右美托咪定复合丙泊酚用于肩周炎松解术的效果

目的探讨右美托咪啶（dexmedetomidin）复合丙泊酚用于肩周炎松解术的临床效果。方法将60例晚期肩周炎行肩关节松解术的患者随机分为2组：右美托咪定复合丙泊酚组（D组）和芬太尼复合丙泊酚组（F组）观察2组给药前、松解术中HR和MAP,并术中躁动的发生率和躁动程度,术后进行VAS评分。结果 F组和D组躁动的发生率分别为33.3%和10.0%,与F组比较,D组躁动发生率降低（P〈0.05）。术中F组HR明显快于D组、F组MAP明显高于D组;术后4 h、12 h时VAS评分F组明显高于D组。结论右美托咪啶复合丙泊酚用于肩周炎松解术优于芬太尼复合丙泊酚,可提高麻醉镇痛的效果且减少术后疼痛的发生。     

右美托咪定复合氟哌利多对七氟醚全麻胸科手术老年患者苏醒期躁动的影响

目的评价右美托咪定复合氟哌利多治疗七氟醚全麻胸科手术老年患者苏醒期躁动的有效性及安全性。方法选取七氟醚全麻下普胸外科术后严重躁动老年患者60例,男48例,女12例,年龄66～75岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,按照随机数字表分为三组:氟哌利多组(F组)、右美托咪定组(D组)和右美托咪定复合氟哌利多组(DF组)。被诊断为苏醒期严重躁动后,F组静脉推注氟哌利多0.06 mg/kg;D组右美托咪定1μg/kg泵注10 min,继以0.2μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)维持泵注1 h;DF组静脉推注氟哌利多0.03 mg/kg,同时给予右美托咪定0.5μg/kg泵注10 min,继以0.2μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)维持泵注1 h。观察并记录躁动评分、Ramsay镇静评分、PaCO_2变化以及恶心、呕吐等不良反应的发生情况。结果给药后5、10、15、20 min DF组躁动评分明显低于D组(P0.05);给药后60、90、120 min DF组躁动评分明显低于F组(P0.05)。给药后60、120 min三组PaCO_2差异无统计学意义。DF组和D组过度镇静比例明显低于F组(P0.05)。三组恶心、呕吐、心动过缓、高血压、低血压发生率差异无统计学意义。结论右美托咪定复合氟哌利多用于老年患者七氟醚全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的治疗效果确切,安全性好,可以规避右美托咪定不能快速推注同时避免氟哌利多导致过度镇静的缺点。     

右美托咪定复合氟比洛芬酯预防全麻苏醒期躁动的临床研究

目的观察右美托咪定复合氟比洛芬酯对全麻患者苏醒期躁动及拔管期心血管反应的影响。方法择期行全身麻醉的口腔颌面部肿瘤手术患者80例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为氟比洛芬酯组(F组)、右美托咪定组(D组)、右美托咪定复合氟比洛芬酯组(DF组)和对照组(C组),每组20例。F组于手术结束前30min经静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50mg;D组于手术结束前30min经静脉注射右美托咪定0.5μg/kg;DF组手术结束前30min经静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50mg,同时经静脉注射右美托咪定0.25μg/kg;C组静脉注射与D组等容量的生理盐水。记录四组患者拔管前(T0)、拔管时(T1)、拔管后5min(T2)MAP、HR的变化;记录苏醒时间、拔管时间以及拔管前Riker镇静躁动评分、拔管后5min的Ramsay镇静评分。结果 T1、T2时F组、C组MAP明显高于,HR明显快于T0时(P0.05或P0.01);D组、DF组MAP明显低于,HR明显慢于C组(P0.01)。D组苏醒时间、拔管时间明显长于,Ramsay镇静评分明显高于其他三组(P0.05);D组、DF组Riker镇静躁动评分明显低于C组(P0.05);D组、DF组患者躁动发生率明显低于C组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论右美托咪定0.25μg/kg复合氟比洛芬酯50mg可有效降低全麻患者苏醒期躁动并能降低患者拔管期心血管反应,不会延长患者的苏醒时间和拔管时间。     

右美托咪定在胸科术后麻醉恢复期应用的临床观察

目的观察"右美托咪定"在胸科术后麻醉恢复期应用的临床效果。方法选取择期胸科手术患者40例,术后接镇痛泵转入重症监护室,必要时给予静注丙泊酚1~2 mg/kg,维持适度的镇静镇痛水平。将病例随机分为2组,每组20例:D组不再附加镇静镇痛药;Y组静脉泵注右美托咪定0.3μg/kg·h,至拔出气管导管停用。记录麻醉恢复期患者镇静和躁动的情况,心血管不良事件发生的情况,及恢复时间(从入ICU到拔除气管导管的时间)、镇痛效果、静注丙泊酚的量和次数。结果麻醉恢复期间两组均无镇静过度病例出现,2组恢复时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。躁动发生率D组40%(8例),显著高于Y组10%(2例,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。心血管不良事件发生率D组60%(12例),Y组25%(5例),2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患者镇痛满意度Y组为65%(13例),高于D组25%(5例),2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。麻醉恢复期平均静注丙泊酚的次数D组(1.50±0.89)较Y组(0.65±0.59)多,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 "右美托咪定"在胸科术后麻醉恢复期应用,能降低躁动和心血管不良事件发生率,提高镇痛满意度,利于患者恢复。     

右美托咪定用于ICU腹部大手术后患者的镇静效果观察

目的分析右美托咪定用于ICU腹部大手术后患者的镇静效果及安全性。方法选取56例腹部大手术后接镇痛泵转入ICU治疗的患者,疼痛时静注丙泊酚1~2 mg/kg。随机分为2组,各28例。观察组经镇痛泵静脉泵注右美托咪定,对照组不静脉泵注右美托咪定。比较麻醉恢复期2组患者疼痛、躁动及心血管不良事件发生率;记录入住ICU至拔除气管导管的时间、镇痛效果及丙泊酚的静注次数。结果 2组患者麻醉恢复期均未发生镇静过度,恢复时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组的躁动发生率、心血管不良事件发生率、镇痛满意度及平均静注丙泊酚次数均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ICU腹部大手术后麻醉恢复期静脉泵注右美托咪定,可有效降低躁动和心血管不良事件的发生率,镇痛效果满意,可促进患者术后康复。     

右美托咪定对扁桃体摘除术麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 评价右美托咪定对扁桃体摘除术患者麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响.方法 择期扁桃体摘除术患者60例,年龄12～20岁,体重35～65 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为两组.麻醉诱导后,右美托咪定组(D组)在10 min内静脉泵注右美托咪定1.0μg/kg(用生理盐水稀释至50 ml),然后以0.5μg,kg-1·h-1持续泵入至手术结束前20 min.对照组(C组)以同样方式泵注生理盐水.术中吸入异氟醚和静注丙泊酚维持麻醉.记录吸痰拔管时镇静躁动(SAS)评分及拔管后10 min的Ramsay镇静评分及VAS评分.结果 D组阿托品使用次数明显多于C组(P＜0.05).拔管时D组SAS评分明显低于C组,而Ramsay评分明显高于C组(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪定可明显减少扁桃体摘除术患者麻醉苏醒期闻躁动的发生.     

右美托咪定联合插管型喉罩在困难气道插管中的应用

目的 评价右美托咪定诱导联合插管型喉罩或纤维支气管镜(FOB)在清醒保留呼吸情况下气管插管的效果.方法 择期手术全麻患者96例,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,术前气道评估Mallampati分级≥Ⅲ级,Cormack-Lehane分级≥Ⅲ级.随机均分为四组:A组静注右美托咪定1μg/kg(10min)+芬太尼2 μg/kg联合插管型喉罩插管;B组静注咪达唑仑0.03 mg/kg+芬太尼2μg/kg联合插管型喉罩插管;C组静注右美托咪定1 μg/kg(10min)+芬太尼2μg/kg经鼻FOB插管;D组静注咪达唑仑0.03mg/kg+芬太尼2μg/kg经鼻FOB插管.记录麻醉前(T0)、静脉推注右美托咪定或咪达唑仑完毕即刻(T1)、静脉推注芬太尼后(T2)、置入插管型喉罩或FOB到达会厌即刻(T3)、插入气管导管时(T4)、插入气管导管后1 min(T5)、插入气管导管后给予肌松药后3min(T6)时MAP、HR、SpO2、BIS,并记录插管成功率、心动过速、高血压、有无躁动、呛咳等插管反应,记录插管前心动过缓使用阿托品和插管后的心动过速使用艾司洛尔情况,术后随访患者对插管过程是否耐受.结果 与T0时比较,T2、T3时A、C组HR明显减慢,T3～T5时B、D组HR明显增快,T3～T5时B、D组和T4、T5时C组MAP明显升高(P＜0.05).诱导插管前阿托品使用率A、C组明显高于B、D组;插管后艾司洛尔使用率A、C组明显低于B、D组(P＜0.05);术后躁动发生率A、B、C组均明显低于D组(P＜0.05);对麻醉中插管的耐受、下次是否愿意使用同样的麻醉方法A组均明显高于B、C、D组(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪定联合插管型喉罩在困难气道保留呼吸插管安全有效,而且可以减少心动过速、高血压及心肌缺血发生率,增强对气管插管的耐受.     

不同剂量右美托咪定对视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时心血管反应的影响

目的观察不同剂量右美托咪定对视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时心血管反应的影响。方法择期气管插管全麻手术患者90例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,MallampatiⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为三组,D1组:右美托咪定0.8μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg;D2组:右美托咪定1.0μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg和D3组:右美托咪定1.2μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg。插管前15min三组患者分别按上述剂量缓慢静脉泵注右美托咪定(10min泵注完毕),插管前90s快速静注瑞芬太尼,并在气管完善表面麻醉的基础上,行视频喉镜插管。记录入室后安静10min(基础值,T0)、喉镜置入前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)时HR、MAP及Ramsay镇静评分;并记录插管时间、气管插管过程中躁动、呛咳、呼吸抑制、心血管不良反应的发生情况;术后随访患者对气管插管过程的知晓情况。结果 T1时三组HR明显慢于、MAP明显低于T0时(P0.05);T2时D1组HR明显快于、MAP明显高于D2、D3组(P0.05)。T1、T2时D1组Ramsay镇静评分明显低于D2、D3组(P0.05)。D1组高血压、心动过速、躁动、呛咳等不良反应的发生率明显高于D2、D3组(P0.05)。D3组心动过缓、呼吸抑制发生率明显高于D1、D2组(P0.05)。结论在完善的气道表面麻醉基础上,右美托咪定1μg/kg复合瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg可以明显抑制视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时的心血管反应,并且不良反应少,是较为合理的临床用药剂量。     

不同剂量右美托咪定预处理对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤炎性反应的影响

目的观察不同剂量右美托咪定预处理对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤炎性反应的影响。方法全脑缺血前2 h,假手术组(S组),对照组(C组)静注生理盐水2mL/h,低剂量右美托咪定预处理组(D1组)、高剂量右美托咪定预处理组(D2组)分别静注右美托咪定每分钟0.05μg/kg和每分钟0.5μg/kg。全脑缺血再灌后30分钟检测血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α和白细胞介素(IL)-1β变化;测定脑组织含水量;观察海马CA1区神经病理变化。结果与C组比较,D1组、D2组TNF-α、IL-1β水平显著减少(P0.05),D1组、D2组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。D1组、D2组较C组固缩神经元数量及神经元缺失显著减少。结论全脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠,低、高剂量右美托咪定预处理均可产生一定的脑保护作用。     

不同药物预防七氟醚术后躁动的研究

目的观察右美托咪定、芬太尼和氯胺酮预防七氟醚术后躁动的效果。方法斜视矫正术患儿120例,年龄3～10岁,均采用七氟醚麻醉诱导和维持。患儿随机均分为四组,在手术结束前10min分别给予右美托咪定0.3μg/kg(D组)、芬太尼1μg/kg(F组)、氯胺酮0.5mg/kg(K组)或生理盐水(C组)。观察并记录给药即刻、5min、10min的呼吸循环变化。观察术后躁动发生率、手术时间、苏醒时间以及离开麻醉后恢复室时间。结果四组患儿呼吸循环变化差异无统计学意义。D组和F组苏醒时间明显长于C组(P<0.05),但明显短于K组(P<0.05)。C组术后躁动发生率明显高于其他三组(P<0.01),而D、F和K组组间差异无统计学意义。K组离开麻醉后恢复室时间明显长于其他三组(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定、芬太尼、氯胺酮均能明显降低七氟醚术后躁动的发生率。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.