股骨近端髓内钉、动力髋螺钉、γ钉治疗股骨转子间粉碎骨折疗效比较

目的 探讨股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)、动力髋螺钉(DHS)、γ钉治疗股骨转子间粉碎骨折的治疗效果.方法 将股骨转子间粉碎骨折患者180例,随机分成PFN组、DHS组、γ钉组(每组60例) 进行治疗.结果 优良率:DHS组为88.33%,γ钉组为91.67%,PFN组为96.67%;PFN组优于DHS组和γ钉组(P＜0.05）.结论 PFN内固定治疗股骨转子间粉碎骨折操作简单、疗效可靠,是比较理想的内固定方法.     

三种内固定方式治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效比较

目的探讨动力髋螺钉（DHS）、股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）、股骨近端防旋髓内钉（PFN—A）在治疗股骨粗隆间骨折治疗中的疗效。方法对236例分别接受了DHS、PFN—A、PFN内固定手术的股骨粗隆间骨折患者进行回顾性研究,平均随访24个月,对住院时间,手术时间,术中出血量,术后引流量、患髋功能及并发症等作比较。结果PFN．A较PFN、DHS手术时间短,术中和术后出血量少,术后并发症少,术后愈合快。髋关节功能评分优良率：DHS组88．7％,PFN组90．2％,PFN—A组优良率91．6％。结论各种固定各有其自身特点,PFN—A是治疗各类型股骨粗隆间骨折较为理想的固定方式,尤其适用于骨质疏松的高龄粗隆间骨折、不稳定型骨折和合并症较多的患者。     

三种内固定治疗高龄粗隆间骨折的疗效对比分析

目的:比较采用动力髋螺钉(DHS)、股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)、Gamma钉治疗高龄粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法:选取87例股骨粗隆间骨折的高龄患者进行分组内固定治疗,DHS固定29例,PFN固定35例、Gamma钉固定23例,对比分析三组患者手术的治疗效果。结果:采用PFN、Gamma钉内固定后,患者平均住院时间、平均手术时间均DHS内固定者短,且术中出血量少、骨性愈合时间早。采用PFN、Gamma钉固定术后髋关节功能恢复优良率分别为94.4%和91.3%,而DHS固定后髋关节功能优良率为86.2%。PFN、Gamma钉固定术后的并发率分别为2.8%和4.3%,远低于DHS内固定的10.3%。不论髋关节功能恢复的优良率还是并发症的发生方面,PFN与Gamma钉比较均无差异。结论:PFN和Gamma钉较DHS治疗具有手术创伤小、功能恢复效果好、术后并发症发生率低的优点,均可以较好地作为治疗粗隆间骨折手术选择方法。     

股骨转子间骨折的治疗方法对比研究

目的分析不同内固定方法治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效和各种内固定方法的适应证。方法分别采用动力髋螺钉（dyramic hip screw,DHS）、Gamma钉和AO股骨近端髓内钉（proximal femoral nail,PFN）内固定3种方法治疗股骨转子间骨折,其中DHS内固定47例,Gamma钉31例,PFN内同定29例。结果PFN疗效最好,优良率分别为PFN96．5％、Gamma钉90．3％、DHS 85．2％。结论股骨转子间骨折患者推荐使用AO股骨近端髓内钉,具有操作简单、固定可靠、手术损伤小及出血少等优点。     

股骨近端髓内钉与动力髋螺钉治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折疗效比较

目的 评价股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）与动力髋螺钉（DHS）在治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效. 方法 选择本院2006年7月至2011年10月间,收治的65例高龄股骨转子间骨折患者,随机分为PFN组及DHS组.从术中情况、术后髋关节功能的恢复情况对两种方法的临床疗效进行比较分析. 结果 结合两组手术期间各项指标中PFN组出血量少于DHS组,余无明显统计学差异.术后髋关节功能的比较,PFN组优良率为90.9％,DHS组优良率为87.5％,PFN组疗效要优于DHS组,有统计学差异（P＜0.05）. 结论 DHS及PFN均为治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的有效方法,因PFN内固定方法具有闭合操作创伤小、骨折固定牢固、出血少等优点,更适合高龄患者的股骨转子间骨折.     

三种内固定方式治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折疗效分析

目的探讨三种不同内固定方式治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果。方法患者110例,动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗52例,Gamma钉22例,国产改良股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)36例,比较手术时间、术中出血量、Harris评分、术后并发症等指标。结果三种治疗方法在功能评分优良率、手术时间,以及住院时间上无明显差异(P>0.05)。但在术中出血量、术后引流量、下地负重时间,以及术后并发症方面,PFN优于其他两组(P<0.05)。结论PFN内固定治疗手术创伤小,出血少,下地负重时间短。DHS适合治疗稳定型的股骨粗隆间骨折,而Gamma钉和PFN更适合治疗不稳定型的股骨粗隆间、反粗隆间以及粗隆下骨折。     

PFNA、PFN与DHS内固定治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨粗隆间骨折疗效对比

目的 比较应用股骨近端防旋髓内钉(proximal femoral nail anti-rotation,PFNA)、股骨近端髓内钉(proximal femoral nail,PFN)及动力髋螺钉(dynamic hip screw,DHS)治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效. 方法 选择我科2007年6月～2011年6月收治的骨质疏松性股骨粗隆间骨折患者176例,采用PFNA内固定治疗68例(PFNA组),应用.PFN内固定治疗62例(PFN组),应用DHS内固定治疗46例(DHS组),比较三组的手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、术后并发症、Harris髋关节评分.结果 所有患者均获随访,平均19(12 ～26)月.PFNA组与PFN、DHS组相比,手术时间缩短、术中出血量少,骨折愈合时间短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后三组Harris髋关节功能评分比较,C组较差(P＜0.05).术后并发症比较三组无显著性差异(P＞0.05). 结论 与PFN及DHS相比,PFNA内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折具有操作简单、创伤小、固定牢固、防旋转,是治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的理想方法之一,有利于骨折稳定以及早期进行功能锻炼,其治疗效果明显优于DHS与PFN内固定,尤适用于老年骨质疏松性股骨粗隆间骨折.     

侧卧位置入PFN内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的可行性研究

目的 探讨侧卧位置入股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折方法的可行性.方法 分别采取自然侧卧位(30例)和传统平卧位(21例)行PFN内固定手术,对两组手术时间和术后复位优良率进行统计学分析.结果 侧卧位组与平卧位组平均手术时间分别为(61.3±18.6)、(89.4±26.8)min,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后复位优良率分别为90.2％、90.9％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 侧卧位置入股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折方法可行,可缩短手术时间,同时可保持术后骨折复位优良率.     

股骨近端髓内钉与动力髋螺钉治疗成人股骨粗隆间骨折的系统评价

目的 系统评价股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)与动力髋螺钉(DHS)固定治疗成人股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效差异.方法 计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、MEDLINE数据库、EMBASE数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库,手工检索相关文献的参考文献.收集PFN与DHS固定比较治疗成人股骨粗隆间骨折的随机对照试验和半随机对照试验,严格评价...     

动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉与股骨近端髓内钉治疗不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的对比研究

[目的]探讨动力髋螺钉(DHS)、联合防旋阻挡钉与股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)治疗不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果.[方法]入选90例老年不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折患者,随机分为DHS联合防旋阻挡钉组、PFN组和DHS组实施内固定手术.术后随访时间为12 ～ 24个月.从切口长度、手术时间、术中透视时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后功能恢复时间及术后并发症方面比较三组的临床效果.[结果]PFN组在切口长度、术中出血量、早期负重时间、术后3个月功能恢复等方面明显优于DHS联合防旋阻挡钉组和DHS组(P＜0.05),在住院时间、术后并发症等方面三组无统计学差异.[结论] PFN具有良好的生物力学稳定性,可以作为不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的首选内固定装置;DHS联合防旋阻挡钉重建股骨后内侧结构,也是不稳定型粗隆间骨折的良好选择;单纯DHS治疗不稳定型粗隆间骨折,失败率较高,但仍是内侧结构稳定的粗隆间骨折的标准术式.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.