显露喉返神经在甲状腺手术中预防喉返神经损伤的作用

目的探讨甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经对预防喉返神经损伤的作用。方法回顾分析372例甲状腺手术病例资料，显露喉返神经组215例，未显露喉返神经组157例。结果显露组喉返神经损伤1例，发生在甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术；未显露组损伤6例，主要发生在甲状腺次全切除和腺叶切除术。显露组发生喉返神经损伤的几率显著低于未显露组（P〈0．05）。结论甲状腺次全切除、腺叶切除术和甲状腺癌根治术术中常规显露喉返神经能预防喉返神经损伤。     

甲状腺手术喉返神经损伤的预防

喉返神经损伤是甲状腺手术常见的严重并发症。我院从1990～ 2 0 0 1年共施行甲状腺手术 110例 ,发生一侧喉返神经损伤 3例 (2 .7% ) ,其中永久性麻痹 1例 (0 .9% )。现就甲状腺手术致喉返神经损伤的原因及预防分析如下。临床资料本组男 3 0例 ,女 80例 ,年龄 2 1～ 68岁 ,平均 44岁。甲状腺单侧全切除术或部分切除术 87例 ,术中显露喉返神经 65例。双侧甲状腺次全切除术 2 3例 ,术中均显露喉返神经。全组病例均为初次手术。 3例喉返神经损伤均为单侧甲状腺全切除术 ,1例永久性喉返神经损伤 ,术中显露喉返神经。 2例暂时性喉返神经损伤 ,术中…     

显露喉返神经的甲状腺手术574例

目的　探讨甲状腺手术中喉返神经 (RLN )显露的方法和在预防喉返神经损伤中的作用。方法　近 5年来 ,我院对 5 74例 (10 10侧 )甲状腺切除术患者在术中显露喉返神经 ,然后再行甲状腺的次全切除术和甲状腺叶全切除术。结果　显露喉返神经甲状腺切除术喉返神经损伤 3例 ,其中暂时性损伤 1例 ,永久性损伤 2例 ,损伤率为 0 .3 0 %。结论　甲状腺切除术中显露喉返神经可以降低喉返神经损伤的发生率 ,特别是在甲状腺叶全切手术时。喉返神经显露必须遵循规范化操作原则 ,首先在甲状腺下极甲状腺下动脉周围寻找喉返神经 ,如有困难可在喉返神经入喉处寻找喉返神经 ,亦可以在颈动脉鞘迷走神经附近寻找喉返神经。     

甲状腺切除手术中喉返神经显露的意义

目的探讨甲状腺切除手术中显露喉返神经的利弊。方法对１８１例（２９４侧）甲状腺切除术进行了术野显露喉返神经１１４例（１８６侧）,与不显露神经６７例（１０８侧）的前瞻性临床研究。结果不显露喉返神经术式的喉返神经损伤率（４６２％）高于显露神经术式者（０）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论甲状腺切除手术中显露神经的操作过程并不增加喉返神经的损伤率;按照一定方法在术中显露喉返神经是预防喉返神经损伤的有力措施。     

显露喉返神经在甲状腺手术中预防喉返神经损伤的作用

目的探讨显露喉返神经在甲状腺手术中预防喉返神经损伤的作用。方法随机将100例接受甲状腺手术的患者分为对照组和观察组,各50例。对照组术中不显露喉返神经,观察组在术中解剖、显露喉返神经。对比两组患者喉返神经损伤情况。结果对照组有3例患者出现了同程度喉返神经损伤,观察组患者无1例发生喉返神经损伤。结论在甲状腺手术过程中解剖显露喉返神经,可有效减少对喉返神经的损伤。     

甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经的意义

目的　探讨甲状腺手术中喉返神经显露的方法和利弊。方法　对 2148 例甲状腺切除术患者分两组进行前瞻性研究,其中术中显露喉返神经936例,不显露喉返神经1212例。结果　显露喉返神经术式者喉返神经损伤2例,损伤率为0 21%。不显露喉返神经术式者喉返神经损伤5例,损伤率为0 41%。两者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0 05)。结论　甲状腺全切除术中显露喉返神经可以降低喉返神经损伤的发生率。术中应先在甲状腺下动脉周围寻找喉返神经,然后在喉返神经入喉处或颈动脉鞘迷走神经附近寻找喉返神经。     

甲状腺切除术手术中喉反神经显露的意义

探讨甲状腺发除术手术中显露喉返神经的利弊。方法对１８１例甲状腺切除术进行了术野显露喉返神经１１４例,与不显露神经６７例的前瞻性临床研究。结果不显露喉反神经术式的喉反神经损伤率高于显露神经术式者（０）。     

显露喉返神经在甲状腺切除术中的临床意义

目的探讨甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经对防止喉返神经损伤的价值。方法回顾性分析2 481例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料,其中术中显露喉返神经组1 425例和非显露喉返神经组1 056例,比较两组间并发喉返神经损伤的几率。结果显露喉返神经组喉返神经暂时性损伤31例,损伤率为2.18%,无永久损伤病例;非显露喉返神经组喉返神经损伤44例,损伤率为4.17%,其中暂时损伤39例,永久损伤为5例。两组喉返神经损伤率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论甲状腺手术术中显露喉返神经对保护喉返神经是安全和有效的,对预防或避免医源性喉返神经损伤有重要意义。     

甲状腺手术中喉返神经的显露方法及疗效研究

目的 分析甲状腺手术中喉返神经的显露对预防喉返神经损伤的效果.方法 150例甲状腺疾病患者采用解剖显露喉返神经方法行甲状腺腺叶切除或次全切除,解剖显露喉返神经270条.结果 术中发现喉不返神经6例,其中喉返神经损伤2条,术后恢复良好,顺利出院.结论 在甲状腺良恶性疾病手术中,熟悉喉返神经正常解剖及变异,常规解剖和显露可大大降低并发症,减少喉返神经的损伤.     

喉返神经显露在开放性甲状腺手术中的应用

目的:探讨开放性甲状腺手术中喉返神经显露的技术及意义.方法:回顾性分析本院2007.1-2011.1对104例开放性甲状腺手术病例进行喉返神经显露,观察术后发音情况.结果:104例手术中l例出现暂时性声音嘶哑.结论:开放性甲状腺手术时常规行喉返神经显露可有效预防喉返神经损伤.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.