458例尿路结石成分分析

目的 探讨西安地区尿路结石的成分状况，为临床防治提供帮助。方法对458例尿路结石标本进行化学成分测定，并结合临床资料进行比较。结果尿路结石男性发病多于女性，男、女比为2．1：1，20一50岁为高发年龄，上尿路结石明显多于下尿路结石，上、下尿路结石之比为10．5：1。结石成分以混合结石占多数，为325例（71％），其中以草酸钙，磷酸钙与尿酸的混合结石为主。对比混合性结石及单纯性结石发现，各种成分所占比例基本一致。结论结石成分分析对于了解结石成因、预防结石形成和复发具有重要的意义。     

化学定性与红外光谱分析尿路结石成分

尿石症是泌尿外科的常见病，治疗后复发率很高。结石成分的确定，对于深入探讨泌尿系结石的成因、治疗和预防结石复发有着重要的临床意义。我院对2001年4月至2006年5月的656例结石标本进行了化学定性和定量分析，现报告如下。     

结石成分分析在铜陵地区预防上尿路结石复发中临床价值

目的:对铜陵地区肾结石和输尿管结石患者的结石进行成分检测分析,了解本地区结石成分特点和防止结石复发的临床价值。方法:选择肾结石和输尿管结石患者共106例,通过体外碎石术、经皮肾镜或输尿管镜取石术取出结石标本106份,使用红外光谱法进行分析;并分析比较患者的年龄、性别、居住地等临床特征,并总结出相应预防措施。结果:106例结石标本以混合性结石为主,其中含有草酸钙结石的样本为主,尿酸结石、磷酸镁铵结石、磷酸氢钙结石、碳酸磷灰石结石所占比例较低。男性患者明显多于女性,30～55岁时所占比例较高,患者居住地之间差异无统计学意义。结论:上尿路结石成分检测分析对于了解结石形成原因、指导临床治疗及预防尿石症的发生有着十分重要的临床价值。     

血脂异常与尿路结石形成及其成分的相关性研究

目的:探讨泌尿系结石患者各项血脂指标与泌尿系结石形成及其成分的关系。方法:回顾性分析2018 年4 月—2019 年10 月住院的430 例泌尿系结石患者(尿石症组)和500 例同期体检患者的(对照组)胆固醇(TC)、血三酰甘油(TG)、血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)。收集尿石症组的结石并检测其成分。通过统计学方法分析对比尿石症组和对照组血脂各项指标,采用多因素Logistic 回归分析上述哪几种血脂异常是引起尿路结石的独立危险因素。按结石成分不同分组,对比各组患者的这几种血脂指标,分析这些指标是哪种特定结石的独立危险因素。结果:两组受检者血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C) 水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05) ;而两组血三酰甘油(TG) 水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。Logistic 回归分析结果进入模型的变量为高脂血症[OR=1.321,95％ CI(1.145,1.467)],家族史[OR=2.234,95％ (1.768,2.814)]。结石组中430 例行结石成分分析,包括血脂异常者163 例(37.9％),其中尿酸结石82 例(50.3％);血脂正常者267 例(62.1％),尿酸结石82 例(30.7％),两者尿酸结石所占比例比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。相关性分析显示血脂异常与高血尿酸水平密切相关(r = 0.226、r = – 0.597,P < 0.001)。多因素校正的Logistic 回归分析显示总胆固醇为泌尿系结石形成的独立危险因素(P = 0.001)。结论:血脂异常尤其是高TC、高LDL-C、低HDL-C 血症与泌尿系结石发生密切相关。血脂异常者较血脂正常者患尿酸结石的概率大。     

尿路结石成分分析（附326例报告）

目的：探讨尿路结石成分构成概况,为临床防治提供帮助。方法：收集尿路结石标本326例,通过红外光谱分析法进行尿路结石成分测定,并结合临床资料进行分析。结果：尿路结石发病率男性多于女性,男女比例为2．17：1;高发年龄为20～50岁;城乡比例为0．76：1;上尿路结石和下尿路结石比例为9．52：1。纯尿路结石和混合性尿路结石分别占结石总数的46．32％（151／326）和53．68％（175／326）,纯尿路结石以草酸钙结石为主,占72．19％（109／151）,混合性尿路结石以草酸钙和碳酸磷灰石成分为主,占82．86％（145／175）。结论：尿路结石成分分析对于了解结石的成因、预防结石的形成和复发具有重要的临床指导意义。     

豫南地区尿路结石的成分分析

目的:分析豫南地区尿路结石的成分,为该地区泌尿系结石的临床治疗和预防提供基本理论依据和指导。方法:收集2014年1月～2016年9月在我院治疗并取得结石标本的249例患者的临床资料。采用红外线光谱法对结石的成分进行分析,并对临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:收集的249例泌尿系结石患者男女比例1.96∶1,18～59岁年龄段是结石发病的主要人群。上尿路结石200例,下尿路结石7例,混合尿路结石42例。左、右、双侧结石分别是98例、107例、44例。结石成分分析显示,225例(90.4%)含草酸钙的结石。单一成分结石以草酸钙结石(98例)最为常见,混合成分结石以草酸钙+碳酸磷灰石(106例)最为常见。草酸钙结石除了在膀胱中发生率低外,在其他部位发生率均较高。磷酸钙结石在全尿路各个部位出现的情况无差异。尿酸类结石在膀胱中发生率较高。驻马店市及周边地区结石成分均以草酸钙结石为主,磷酸钙类结石在各个地区的发生率差异无统计学意义。结论:豫南地区泌尿系结石各年龄段均有发生,通过对该地区结石的成分分析进而提出针对性的防治方案,对降低结石的复发具有重要的价值。     

顺德勒流地区草酸钙结石与饮食危险因素的相关性研究

目的 通过对顺德勒流地区上尿路结石的成分分析,并对草酸钙结石患者进行饮食危险因素的病例对照研究,探讨本地区尿路结石形成的病因学,为临床预防、治疗提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2008 ～2010年156例上尿路结石患者的临床资料,并对结石标本进行化学成分测定对确诊为草酸钙结石患者进行病例对照研究,收集患者饮食危险因素。结果...     

广东东莞地区416例泌尿系结石成分分析

目的 应用红外光谱法测定东莞地区泌尿系结石化学成分,探讨本地区泌尿系结石患者的尿路结石成分特点,为本地区泌尿系结石的深化治疗、防止结石复发及预防提供科学依据.方法 收集经自行排出、碎石后排出或手术中取出的泌尿系结石标本416例,应用溴化钾压片技术的红外光谱法对其化学成分进行定性分析.结果 416例泌尿系结石患者中男性居多,占66.8%(278/416),女性占33.2%(138/416);上尿路结石占88.2%,下尿路结石(膀胱结石居多)占11.8%;结石成分定性分析共检测出一水草酸钙、二水草酸钙、碳酸磷灰石、无水尿酸、六水磷酸铵镁和尿酸铵6种化学成分.单一成分结石163例(一水草酸钙/无水尿酸/碳酸磷灰石/六水磷酸铵镁:98/56/6/3),占39.2%;混合成分结石253例,占60.8%,其中以草酸钙和碳酸磷灰石的混合结石为主(188/253).所有结石标本中草酸钙检出率最高,占80.5%(335/416),其次为碳酸磷灰石(49.3%)及无水尿酸(17.3%);膀胱结石成分以一水草酸钙或无水尿酸为主.结论 东莞为全国泌尿系结石最高发地区,其结石成分以草酸钙和碳酸磷灰石为主,单一成分结石亦占相当比例.尿路结石成分分析对了解结石成因可提供重要的线索,对临床制定个性化治疗方案、预防结石形成及复发具有重要意义.     

结石红外光谱自动分析系统在尿路结石成分分析中的应用

目的 评价红外光谱自动分析系统检测尿路结石成分的临床应用价值.方法 尿路结石标本1450例.男1032例,女418例.年龄6个月～88岁.男性平均年龄(41.7±15.3)岁,女性(42.0±15.6)岁.肾结石875例(60.34%),输尿管结石504例(34.76%),膀胱结石71例(4.90%).均采用LIIR型结石红外光谱自动分析系统分析.解析结果均行红外光谱人工解析验证,必要时辅以偏光显微镜、X线衍射或化学方法进行验证. 结果在结石总体构成比上,一水草酸钙结石714例(49.24%),碳酸磷灰石结石444例(30.62%),无水尿酸结石93例(6.41%),二水草酸钙结石92例(6.34%),六水磷酸铵镁结石28例(1.93%),胱氨酸结石23例(1.59%),尿酸铵结石20例(1.38%),二水尿酸结石16例(1.10%),二水磷酸氢钙结石12例(0.83%),一水尿酸钠结石2例(0.14%),碳酸钙结石1例(0.07%),其他5例(0.34%).结石的组合成分上,混合性结石1053例(72.62%),单一成分结石仅397例(27.38%).混合性结石主要为含钙类结石.其中15例婴幼儿结石为食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉所致,成分为二水尿酸与尿酸铵的混合结石.验证结果表明,结石主要成分误检6例(0.41%),将无水尿酸误检为尿酸铵或碳酸磷灰石;漏检9例(0.62%),其中漏检六水磷酸铵镁或碳酸磷灰石7例,性质不明2例.在2种和3种成分的混合性结石中,含量相对低的成分各漏检6例和10例,均为六水磷酸铵镁或碳酸磷灰石. 结论结石红外光谱自动分析系统分析尿路结石成分具有准确、自动、快捷等优点,适合临床常规使用.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the value of applying LIIR Automatic Analysis System of Infrared Spectroscopy in analyzing urinary stone composition. Methods 1450 samples of urinary stones were collected from 1032 male and 418 female patients. The age of patients ranged from 6 months to 88 years. The mean ages were 41.7±15.3 and 42.0±15.6 years for male and female patients, respectively. Of 1450 stones, 875 cases were located in kidney (60.34%), 504 cases in ureter (34.76%) and 71 cases in bladder (4.90%). All stones were analyzed by LIIR Automatic Analysis System of Infrared Spectroscopy (Tianjin). Analysis results were reevaluated by the artificial analysis of spectrogram, if necessary, with polarization microscope, chemical analysis, and X-ray diffraction.Results Calcium oxalate monohydrate stones were found in 714 cases (49. 24%), carbonate apatite stones in 444 cases (30.62%), anhydrous uric acid stones in 93 cases (6.41%), calcium oxalate dihydrate stones in 92 cases (6. 34 % ), ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate stones in 28 cases (1.93%), cystine stones in 23 cases (1.59%), ammonium urate stones in 20 cases (1.38%), uric acid dihydrate stones in 16 cases (1.10%), brushite stones in 12 cases (0.83%), sodium urate monohydrate stones in 2 cases (0. 14%), calcium carbonate stones in 1 cases (0. 07%), and other stone types in 5 cases (0. 34%). Most urinary stones were composed of 2 or more compositions, and pure stones were only observed in 397 cases (27.38%). Most of the mixed stones contained calcium and non-calcium mixed stone was rarely observed. In addition, 15 stones were found in infants who had consumed melamine-contaminated milk powder. These stones were composed of uric acid dihydrate and ammonium urate. The results of reevaluation by artificial analysis showed the following: among pure and mixed stones, false detection occurred in 6 cases (0.41%), of which the composition was ammonium urate or carbonate apatite determined by automatic system but the true composition was anhydrous uric acid. False negative detection occurred in 9 cases (0.62%), of which the composition was ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate or carbonate apatite in 7 cases, but in other 2 cases the composition could not be determined by artificial analysis. The false negative detection of components with relatively low content occurred in 6 cases and 10 cases in stones with 2 components and 3 components, respectively. The undetected composition in these cases was ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate or carbonate apatite. Conclusion Automatic Analysis System of Infrared Spectroscopy has many advantages in accuracy, automation and is quick in analyzing the composition of urinary stones, and is worthy of promotion in clinical use.     

复式脉冲体外碎石机治疗泌尿系结石1206例小结

目的:总结新碎石设备-复式脉冲体外碎石机治疗泌尿系结石的经验.方法:应用该机治疗泌尿系结石患者1206例,其中肾结石508例,输尿管结石603例,膀胱结石95例.结石大小0.4cm×0.5cm～2.5cm×2.5cm.碎石机工作电压4.0～8.5 kV,放电次数2 000～3 000.结果:肾结石治愈率达58.3%,输尿管结石为72.7%,膀胱结石82.4%.其中986例(81.8%)ESWL后有不同程度的肉眼血尿,164例(13.6%)出现肾绞痛,14例出现高热,2例出现肾被膜下血肿,经对症处理均消失.结论:体外复式脉冲碎石技术仍然是泌尿系结石的首选治疗方法.     

Spectrum of stone composition: structural analysis of 1050 upper urinary tract calculi from northern India

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present paper was to study the spectrum of stone composition of upper urinary tract calculi by X-ray diffraction crystallography technique, in patients managed at All India Institute of Medical Sciences. METHODS: Between 30 April 1998 and 31 March 2003, a total of 1050 urinary calculi (900 renal, 150 ureteric) were analyzed. The stone fragments were collected after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, or retrieval by endoscopic (percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureterorenoscopy), laparoscopic and various open surgical procedures. The structural analysis of the stones was done using X-ray diffraction crystallography. RESULTS: Four types of primary and three secondary X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained. The primary patterns were as follows. Pattern A, well organized crystalline structure; pattern B, moderately organized crystalline structure; pattern C, poorly organized crystalline structure; pattern D, very poorly organized crystalline structure. The three secondary patterns mainly highlighted the mixed variety of stones. These patterns were further analyzed and compared with standard X-ray diffraction (powder) photographs. Of the 1050 stones analyzed, 977 (93.04%) were calcium oxalate stones, out of which 80% were calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and 20% were calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). Fifteen were struvite (1.42%) and 19 were apatite (1.80%). Ten were uric acid stones (0.95%) and the remaining 29 (2.76%) were mixed stones (COM + COD and calcium oxalate + uric acid, calcium oxalate + calcium phosphate, and calcium phosphate + magnesium ammonium phosphate). A total of 89.98% of staghorn stones were made of oxalates (COM/+COD) and only 4.02% were struvite. CONCLUSION: Urinary stone disease in the Indian population is different from that in Western countries, with a larger percentage of patients having calcium oxalate stones, predominantly COM. Also, the majority of staghorn stones (89.98%) were made of oxalates.     

复发性泌尿系结石患者24h尿枸橼酸盐含量的病例对照研究及结石成分分析

目的:分析复发性泌尿系结石患者尿枸橼酸排泄量与结石成分及微观形态,探讨泌尿系结石形成与复发的防治措施。方法:采用病例对照的研究方法,比较复发性泌尿系结石患者与对照组之间的尿枸橼酸排泄量,并运用红外光谱、X线衍射及扫描电镜分析复发性结石的成分与微观形态。结果:复发性结石患者尿枸橼酸排泄量显著低于对照组。结石的成分以草酸钙(80%)和尿酸结石(33%)为主。结论:结石患者术后的代谢分析、严格随访和适量的枸橼酸盐补充,可能在一定程度上降低泌尿系结石的复发率。泌尿系结石的成分分析可为制定预防结石复发方案提供理论依据。     

Genetic heritability of urinary stone risk in identical twins

PURPOSE: Quantitative measurements of urinary parameters are valuable clinical tools for predicting the risk of nephrolithiasis. To our knowledge no previous studies have evaluated the heritability of urinary stone risk in identical twins. Because these individuals share identical genetics, the R defined by their phenotypic data are theoretically equal to the entire population H2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 12 sets of healthy homozygous twins, including 4 males and 8 females for a total of 24 individuals, with a mean age of 25.9 years (range 21 to 36) volunteered for this study. All subjects provided informed written consent before assessment. Urinary stone risk profiles were done elsewhere on 2 consecutive days after 5 days of a standardized diet (170 mEq Na and 2500 kcal). Linear regression was performed on the data to determine R. Because identical twins were used, R was theoretically an estimate of H2. RESULTS: Certain urinary stone risk markers were highly heritable, including urinary calcium (94%), oxalate (94%), citrate (95%), uric acid (96%) and brushite supersaturation (90%), as determined by genotype (H2 90% or greater). Uric acid supersaturation (58%) and urinary sodium (64%) had low degrees of heritability. CONCLUSIONS: H2 is a measure of how much of the total variance in phenotype results from differences in genotype, as opposed to environmental differences. For example, an H2 of 95% for citrate suggests that genetic differences account for 95% of the variation in urinary citrate and environmental differences account for the remaining 5%. Therefore urinary calcium, oxalate and citrate are primarily determined by genotype, while environmental factors, particularly those that impact urine pH and urinary volume, may be increasingly important for determining uric acid supersaturation.     

电子动能碎石术治疗上尿路结石

目的　总结电子动能碎石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效。方法　回顾性分析 166例电子动能碎石术治疗的上尿路结石患者资料。男 96例 ,女 70例 ,年龄 16～ 62岁 ,平均 3 9岁。肾结石 2 7例 ,输尿管上段结石 42例 ,中段 3 5例 ,下段 62例。采用mPCNL治疗 42例 ,URSL12 4例。结果　mPCNL碎石成功率 10 0 % ,15例输尿管上段结石行mPCNL ,结石清除率 10 0 %。URSL碎石成功率 83 .0 6% ( 10 3 /12 4)。URSL时结石移位至肾盂或肾下盏 9例 ,发生输尿管穿孔 6例。随访 10 3例 ,随访时间 1～ 16个月 ,术后 1月结石排净 96例。B超显示肾积水较术前明显减少或消失。结论　电子动能碎石术治疗上尿路结石创伤小、成功率高、并发症少。微创经皮肾碎石取石是治疗合并中、重度肾积水的输尿管上段结石的首选方法。     

川东北地区泌尿系结石构成及其相关因素分析

目的分析川东北地区泌尿系结石的发病情况、成分以及分布特征,为其治疗及预防提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析2017年4月至2019年4月南充市中心医院收治的1564例泌尿系结石患者的结石标本,通过红外光谱分析系统对结石成分进行分析,并将患者的地域、性别、年龄、结石部位等数据进行分组,采用Excel建立数据库,进行统计学分析。结果1564例结石患者的地域分布有差异:以嘉陵区、顺庆区为多,占患者总数的17.8%和20.2%;周边地区以广安地区为多,占患者总数的9.8%。男性多于女性,二者的比例为1.42∶1。结石发病年龄分布较广:以40~59岁龄段所占构成比最高,约为53.00%。40~59岁患者主要以输尿管结石为主(52.0%,P<0.01),其次为肾结石(41.6%,P<0.01);≥60岁患者主要以肾结石为主(48.6%,P<0.01),其次是输尿管结石(40.5%)及膀胱结石(9.0%),<20岁及20~39岁年龄段结石检出率无统计学差异。结石成分:以一水草酸钙+二水草酸钙最多(29.8%,P<0.01),其次为一水草酸钙+二水草酸钙+碳酸磷灰石(20.4%,P<0.01)、无水尿酸(11.8%,P<0.01),不同年龄段及不同地区主要结石成分均有差异。结论川东北地区作为泌尿系统结石的高发地区,发病情况存在一定的年龄及地域差异,根据结石分布特点及成分分析结果,为泌尿系结石的病因诊断、治疗及预防复发提供重要的理论依据。     

经皮肾输尿管镜治疗上尿路结石

应用经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜二期取石方法，采用腔内弹导碎石器碎石，共７７次治疗３７例４２侧肾铸型或多发结石和输尿管上段结石。结石１次取净１２例，２次取净１８例，３次例，取净率达８０％以上。认为采用小穿刺通道，输尿管镜及腔内弹导碎石，是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。该方法可代替经皮肾镜取石，其优点在于穿刺通道细小、创伤小、痛苦轻、术中出血及合并症少，输尿管镜可到达大部分肾盏及输尿管上段，结石清除校彻底，尤其     

电子输尿管软镜与纤维输尿管软镜治疗上尿路结石的疗效对比研究

目的:比较电子输尿管软镜(DFU)与纤维输尿管软镜(FFU)下钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2015年10月~2017年11月收治的上尿路结石患者318例,其中127例采用电子输尿管软镜碎石(DFU组),191例采用纤维输尿管软镜碎石(FFU组),比较两组碎石效果及并发症情况。结果:两组平均碎石时间、结石一期清除率比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),找到结石成功率、术后全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:DFU和FFU下钬激光碎石术均是治疗上尿路结石安全有效的手术方式。相较于FFU,DFU视野清晰度高、操作灵活,手术时间更短,结石清除率更高,效果更好。