颈椎椎间盘突出致脊髓半切综合征误诊为脑卒中1例报告

脊髓半切综合征(BSS)由Brown-Sequard于1849年首次提出^[1],是由外部压迫和内部病变等原因引起的一种罕见的脊髓不完全性损伤,通常发生在颈部^[2]。可由创伤(如枪伤、刺伤、骨折及椎体脱位)和非创伤(如肿瘤、硬膜外血肿、多发性硬化症、辐射等)引发^[3-5],因椎间盘突出导致的BSS相对较少^[6-7]。BSS表现为病变侧损伤平面以下深感觉障碍及上运动神经元性瘫痪;对侧损伤平面以下疼痛、温觉丧失^[8-9],有轻度到严重的神经功能受损。BSS占创伤性脊髓损伤的1%~4%^[10],国内外相关文献报道较少,主要为个案报道^[2,11]。本院急诊科于2020年10月22日收治1例因存在类卒中症状,初期被误诊为急性脑梗死,在下级医院进行过溶栓治疗的BSS患者,现对诊疗过程进行梳理分析,报告如下。     

寰枢椎脱位伴齿突后假瘤诊疗的研究进展

齿突后假瘤是由寰枢椎脱位或其他病因引起的炎性肉芽肿或反应性肥大导致齿突后软组织增生病变^[1]。其可压迫脊髓，导致疼痛、感觉异常，甚至瘫痪。引起齿突后假瘤较常见的病因有类风湿关节炎（RA）^[2-3]、寰枢椎脱位^[4]、颈椎退行性疾病^[5]，少见的病因有长期透析^[6]、晶体沉积^[7]、滑膜囊肿^[8]等。     

脊髓损伤后的免疫抑制研究进展

脊髓损伤（SCI）致死率高、预后差,常导致患者终身瘫痪,可引起系统性神经源性免疫抑制综合征（SCI-IDS）^[1]。SCI后的免疫抑制会增加机体对病原体感染的易感性,导致患者并发症发生率及病死率增高。近年,国内外SCI的临床及动物模型研究证实,SCI可导致机体免疫细胞功能受损,免疫因子也发生一定程度的变化,从而引起免疫功能障碍^[2-3],但具体机制尚不明确。由于免疫系统可由中枢神经系统通过下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴（HPA）、交感神经系统（SNS）和副交感神经系统（PNS）进行调节,所以中枢神经系统的损伤可引起免疫相关的神经功能受损,进而引起免疫抑制,同时亦可造成内分泌功能障碍,间接引起免疫功能障碍^[4-5]。明确SCI导致机体防御系统受损的相关机制及脊髓平面、损伤程度等相关因素对发生SCI后免疫功能的影响,对治疗SCI、提高患者的生存质量至关重要。本文就HPA、SNS与SCI后的免疫抑制的可能关联、产生的适应性免疫抑制的相关机制及与其相关方向的治疗前景作如下综述。     

新鲜齿突骨折后路复位固定非融合技术的进展

 齿突骨折是一种危及上颈椎稳定性的严重损伤,文献报道其发病率占所有颈椎骨折的10%~15%^[1]。齿突的解剖形态特别、毗邻结构复杂,骨折处理稍有不慎会加剧脑干、脊髓及神经根的损伤。依靠颅骨牵引后Halo-vest支架外固定难以获得寰枢椎的持续稳定,齿突骨折的不愈合率较高^[2]。传统观点认为前路齿突螺钉固定是治疗新鲜Ⅱ型和浅Ⅲ型齿突骨折的首选方法,然而,并非所有Ⅱ型和浅Ⅲ型齿突骨折均适用于该技术^[3]。手术操作中齿突螺钉的位置不佳、长短选择不当等时有发生,若螺钉穿出齿突会伤及颈髓,术后骨折移位和不愈合的报道并不罕见^[4]。后路寰枢椎融合术多应用于寰枢椎复合损伤,保持上颈椎整体力学稳定的效果尚佳,但同时会丧失寰枢椎的大部分旋转功能^[5]。     

神经电生理监测下手术治疗腰段脊髓硬膜动静脉瘘1例报告

硬膜动静脉瘘（SDAVF）是位于硬膜背侧表面的神经根动脉与神经根静脉之间形成异常动静脉分流,进而引起静脉高压和扩张,使脊髓灌注减少甚至受压,导致脊髓缺血和水肿^[1-4]。SDAVF属于脊髓血管畸形,目前具体病因尚不清楚,可能与先天性血管畸形有关。好发于中年男性^[5-6],发生率为5/106~10/106,常累及胸腰段^[7],临床表现为感觉、运动功能逐步下降,有时伴有疼痛、括约肌功能失调,症状进行性加重^[8-11]。本院2022年2月17日收治1例经数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查确诊的SDAVF患者,手术治疗后患者症状明显缓解,现将诊疗过程进行总结,报告如下。     

颈椎前路手术治疗食管型颈椎病伴后纵韧带骨化症1例报告

食管型颈椎病（ECS）是一种以进行性吞咽困难为主要症状,易误诊、漏诊的罕见疾病。多见于弥漫性特发性骨肥厚症（DISH）、强直性脊柱炎（AS）患者。60岁以上中老年人群中20% ~ 30%可出现椎前骨赘的影像学表现,但仅有1% ~ 2%可能出现颈痛、吞咽困难、呼吸困难等症状^[1]。后纵韧带骨化症（OPLL）是一种板层骨沉积的病理过程,由于后纵韧带骨化物压迫脊髓和神经根产生神经功能损伤症候群。CT检查中OPLL的发生率为18.22%;在东亚地区OPLL发生率为0.4% ~ 3.0%^[2-3]。目前,国内外对ECS合并OPLL的报道甚少,本研究对海军军医大学长征医院收治的1例采用颈椎前路手术治疗的ECS伴OPLL病例的诊治过程进行总结,报告如下。     

单侧双通道内窥镜下椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎术后退行性变1例报告

腰椎术后邻近节段退行性变(ASD)是腰椎后路融合术后的常见远期并发症^[1-2],其发生率为4%~31%^[3-5]。ASD由多种因素引起,继而产生新的神经压迫症状。Kambin等^[6]于1986年提出单侧双通道内窥镜下椎间盘切除术(UBED)治疗腰椎椎间盘突出症(LDH)^[7],其兼具了开放手术与微创手术的优点^[8]。本院采用UBED治疗腰椎术后ASD患者1例,现将诊疗过程报告如下。     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的临床研究进展

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤是指没有骨折或脱位的颈部创伤所导致的急性颈脊髓损伤。通常多见于儿童,具体损伤机制至今仍不明了。X线、CT检查提示颈椎无骨折脱位,MRI检查有脊髓损伤的表现。临床表现多种多样,以脊髓中央型损伤综合征常见。临床治疗可分为保守治疗和手术治疗,如何选择合适的治疗方法仍存在争议。本文就无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的病因、损伤机制、临床治疗等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

弥漫性特发性骨肥厚症研究进展

弥漫性特发性骨肥厚症(DISH)是一种以韧带和肌腱附着点的骨化、钙化为特征的全身性疾病,多见于老年男性。Forestier等^[1]于1950年首次描述了该病,并将其描述为"老年强直性脊椎骨肥大",亦称为Forestier病。20世纪70年代,Resnick等^[2]归纳总结了Forestier病的影像学和病理学特点,正式将其命名为DISH。DISH常累及椎旁韧带,多见于胸椎,其次是颈椎和腰椎^[3]。周围关节(如肩、肘、腕、骨盆、髋、膝和脚踝)也可发生软组织增厚和钙化^[4]。DISH缺乏特征性的临床症状,多局限于影像学表现,其诊断容易被忽略。本文通过查阅DISH相关文献,从流行病学、发生机制、临床表现、影像学表现、诊断和治疗等方面展开分析,以期为DISH的临床诊治提供参考,综述如下。     

多层小夹板固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

肱骨髁上骨折是儿童常见的骨关节损伤,占肘部骨折的60～70%⁽¹⁾,全身骨折的27%⁽²⁾。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.