0.35ml/次,每天2次,治疗组(20只)术前连续7d中药灌胃0.35ml/次,每天2次,大剂量治疗组(20只)术前连续7d中药灌胃0.7ml/次,每天2次.大鼠按2.5ml/kg体重的剂量给予腹腔内注射5%水合氯醛进行麻醉.进腹后血管钳夹闭肠系膜上动脉,持续30min后恢复血供,使肠道发生缺血-再灌注损伤.分别在再灌注1、24h后进行以下检测:肠道细菌移位发生率;回肠黏膜病理变化;外周血浆D-乳酸浓度、二胺氧化酶浓度;回肠黏膜细胞凋亡指数.结果 缺血-再灌注1、24h后细菌移位阳性率、细菌培养阳性率和血浆D-乳酸和二胺氧化酶浓度,造模组高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组低于造模组(P<0.05);大剂量治疗组和治疗组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 回肠膜黏重量、绒毛高度及宽度,造模组小于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组大于造模组(P<0.05);大剂量治疗组和治疗组比较差异无统计学意义.肠黏膜上皮细胞凋亡指数,造模组高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组低于造模组(P<0.05);大剂量治疗组和治疗组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论中药枳术汤加味能减少肠道细菌移位,降低肠黏膜的通透性,可以保护肠黏膜屏障功能.     

清营泻瘀方对肠缺血再灌注损伤大鼠肠屏障的保护作用

目的:探讨清营泻瘀方对肠缺血再灌注损伤大鼠肠屏障的保护作用及可能机制。方法:80只SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组(n=8)、肠缺血再灌注模型组(n=24)、清营泻瘀方治疗组(n=24)和大承气方治疗组(n=24),后3组按造模后处死时间的不同又分别分为术后2h组、术后24h组和术后48h组,每组8只。采用夹闭肠系膜上动脉45min的方法诱导肠缺血再灌注损伤模型,分别观察再灌注后2h、24h和48h肠黏膜的病理改变以及血清中TNF-α、IL-10和血浆中D-乳酸的水平。结果:清营泻瘀方和大承气方都能够减轻肠黏膜的损伤,降低血中TNF-α和D-乳酸的含量(P0.05),晚期降低IL-10水平(P0.05)。清营泻瘀方在在保护肠黏膜和降低血D-乳酸的水平方面优于大承气方(P0.05)。结论:清营泻瘀方对肠缺血再灌注损伤大鼠肠屏障有显著的保护作用,其可能机制与荡涤肠胃宿垢,减少细菌移位、调节炎症介质平衡有关。     

大鼠肠道缺血再灌注后肠粘膜损伤与防御素-5 mRNA变化

目的探讨大鼠肠道缺血再灌注后肠粘膜损伤与大鼠防御素5(rat defensin-5,RD-5)mRNA变化。方法采用夹闭肠系膜上动脉(SMA)方法制造大鼠肠道缺血再灌注模型,大鼠分为假手术组、实验组,在缺血再灌注后1h、6h、12h及24h观测肠粘膜形态变化,检测肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)含量及大鼠防御素5(RD-5)mRNA的动态变化。结果形态学观察显示实验组缺血再灌注后肠粘膜呈不同程度的损害状态,损伤评分较假手术组高;实验组TNF-α、IL-6含量明显升高,12小时达高峰,均较假手术组高,并有统计学意义;大鼠防御素5(RD-5)mRNA在缺血再灌注后明显升高,再灌注后1小时到达高峰,随后逐渐下降,但均高于假手术组。结论肠道缺血再灌注对肠道粘膜造成损伤,肠道防御素5参与人肠粘膜的损伤与抗损伤过程。     

血红素氧合酶-1基因在大鼠供肝缺血再灌注损伤中的抗炎作用

目的 探讨血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)基因在大鼠供肝缺血再灌损伤中的抗炎作用.方法 将32只雄性SD大鼠分为实验组(16只)和对照组(16只).将已转染HO-1基因的腺病毒载体和空载体分别注入实验组和对照组供体大鼠腹腔(各8只).36 h后取供肝,冷保存4 h后行大鼠原位肝移植.缺血再灌注6 h后检测血清ALT、AST、TNF-α、肝组织HO-1蛋白的表达以及阳性巨噬细胞计数.采用t检验和秩和检验行统计学分析.结果 (1)实验组血清ALT和AST分别为(439±81)U/L和(1110±73)U/L,对照组分别为(1005±120)U/L和(1583±175)U/L,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=11.090,7.050,P<0.05).(2)实验组和对照组血清TNF-α分别为(15±13)μg/L和(52±11)μg/L,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=0.009,P<0.05).(3)实验组和对照组肝组织HO-1蛋白的表达分别为0.28±0.07和0.04±0.03,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(T=42.5,P<0.05).(4)实验组中HO-1阳性细胞大量表达于血管区,其阳性巨噬细胞的计数为2±1,显著少于对照组的8±2(t=0.007,P<0.05).结论 HO-1在大鼠供肝缺血再灌注损伤中可能通过抑制肝巨噬细胞的激活,降低TNF-α的释放而发挥抗炎作用.     

肠道淤血再灌注在大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的:探讨肠道淤血再灌注在大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法:SD大鼠40只被分成4组:单纯肠道淤血再灌注肝脏组(E组)、无肠道淤血肝脏缺血再灌注组(I组)、肝脏缺血再灌注组(H组)、未处理组(S组),每组10只。测定血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平;测定肝组织丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;计算肝、肠系膜淋巴结肠道细菌移位率;镜下观察肝组织、肠黏膜形态变化;Western blot测定并计算肝组织NF-κb活化P65(P-P65)占P65的比例。结果:血清ALT、AST、TNF-α及肝组织MDA含量H组高于I组、E组高于S组(P0.05),肝组织SOD活性则相反。肝组织NF-κb、P-P65/P65值在E组、I组和H组较S组升高(P0.05),其中H组高于I组(P0.05)。结论:肠道淤血再灌注是加重肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的重要因素;肠道淤血再灌注能加重肝缺血再灌注损伤的发生机制可能与肠黏膜屏障受损致肠源性细菌移位,NF-κb被活化致炎症介质TNF-α等释放增加及肝脏抗氧化能力降低,氧化应激性损伤加重有关。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.