高能量Pilon骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨Pilon骨折的适宜手术方法、最佳手术时机及其手术疗效。方法回顾性分析1998至2004年进行手术治疗的38例单侧胫骨Pilon骨折病例，38例中9例行切开复位三叶型钢板内固定，26例行有限切开内固定并辅以外固定，其中应用外固定支架者24例、辅以石膏托者2例。术后平均随访30．2个月。结果采用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效，38例患者中，优28例，良8例，可2例。术后3例出现创面不愈合，4例发生感染，1例骨折延迟愈合，4例发生关节退行性变。结论正确选择手术时机，根据骨折类型和条件灵活选择固定方式是取得良好手术效果的关键。     

有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨有限内固定结合Hybrid外固定支架治疗胫骨远端骨折的疗效。方法从2003年1月～2005年7月,使用Hybird外固定支架治疗胫骨远端骨折21例,按AO分类:A1型4例;A2型5例;A3型4例;C1型2例;C2型3例;C3型3例,其中开放性骨折8例,手术采用有限切开,骨片钉固定,Hybrid外固定支架不跨踝关节固定。结果术后21例均获随访,平均随访时间12.3个月,骨折平均愈合时间7.6个月。功能评定采用Bone的踝关节活动度进行评价,优良率达76%。结论Hybrid外固定支架设计合理并能维持骨干的轴线,骨片钉能很好的固定骨折块,同时避免了软组织的并发症,可使踝关节早期活动,防止踝关节僵硬,因而是治疗胫骨远端骨折有效的方法之一。     

胫骨Pilon骨折的手术治疗

[目的]回顾性分析治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的手术方法及其疗效.[方法]对2002年1月～2005年12月手术治疗的31例胫骨Pilon骨折进行随访,开放性骨折12例,闭合性骨折19例.按R黣di-Allgǒwer分型Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型15例,Ⅲ型11例.24例行切开复位胫骨远端解剖钢板内固定术,7例行有限内固定结合外固定支架.术后随访12～23个月,平均18.3个月.[结果]采用Tenny评分系统评估手术疗效,优18例,良6例,可5例,差2例.术后并发症包括皮肤坏死3例,感染1例,复位不良1例和关节退行性变4例.[结论]根据骨折类型,正确选择手术时机和合适的固定方式是治疗Pilon骨折取得良好效果的关键.     

有限内固定结合外固定支架与钢板治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效分析

[目的]探讨有限内固定结合外固定支架与钢板在胫骨平台骨折治疗中的应用及其疗效.[方法]2007年1月～2011年1月从胫骨平台骨折患者中选取58例,男38例,女20例;年龄19～ 54岁,平均(42.7±8.9)岁,按Schatzker分型:Ⅳ型17例,Ⅴ型31例,Ⅵ10例,其中外支架组31例,钢板内固定组27例,术后随访6～17个月,平均14.1个月.[结果]有限内固定结合外支架固定组平均手术时间(57.4±12.1)min,平均术中出血量(161.3±17.0) ml,平均骨折愈合时间为(12.4±1.5)周,切口感染率为6％,针道感染率为9％,Lysholm评分:优21例,占67％,良8例,占25％,差2例.钢板内固定治疗组平均手术时间(105.4±23.8) min,平均术中出血量(252.4±28.9)ml,平均骨折愈合时间为(15.5±2.5)周,切口感染率为4％,Lyshol评分:优16例,占60％,良10例,占37％,差1例.手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间,评分组间比较有显著差异(P＜0.05),切口感染率、Lysholm评分组间无显著差异(P＞0.05).[结论]两种方法治疗胫骨平台骨折,功能恢复佳,疗效满意,外固定架是目前治疗胫骨平台开放性骨折较为理想的治疗方式,尤其适用于胫骨平台骨折合并有严重的软组织损伤与缺损患者.     

外固定支架辅以有限内固定治疗复杂桡骨远端骨折

[目的]回顾分析外固定支架辅以有限内固定治疗复杂桡骨远端骨折的疗效。[方法]2011年6月²013年6月,本院采用外固定支架辅以有限克氏针内固定治疗复杂桡骨远端骨折86例,男39例,女47例;年龄212013年6月,本院采用外固定支架辅以有限克氏针内固定治疗复杂桡骨远端骨折86例,男39例,女47例;年龄21⁸4岁,平均42.5岁。骨折按AO分型:C2型34例,C3型52例。术中采用可调组合式外固定支架辅以经皮克氏针固定骨折端,骨折愈合后拆除外固定支架。[结果]86例患者均得到随访(884岁,平均42.5岁。骨折按AO分型:C2型34例,C3型52例。术中采用可调组合式外固定支架辅以经皮克氏针固定骨折端,骨折愈合后拆除外固定支架。[结果]86例患者均得到随访(8²4个月,平均11.5个月),骨折愈合时间1024个月,平均11.5个月),骨折愈合时间10¹3周,平均11.5周。影像学评估采用Sarmiento评分系统:末次随访时优62良24;腕关节功能按Gartland-Werlry功能评分标准,优良率91%。本组病例中无严重并发症(桡神经损伤,第二掌骨医源性骨折等)发生。[结论]外固定支架辅以有限内固定治疗复杂桡骨远端骨折,能最大程度地减轻手术创伤,在为骨折端提供满意的复位和坚强固定的同时,还能最大限度保护骨折端周围的血供,为骨折愈合提供良好的生物学环境;术后并发症少,患肢功能恢复满意,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

有限内固定联合外固定支架治疗Schatzker Ⅴ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨有限内固定联合外固定支架治疗SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法手术治疗55例SchatzkerⅤ型(31例)和Ⅵ型(24例)胫骨平台骨折患者。术中先透视下闭合复位或辅以小切口复位胫骨平台内外侧髁,并给予螺钉固定,再应用外固定支架固定,对塌陷骨折撬拨复位人工骨填充。结果骨折解剖复位39例,近解剖复位16例。患者均获得随访,时间12~54个月。骨折愈合时间4~7个月。末次随访膝关节功能按Rasmussen评分标准:优32例,良15例,可7例,差1例,优良率85.5%。切口并发症7例(12.7%):其中切口浅表感染2例,钉道感染5例,未发生深部感染,骨髓炎及骨不连。结论有限内固定联合外固定支架治疗SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折可获得满意临床疗效,具有创伤小、并发症发生率低、骨折愈合快等优点。     

有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折

目的　探讨有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法　采用有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折 14例。根据Ruedi Allgower骨折分型:Ⅰ型 3例,Ⅱ型 5例,Ⅲ型 6例。按Teeny踝关节功能评分标准进行疗效评价。结果　全部病例获得随访,随访时间 6个月 ~5年,平均 4 1年;骨折愈合时间 6~24周(平均 10 5周)。踝关节功能评分,优 9例、良 2例、可 2例、差 1例。结论　采用有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折,能减少并发症并获得较好疗效。     

Hybrid外固定支架治疗胫骨远近端重度开放性骨折的初步报告

目的 探讨应用Hybrid外固定支架治疗胫骨远、近端严重粉碎性、开放性骨折的疗效.方法 自2004年3月至2008年12月采用Hybrid外固定支架治疗27例严重粉碎性、开放性胫骨远、近端骨折患者,男16例,女11例;年龄13～80岁,平均56.2岁;胫骨近端骨折19例,远端骨折8例.按GustiloAnderson分型:Ⅱ型10例,ⅢA型12例,ⅢB型5例.22例患者采用Hybrid外固定支架同定,5例患者采用SheffieldHybrid外同定支架同定.必要时结合有限内固定:6例采用骨片钉固定,4例采用可吸收螺钉固定,3例采用钢丝固定.结果 27例患者术后获7～58个月(平均27个月)随访.外固定支架使用时间平均为6.0个月(4～8个月),骨折愈合时间平均为6.7个月(4～12个月).无伤口感染、神经及血管损伤等并发症发生.仅5例发生针道局部感染,经换药后治愈.患肢功能按JohnerWruhs方法评价:优17例,良8例,中2例,优良率为92.6%.结论 应用Hybrid外固定支架治疗严萝粉碎性、开放件胫骨远、近端骨折具有手术创伤小、固定可靠、可避免伤口并发症和骨小连的发生、能更好地恢复关节面的解剖关系、有利于关节早期活动及避免关节僵硬等优点,是一种较好的治疗方法.     

Pilon骨折的手术治疗体会

目的回顾性分析了治疗Pilon骨折的适宜手术方法、最佳手术时机及其手术疗效。方法对1997年至2002年接受手术治疗的52例单侧Pilon骨折患进行随访，平均年龄37．8岁，伤后至手术时间平均6．8d。骨折类型：Ⅰ型4例、Ⅱ型36例、Ⅲ型12例。40例行切开复位三叶型(或T型)钢板内固定；12例行有限切开内固定并辅以外固定，其中应用外固定支架2例，辅以石膏托10例。术后平均随访28．4个月。结果采用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效，52例患，优43例，良6例，可3例。术后并发症包括创面不愈合4例，感染2例，延迟愈合1例和关节退行性变7例。结论正确选择手术时机，根据骨折类型和条件灵活选择固定方式是取得良好手术效果的关键。     

外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫骨Pilon骨折

目的 探讨外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法 对22例Pilon骨折患者采用微创手术治疗，利用外固定支架结合有限内固定固定骨折。结果 22例患者均获得随访，时间6-24个月，骨折全部愈合，无感染，踝关节功能良好。结论 外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫骨PilonⅠ，Ⅱ型骨折是一种有效的治疗方法，具有手术切口小，对骨折端血运破坏小，固定牢固等优点。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.