应用Sky骨扩张器系统治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床初步报告

目的 探讨应用Sky骨扩张器系统行椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折的早期临床疗效.方法 12例骨质疏松症17个压缩性骨折椎体,采用Sky骨扩张器行单侧经椎弓根椎体扩张,扩张高度为14mm,注入医用骨水泥.观察围手术期并发症,测量压缩椎体和后凸畸形恢复程度.采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)随访患者胸腰背部疼痛恢复情况.结果 每个椎体手术时间(52.4±28.7)min(23～90min),骨水泥注射量为(5.4±1.0)ml(3.5～7ml).随访3～6个月,平均4.5月,术前VAS评分为(7.6±1.8)分,术后1天为(2.8±1.1)分,术后3天为(2.6±1.2)分,末次随访时为(2.2±1.0)分.术前椎体前缘高度(13.8±5.3)mm(压缩49.1%±19.1%)、中线高度(9.9±4.6)mm(压缩39.8%±18.4%),术后椎体前缘高度(16.6±4.8)mm(压缩59.1%±17.2%)、中线高度(15.2±4.0)mm(压缩60.6%±16.9%),手术前后单椎体后凸Cobb角为22.3°±8.5°和12.5°±6.4°.1例少量骨水泥渗漏入椎间盘,未出现临床不适,未见其他并发症.结论 采用Sky骨扩张器系统行经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折安全、有效,其长期疗效尚有待于进一步观察.     

Sky骨扩张器在骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折中的初步应用

目的探讨Sky骨扩张器经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法应用Sky骨扩张器行经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折8例。随访观察患者手术前后疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),测量手术前后病椎前缘及后缘高度,并进行比较和统计学分析。结果8例均经椎弓根途径完成手术,手术时间40~70min,骨水泥注入量每个椎体2.5~4.2ml,分布均超过中线。所有患者疼痛缓解,VAS术前为(8.7±1.1)分,术后第3天为(3.5±2.0)分;椎体高度明显恢复,术前骨折椎体前缘平均高度为17.51mm,术后为20.60mm。8例均无并发症发生。结论应用Sky骨扩张器治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折创伤小,初步观察安全有效。     

球囊骨扩张器与Sky骨扩张器在经皮椎体后凸成形术中应用的比较研究

目的比较球囊扩张经皮椎体后凸成形术（PKP）与Sky骨扩张器PKP的临床应用结果及优缺点。方法2004年10月至2006年2月分别应用球囊骨扩张器（球囊组）与Sky骨扩张器（Sky组）,对49例患者86个椎体行PKP,其中Sky组24例29个椎体,球囊组25例57个椎体。记录手术时间、术中出血量、骨水泥注射量,观察患者手术前后疼痛和功能改善情况,观察骨水泥在椎体内的分布以及病椎的高度改变。结果所有患者均安全完成手术。以平均每个椎体计算,两组手术时间、出血量、器械材料费用相比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。球囊组平均每侧注入PMMA骨水泥的量较Sky组多（P〈0．05）。两组患者术后VAS和ODI评分均较术前减少（P〈0．05）。X线片观察：球囊组单侧穿刺的32个椎体有24个见骨水泥越过中线到达椎体对侧;Sky组单侧穿刺的28个椎体见骨水泥主要局限在穿刺侧,有6个椎体见少量骨水泥越过中线到达椎体对侧。两组病椎高度均有不同程度的恢复,球囊组椎体前缘和中线高度恢复较明显,Sky组以椎体中线高度恢复较明显。球囊组有4例5个椎体出现椎间隙少量渗漏。Sky组中出现椎间隙骨水泥少量渗漏5例7个椎体,椎体后缘渗漏3例3个椎体,椎旁少量渗漏1例1个椎体。Sky骨扩张器5例退出困难,1例断裂。1例球囊在扩张第3个椎体时破裂。结论球囊扩张PKP与Sky骨扩张器PKP治疗疼痛性压缩骨折均有良好的临床疗效;Sky骨扩张器PKP在单节段椎体中选用较好,球囊扩张PKP对多节段椎体骨折更为适用。     

老年骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折的经皮椎体后凸成形术

目的探讨椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折的手术技术及适应证等相关问题。方法用椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折20例,采用经皮穿刺双侧椎弓根入路,单枚球囊依次撑开压缩的椎体,每个椎体充填骨水泥平均5·2ml。结果20例患者腰背部疼痛在术后24h缓解并下床活动,椎体高度基本恢复,后凸畸形平均矫正18°。随访6~18个月,患者均恢复伤前生活状况,无脊髓神经损伤、骨水泥漏、肺栓塞等并发症。结论椎体后凸成形术能达到缓解疼痛、恢复椎体高度的目的,是治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折的有效方法。但必须熟练掌握椎体后凸成形术的经皮穿刺技术、骨水泥灌注技术及掌握手术适应证,才能保证这一技术的安全性和有效性。     

Sky骨扩张器在经皮椎体后凸成形术中的临床应用

目的:探讨应用Sky骨扩张器行经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法:应用Sky骨扩张器行经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗8例共9个椎体的压缩性骨折,其中骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折6例7个椎体,脊柱转移瘤1例(T7),椎体血管瘤1例(L1)。术前术后行VAS评分,测量手术前后各病椎椎体前缘、中线、后缘高度并进行比较和统计学分析。结果:全组均安全完成手术,平均每个椎体手术时间为42min;失血量平均每例约为20ml;平均每个椎体注入PMMA3.2ml,术前的VAS评分平均为7.8分,术后第1天平均为3.1分,术后1周为2.6分,术后1个月平均2.5分,手术前后差异有显著性(P<0.05)。术前骨折椎体前缘的平均高度为18.21mm,术后为20.52mm(P<0.01);术前骨折椎体中线的平均高度为14.23mm,术后为19.43mm(P<0.01);术前骨折椎体后缘的平均高度为23.98mm,术后为24.59mm(P>0.05)。术后CT检查发现椎体后缘少量渗漏和椎间隙骨水泥渗漏各1例,均无临床症状;1例患者出现椎体后缘渗漏,术后出现大小便功能障碍,经保守治疗后于术后5d大便功能恢复,术后1周小便功能改善。结论:应用Sky骨扩张器行经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折创伤小、较安全,近期疗效较好,但仍有一定的并发症发生。     

经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗 老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术（PKP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床 效果。方法对69例共叨个老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的患者,均行经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸 成形术。观察指标为术前术后的疼痛视觉模拟评分（vasal analogue scale,VAS )、椎体高度的恢复及 并发症发生情况。结果 W个椎体均经皮行双侧椎弓根穿刺成功完成手术。所有患者疼痛缓解, VAS术前平均为（7. 52 10. 49)分,术后第3天平均为（2. 38 1 0. 22)分;术后1个月VAS平均为（1. 88 ±0. 12)分。术前骨折椎体前缘高度平均为（15.65 1 0. 68 ) mm,术后椎体前缘高度平均为（23.68 1 0.83) mm,术前术后差异有显著性（P < 0. 05 )。骨水泥注射量每个椎体3.5-7.5@1,平均5.5 ml。骨 水泥少量渗漏到椎间隙1个椎体,沿手术通道反流至椎弓根2个椎体,均无临床症状,渗漏率为 3.23%。结论经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术（PKP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折,能迅速 缓解疼痛,一定程度的恢复椎体高度,临床疗效确切。     

膨胀式椎体成形术治疗椎体破坏31例

目的总结探讨膨胀式椎体成形术（Sky骨扩张器系统）治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折和椎体肿瘤的临床效果及安全性。方法对31例共59个椎体压缩骨折和椎体肿瘤破坏的患者,应用Sky骨扩张器进行经皮穿刺椎体扩张成形术。观察指标为,术前术后的疼痛视觉模拟评分（vasual analoguescale,VAS）、椎体高度的恢复及并发症发生情况。结果59个椎体均单侧经椎弓根基底穿刺成功完成手术。所有患者疼痛均有明显缓解,VAS术前平均为（8．03±0．27）分,术后第3天平均为（3．0±0．32）分,术后1个月VAS平均为（2．8土0．22）分。术前病椎前缘的平均高度为（17．36±1．28）mm。术后椎体前缘的平均高度为（22．13±0．69）mm,术前术后有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。骨水泥注射量每个椎体3．0～5．0mL,平均4．6mL。骨水泥沿椎弓根针道反流2例,均无临床症状;渗漏到椎管内1例（1个椎体）．2d后出现下肢麻木、疼痛等临床症状,渗漏率为1．7％。结论Sky骨扩张器治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折及椎体转移瘤骨质破坏,可迅速缓解疼痛,能在一定程度上恢复椎体高度,手术操作简便,安全可行。     

后凸成形术结合体位复位治疗创伤性胸腰椎椎体骨折的临床观察

目的：观察在体位复位辅助下后凸成形术治疗创伤性胸腰椎椎体骨折的临床疗效。方法：37例新鲜单节段胸腰椎椎体骨折患者,男28例,女9例;年龄24～79岁,平均48岁。通过体位复位及Sky扩张器撑开复位后,经双侧椎弓根穿刺充填自固化磷酸钙人工骨（CPC）。根据Denis胸腰椎骨折的分型：压缩性骨折,B型27例,C型3例,D型5例;爆裂性骨折2例,均为B型。利用体位复位,经皮穿刺,Sky椎体成形器扩张椎体,注入可降解的自固化磷酸钙人工骨。根据术前和术后侧位X线片测量椎体高度、后凸畸形角度,并计算椎体高度丢失率和后凸畸形矫正率,记录分析视觉模拟评分（VAS）及伤椎形态变化。结果：术后随访9～24个月,平均13个月。术后伤椎处疼痛均显著缓解,VAS评分改变从术前平均（7.6±2.5）分降至术后平均（1.8±1.5）分,椎体前壁高度和中间高度明显恢复,后凸畸形得到矫正。随访期间疗效满意,伤椎高度无明显丢失。结论：在严格掌握适应证、选择合适病例的前提下,采用体位复位辅助下经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗创伤性胸腰椎椎体骨折,能迅速缓解疼痛,有效恢复椎体高度和矫正后凸畸形。     

计算机导航辅助下经皮椎体成形术

目的探讨红外线透视导航下经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折的方法和疗效。方法采用红外线透视导航下经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折22例(32椎),骨折部位为T6～L4,胸椎14椎,腰椎18椎。压缩程度为20%～90%,其中5例椎体压缩在75%以上。12椎行椎体成形术;20椎行椎体后凸成形术,其中12椎行球囊扩张成形,8椎行sky膨胀式椎体成形。行单椎体注射14例,两椎体注射6例,三椎体注射2例;18椎采用单侧椎弓根注射,14椎采用双侧椎弓根注射。术后行X线及CT检查了解骨折椎体复位情况、椎体容量变化、骨水泥分布及外漏情况,用CT容量分析法观测手术前后椎体的容积变化,观察手术前后疼痛强度评价的直觉模拟评分变化。结果成功对32椎注射骨水泥,无手术中死亡病例,无神经根及脊髓受压,无肺栓塞及心脑血管系统急性反应。每椎手术时间为(18.4±4.5)min,X线照射剂量为(12.2±3.4)dGy,注射骨水泥量为(4.4±2.5)ml,椎体体积由术前的(22.2±8.6)cm3增至术后的(24.8±6.9)cm3,容积变化手术前后差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。VAS由术前的(8.3±1.6)分下降为术后48h的(2.2±3.7)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后平均随访10(6～16)个月,无严重并发症,无椎体塌陷。结论采用导航系统引导行椎体成形术能明显提高手术精确度和安全性,减少放射线剂量,缩短手术时间,并扩大了手术适应证。     

SKy骨扩张器治疗老年椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨SKy骨扩张器治疗老年椎体压缩骨折的临床应用价值。方法采用SKy骨扩张器治疗老年椎体压缩骨折11例（13个椎体）,观察手术时间、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥分布及外漏情况;术前、术后3d及随访时测定患者疼痛视觉类比评分（VAS）和并发症情况。结果11例（13个椎体）均单侧穿刺成功,手术时间45～65（50±15）min。骨水泥注射量3～6（4.5±1.5）ml/椎体。骨水泥分布均超过中线,沿针道返流1个椎体,无椎管内渗漏,均无临床症状。11例术后疼痛均缓解,VAS术前为8.9分±1.4分,术后3d为3.4分±1.9分,术前、术后比较差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。11列均获随访,时间3～6个月,随访时VAS为2.6分±3.1分。结论SKy骨扩张器具有可控定向扩张优点,安全有效,且价格较低,值得临床推广。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.