输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石536例报告

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的效果。方法回顾性分析536例输尿管结石，直径为0．5～2．0cm，均行输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石术治疗。结石合并息肉形成153例，采用钬激光汽化切割息肉。术后放置双J管2～6周。结果491例一次性碎石成功，成功率为91．6％（491／536），手术时间为15-75min，平均32min。术后1周结石排净率为72．5％（356／491），术后住院时间为1～4d，平均2．5d。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石术是治疗输尿管结石安全有效的方法。     

输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石(附51例报告)

目的　探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的疗效。　方法　采用输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石 5 1例。　结果　一次性碎石率 90 % (45 / 5 0 )。手术时间 30～ 78min ,平均 4 5min ;术后住院 1～ 6d ,平均 2 .4d ;结石排净时间 3～ 6周 ,平均 4周。无脓肾、输尿管穿孔等并发症。　结论　输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术安全、有效 ,治疗肾结石疗效确切 ,并发症少。     

基层医院输尿管镜钬激光碎石术应用分析

目的探讨基层医院输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术临床效果。方法选取笔者所在医院泌尿外科在2007年12月～2009年10月期间收治的150例输尿管结石患者,经检查无手术禁忌证后,均予以输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗。结果 150例输尿管患者中有141例单次碎石成功,手术成功率为94.0%;手术时间29～125min,住院时间4～9d。术中有6例患者发生输尿管穿孔,术后有2例患者出现泌尿系统感染,经抗感染治疗后均痊愈,术后均出现不同程度的血尿,经积极止血及对症治疗后消失。结论输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石安全有效,具有较高临床价值。     

输尿管肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石

目的　探讨输尿管肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的有效性和安全性。　方法　回顾性分析 186例应用半硬性输尿管肾镜和钬激光碎石术治疗的输尿管结石患者资料。男 12 3例 ,女 6 3例 ;平均年龄 5 1岁。上段结石 5 1例 ,中段 6 4例 ,下段 71例。结石直径 0 .6～ 2 .5cm ,平均 1.3cm。　结果　单次碎石成功率为 96 % (179/ 186 ) ,其中上段结石单次碎石成功率为 90 % (46 / 5 1) ,中、下段为99 % (133/ 135 )。平均手术时间 2 8min ,术中无输尿管穿孔等并发症发生。 179例术后平均住院 1.2d。术后随访 2周～ 3个月 ,结石排净率 99% (177/ 179) ,肾盂积水由术前 (3.6± 0 .7)cm降至 (1.5± 0 .4 )cm(P <0 .0 1) ,无输尿管狭窄发生。　结论　输尿管肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石高效、安全 ,可作为输尿管结石特别是中下段结石首选的治疗方法。     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石309例报告

目的：探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效。方法：采用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石患者309例,其中肾结石228例,输尿管上段结石81例。结石长径0．8～3．0cm,平均1．6cm。结果：309例患者手术顺利,平均结石清除率为83．5％（258／309）。手术时间30～90min,平均50min。术后住院时间2～8d,平均5d。术后2周复查KUB平片,平均结石清除率达91．9％（284／309）。无脓肾、输尿管穿孑L等并发症发生。结论：输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石安全有效,并发症少。     

钬激光治疗输尿管结石48例

目的　探讨输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石的方法及临床疗效。　方法　回顾分析 2 0 0 1年 2月至 2 0 0 1年 8月采用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石 4 8例的临床资料。　结果　一次性碎石成功率为 98% (47/48)。在双J管拔除后 5天内结石排净率为 96 % (46 /48)。无严重的并发症发生。　结论　输尿管镜下钬激光碎石疗效确切 ,方法安全     

经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石(附76例报告)

目的探讨经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石的安全性和有效性。方法2006年1～12月,应用经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石76例,将结石击碎成直径<2mm,结石区息肉用钬激光汽化切割,术后常规放置双J管2～4周。结果66例(87%)单次碎石成功,术后4周结石排净率97%(64/66)。术中3例结石移位,1例结石入肾盂碎石成功,2例术后行ESWL治愈。3例因操作不当造成输尿管穿孔改开放手术。5例远端输尿管明显扭曲改开放手术。全组术后住院时间3～6d。结论经输尿管镜钬激光碎石是一种治疗输尿管结石安全,高效,创伤小,恢复快的方法。     

F6/7.5输尿管镜联合钬激光碎石治疗小儿输尿管结石

目的 探讨F6/7.5输尿管镜联合钬激光碎石治疗小儿输尿管结石的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2010年6月至2015年9月收治的29例采用F6/7.5输尿管镜联合钬激光碎石治疗的小儿输尿管结石的临床资料.结果 28例行输尿管镜联合钬激光碎石成功,l例因进镜失败改开放手术取石.手术时间30～80min,平均46min,2例输尿管上段结石术中部分较大结石碎片冲入肾盂,术后行体外碎石排出.术后1例出现发热,予抗感染治疗后体温下降.术后血尿2～4d消失,4～7d出院.术后4周复查CT未见明显结石残留,肾积水恢复正常或已明显改善.结论 F6/7.5输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗小儿输尿管结石,成功率高,并发症少,疗效满意,是治疗小儿输尿管结石的良好方法.     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石（附677例报告）

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析2003年6月～2012年6月应用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石677例的临床资料。B超测量结石长径7—53mm,平均13．2mm。并发尿路感染39例,行积极抗感染后再手术,急性肾功能衰竭38例行急诊手术,其余患者常规术前准备后手术。结果一次碎石成功率92．9％（629／677）,其中上、中、下段结石一次碎石成功率分别为79．2％（80／101）、89．3％（183／205）、98．7％（366／371）,上段〈中段〈下段（X2=5．670,P=0．017,X2=26．025,P=0．000）。手术时间10～90min,（33．4±14．6）min。术后住院时间1～21d,中位数5d。27例中转开放手术。19例一次碎石失败留置双J管加行ESWL治愈。术中并发症包括输尿管穿孔36例,输尿管撕脱伤1例。569例获随访3～6个月,平均4．8月,无输尿管狭窄等并发症。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石安全、高效,尤其适用于ESWL失败或结石被包裹和中下段输尿管结石的患者。熟练掌握输尿管镜钬激光操作技巧可以减少并发症。     

钬激光碎石术与体外冲击波碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效比较

目的　比较输尿管镜钬激光碎石术与体外冲击波碎石术 (ESWL)治疗输尿管结石的有效性和安全性。　方法　采用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石 15 9例 16 8侧 ,其中结石直径≥ 1cm者 76侧 ,<1cm者 92侧。ESWL治疗输尿管结石 319例 334侧 ,其中结石直径≥ 1cm者 14 3侧 ,<1cm者 191侧。比较两组手术时间 结石排净率 手术并发症发生率指标的差异。　结果　对直径≥ 1cm和 <1cm的输尿管结石钬激光碎石术治疗平均手术时间分别为 5 8min和 4 3min ,短于ESWL的平均手术时间 6 8min和 5 6min(P <0 .0 1) ;钬激光碎石术对直径≥ 1cm的输尿管结石 3个月结石排净率为 92 % ,高于ESWL的 6 1% (P <0 .0 1) ;对直径 <1cm的输尿管结石钬激光碎石术和ESWL的 3个月结石排净率分别为 95 %和 85 % (P >0 .0 5 )。钬激光碎石术组并发症发生率为 4 .8%( 8/ 16 8) ,ESWL组无明显并发症发生。　结论　输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗直径≥ 1cm的输尿管结石疗效明显优于ESWL ,而直径 <1cm的结石二者疗效差异无显著性 ,ESWL为直径 <1cm结石的首选治疗方法     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.