骨密度没量中精密度的重要性

骨密度测定,不论采取何特殊技术,即使严格地按照厂家建议的操作程序,也常常不能达到完美的重复性.必须确定每台骨密度仪不同骨骼部位的精确度.精密度,如标准差平均方根或变异系数平均方根,被用来确定骨密度的变化,即精密度决定最小显著性变化值和随访需要的至少时间间隔.除非确定了精密度,否则就不能确定任何水平的统计可信度最小显著性变化值,使得随访的研究结果难以解释.     

Data,information, knowledge,wisdom, and understanding

The digital age commenced in the mid-20th century and since we have seen approximately exponential growth in information. This period has also seen the rapid growth of computer technology that has facilitated, for instance, the derivation of whole genomes and automated drug discovery. Data, information, knowledge and wisdom lay the foundations for understanding how experience is formed from evidence and observations. When data are put into context, the resultant information can drive growth and further contribute to increased knowledge. Appreciating the source of data enables us to recognize and hopefully correct for inherent error and bias. Ultimately knowledge discovery can be automated to gain information from data and so on, enhancing our understanding of a given subject and expanding collective wisdom.     

Nephrology, Hypertension, Dialysis, Transplantation

Th. Andreoli, E. Ritz and L. Rosivall, Hungarian Kidney Foundation,Budapest, 2006. Total pages: 655. This monograph is a compilation of lectures given in recentcourses of the Budapest Nephrology School, a yearly educationalprogramme organized under     

Zyste, Endometriose, Borderlinetumor, CUP

Symptomatic renal cysts are not uncommon and can be treated by puncture, sclerotherapy, or laparoscopic fenestration. We report the case of a female patient in whom the diagnosis of a supposedly simple symptomatic renal cyst changed over endometriosis and borderline malignancy to a CUP. This case shows that in spite of all diagnostic measures and care the final diagnosis can be a surprise.     

Leak,fistula, sepsis,sinus, portal vein thrombosis

The creation of an ileal pelvic pouch is a complex procedure. While many perioperative complications are possible, surgery specific complications may include a pouch leak, fistula, abscess with sepsis, anastomotic sinus, and portal vein thrombosis. In this chapter, each of these are individually discussed along with evaluation and treatment options.     

MRSA: Resistenzmechanismen,Epidemiologie, Risikofaktoren,Prophylaxe, Therapie

Zusammenfassung Methicillin-resistente Staphylococcus aureus-Stämme (MRSA) sind inzwischen in vielen Ländern verbreitete Erreger, denen eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wird. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit werden der Resistenzmechanismus, die Epidemiologie der Verbreitung im Krankenhaus (H-MRSA) bzw. in Einrichtungen des Gesundheitswesens (HCA-MRSA) und außerhalb des Krankenhauses (C-MRSA), Ursachen der Zunahme des Nachweises, Besiedlungsdynamik, Erkrankungsrisiko und Letalität, das Vorgehen bei MRSA-Nachweis, Methoden zur Dekolonisierung, Überwachungskulturen sowie therapeutische Optionen diskutiert.