下颈椎经关节螺钉钉棒系统形式固定的临床研究

目的：探讨下颈椎经颈后正中入路采用经关节螺钉钉棒形式固定的应用。方法：自2005年7月至2009年7月,在11例下颈椎创伤性骨折脱位,9例颈椎管狭窄的后路固定中应用经关节螺钉以Vertex钉棒系统形式固定。其中男16例,女4例;年龄29～76岁,平均51岁,均行颈椎后路经关节螺钉内固定植骨融合、减压（其中3例结合前路手术）。经关节螺钉置钉方法：以侧块中心点内侧1mm为进钉点,进钉角度在矢状面上尾倾35°～40°,在冠状面上外倾15°～20°。术后摄颈椎X线片,评价螺钉位置和颈椎的序列和植骨融合情况。结果：共置入经关节螺钉88枚,其中10枚于C3,4,20枚于C4,5,32枚于C5,6,26枚于C6,7。术中所有螺钉均成功置入,未出现椎动脉、神经根和脊髓损伤等置钉相关并发症且均获得植骨融合,无内固定断裂失败。JOA评分：术后1周平均改善率55.8%,其中优5例,良7例,可7例,差1例,优良率为60%;术后3个月平均改善率为74.5%,其中优6例,良8例,可6例,优良率75%。术前与术后3个月JOA评分比较有统计学差异。结论：后路经关节螺钉钉棒形式内固定是一种有效的下颈椎固定形式,经过初步临床应用发现具有固定可靠,操作简单等优点。但这一新的固定形式,尚需长期的临床随访和观察。     

下颈椎经关节螺钉联合侧块或椎弓根螺钉固定的效果

目的 探讨在下颈椎经颈后正中入路应用经关节螺钉联合侧块螺钉或椎弓根螺钉行内固定治疗的固定效果.方法 2003年2月至2007年10月,对22例患者通过后路应用经关节螺钉联合侧块螺钉或椎弓根螺钉行内固定治疗,男14例,女8例;年龄24～73岁,平均43岁.其中下颈椎创伤性骨折脱位13例,颈椎后纵韧带骨化症4例,颈椎管狭窄伴Ⅱ型齿突骨折1例,颈椎间盘突出伴椎管狭窄4例.结果 共置入经关节螺钉45枚,其中C4,5 2枚,C5,639枚,C6,74枚;共置入侧块螺钉12枚,C3、C4各6枚;共置入椎弓根螺钉41枚,其中C24枚,C32枚,C46枚,C721枚,T18枚.术中所有螺钉均成功置入,未出现椎动脉、神经根和脊髓损伤等置钉相关并发症.22例患者均获随访,随访时间10个月～3年8个月,平均17个月.植骨融合时间3～5个月,平均3.5个月.术后发现1例患者的2枚经关节螺钉松动,部分脱出.经加强颈托制动,术后4个月获得融合.结论 通过后路固定下颈椎时,采用经关节螺钉联合侧块螺钉或椎弓根螺钉固定,均可取得较好的固定效果.     

经关节螺钉固定术在下颈椎骨折脱位中的应用

目的探讨及评价经关节突螺钉技术治疗下颈椎脱位的应用效果。方法使用经关节突螺钉技术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位17例,其中单节段固定12例,双节段5例。改良Klekamp经关节螺钉固定技术,以上位节段侧块背面中心点偏内侧1mm、偏下方1mm为入钉点,外倾20~25°,下倾35~40°,行四层皮质固定。结果所有患者均获得随访,患者颈椎基本达到完全复位,无椎动脉及颈髓损伤等并发症,均达到了骨性愈合。结论下颈椎经关节突螺钉置入简单,安全性高,生物力学固定融合性能好,适应范围广泛,是传统后路固定融合方法的创新与补充。     

颈椎后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定效果及安全性评价

目的评价后路椎弓根螺钉系统内固定重建颈椎不稳的有效性与安全性。方法13例颈椎骨折脱位，1例颈椎病不稳采用经后路椎弓根钉固定治疗，术后摄片、CT扫描评价椎弓根螺钉位置，颈生理曲度。结果颈椎椎弓根钉总计置入68枚：螺钉位置不良6枚，螺钉松动拔出1枚。术后平均随访6个月，均达到骨性融合，无断钉断棒。结论颈椎椎弓根钉系统是一种重建颈椎稳定最为牢固的固定方法之一，同时也是比较安全可行的。     

创伤性颈椎不稳后路钉棒固定重建稳定

目的探讨颈后路椎弓根钉或侧块螺钉-棒内固定治疗颈椎创伤性不稳临床效果。方法对30例创伤性颈椎不稳患者行后路椎弓根钉或侧块螺钉-棒内固定,椎板或小关节间植骨。结果术后颈部症状完全消失,受损颈髓神经功能明显改善。30例均获随访,时间3～52(10±3.2)个月,未发生并发症。颈椎复位良好,序列稳定;无内固定松动、断裂、植骨块移位;骨折愈合好,植骨渐进融合。颈椎伸屈角度105°±10.5°,侧屈角度80°±7.2°,轴向旋转功能96°±9.3°。结论颈椎创伤性不稳采用经后路椎弓根钉或侧块螺钉-棒内固定治疗能够达到良好的稳定效果。     

三维固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳

[目的]探讨应用三维固定技术治疗寰枢椎不稳症的疗效。[方法]2002年7月-2005年7月，采用：（1）寰椎侧块螺钉＋枢椎椎弓根钉固定13例患者；（2）枢椎经关节突螺钉＋寰椎后弓钩固定12例患者；两种方法其中Vertex 16例、Summit 9例。[结果]25例患者共置入寰椎侧块螺钉26枚，枢椎椎弓根钉26枚，枢椎经关节突螺钉24枚，寰椎后弓钩24枚。术后无1例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤，所有患者均得到随访，随访时间10—36个月，平均16．7个月。术后JOA评分13．6～15．9分，平均14．8分，改善率89．5％。骨折的齿状突骨性愈合，植骨块全部融合，无内固定断裂、松动。[结论]两种三维固定技术可靠，疗效肯定。     

内窥镜辅助下前路经寰枢关节螺钉固定植骨融合术治疗上颈椎不稳

目的:探讨内窥镜辅助下前路经寰枢关节螺钉固定植骨融合术治疗上颈椎不稳的临床可行性及其疗效。方法:2006年1月至2009年12月采用内窥镜辅助下前路经寰枢关节螺钉固定植骨融合术治疗上颈椎不稳患者13例,男8例,女5例;年龄17~65岁,平均46.8岁。JeffersonⅡ型骨折6例,JeffersonⅢ型骨折1例,寰枢椎脱位3例,陈旧性齿状突骨折3例。患者均有枕颈部不适和活动受限,术前VAS评分为3.2～4.1分,平均3.8分;2例伴有不同程度脊髓功能损害者,按Frankel分级C级1例,D级1例。随访患者临床症状改善和植骨融合情况。结果:均在内镜辅助下顺利完成手术,13例患者共置入26枚螺钉;手术时间60～130min,平均80min;术中出血110~290ml,平均190ml。术中无脊髓、椎动脉损伤等并发症。术后复查CT显示1枚螺钉位置欠佳,螺钉外斜角偏小且上斜角偏大,螺钉部分进入椎管,但未损伤脊髓,未做处理;25枚位置良好。寰枢关节基本复位,固定可靠。术后随访12~60个月,平均18个月,末次随访时VAS评分降至1.0～2.0分,平均1.3分,与术前比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。2例伴颈髓损伤患者的症状均有改善,Frankel分级C级者恢复到D级,D级者恢复到E级。12例患者术后3个月开始出现植骨融合,末次随访时寰枢关节间隙植骨均达到融合;1例患者未见明显植骨融合,但寰枢关节稳定性良好,未出现断钉等并发症。结论:内窥镜辅助下前路经寰枢关节螺钉固定植骨融合术治疗上颈椎不稳是可行的,能取得较好的治疗效果,且在一定程度上克服了传统手术显露困难的缺点,从而减少手术并发症。     

下颈椎经关节螺钉研究进展

近年来下颈椎经关节螺钉相关基础与临床应用研究逐渐受到重视.下颈椎经关节螺钉植入的进钉点为侧块中点下2mm,方向向尾侧倾斜40°,向外侧倾斜20°.生物力学测试证明下颈椎经关节螺钉通过四层皮质的固定获得了较侧块螺钉更强的抗拔出力,可作为锚定螺钉运用于钉板或钉棒系统,亦可单独运用于下颈椎后路固定.临床应用及随访证实下颈椎经关节螺钉植入安全,可获得满意融合.随着三维影像导航技术的出现,完全有可能采用微创方法经皮植入下颈椎经关节螺钉,这样将会对传统下颈椎后路内固定技术的发展起一定促进作用.下颈椎经关节螺钉研究尚处于基础探索阶段,需要开展大量严密细致的解剖学研究、影像学评价、安全性评估及临床中长期随访.     

经椎板关节突螺钉固定治疗下腰椎不稳

目的探讨关节突螺钉固定在下腰椎退行性不稳定患者手术中应用的临床效果。方法对19例退行性腰椎不稳患者采用后路椎板开窗减压，椎间植骨融合，经椎板关节突螺钉固定。结果19例随访6—36个月（平均21个月），椎间植骨融合率6个月时为86％，1年时为93％，临床症状消失，满意率92％。未出现断钉。结论采用后路椎板减压，经椎板关节突螺钉固定加椎间植骨能提高椎间融合率，使小关节稳定，解除临床症状。     

寰枢椎不稳的后路内固定治疗

目的　介绍寰枢椎不稳的后路内固定治疗的新方法。方法　 18例寰枢椎不稳患者经后路治疗 ,其中Apofix9例 ,Apofix +C1,2 经关节螺钉 9例。结果　共放置经关节螺钉 17枚 ,1例因放置过程中引起大出血 ,仅进行了单侧放置。术后并发感染 2例 ,经清创后愈合 ,无内固定失败和椎动脉及脊髓损伤等并发症。随访 5～ 16月 ,植骨全部融合。结论　Apofix和C1,2 经关节螺钉技术是治疗寰枢椎不稳的有效方法 ,可提供有效的固定和提高植骨融合率。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.     

Lymphocytapheresis

Abstract: Leukocytapheresis has long been performed with the centrifugal method. But in 1989 in Japan, the Asahi Medical Co. developed the extracorporeal leukocyte-removal filter, Cellsorba. This filter consists of non-woven fabric, which can remove leukocytes from whole blood during extracorporeal circulation. In the incipient stage, this filter was applied to collagen diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. During the following studies, this filter has been found to have an immunosuppressive effect. Now, it is beginning to be applied to various kinds of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, this filter has recently been recognized to be effective in inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. The outline of Cellsorba and the application of this filter is described here.     

Soluble TNFα Receptors Are Increased in Chronic Renal Insufficiency and Hemodialysis and Inhibit Neutrophil Priming by TNFα

Abstract: The oxidative burst of neutrophils from azotemic patients is refractory to priming by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Soluble TNFα binding proteins (TNFR) accumulate in the plasma of azotemic patients. To test the hypothesis that these increased sTNFR concentrations inhibit TNFa priming of oxidative burst activity, we measured plasma sTNFR concentrations in nondialyzed azotemic patients, hemodialysis patients, and normal subjects, and determined TNFa priming of fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated superoxide production in neutrophils incubated in plasma with differing levels of sTNFR. These sTNFR concentrations increased significantly as creatinine clearance decreased and were significantly greater in hemodialysis patients than could be accounted for by loss of renal function alone. TNFα primed superoxide production by normal neutrophils in normal plasma, but this effect was significantly reduced in plasma with increased concentrations of sTNFR. Neutrophils from azotemic and hemodialysis patients were refractory to priming by TNFα in autologous plasma, and incubation in normal plasma only partially corrected this defect. We conclude that sTNFR accumulate as a result of the loss of renal function and hemodialysis and inhibit TNFα priming of neutrophils in azotemic and hemodialysis patients, but that these cells also have an intrinsic functional defect.