老年病人全麻术后认知功能障碍的发病率

目的：调查老年病人全麻术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的发病率。方法：选择需要全麻且年龄≥60岁的老年病人131例，所有病人在术前和术后3—12天内接受一整套包括7项内容的神经心理测试，测试功能缺失是指术后舆术前的差值大于或等于所有病人术前该项测试的标准差，如果病人有两项或两项以上测试功能缺失则认为发生了术后认知功能障碍，记录每项测试结果。结果：131例入选病人中，53例病人出现术后认知功能障碍，术后认知功能障碍的发生率为40．5％。结论：老年病人全麻术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的发病率为40．5％。     

全麻复合硬膜外神经阻滞对胃癌手术病人术中和术后早期血糖的影响

目的比较观察全身麻醉下胃癌手术时加用硬膜外神经阻滞与否对病人术中和术后早期血糖的影响。方法30例胃癌手术病人随机分成G+E(全麻+硬膜外)组和G(单纯全麻)组,分别于麻醉前、麻醉后手术前、切皮后30min、90 min、手术结束时以及术后12 h,测末梢血糖。结果两组病人麻醉后切皮前的血糖水平与麻醉前无明显变化,两组血糖水平自切皮后30 min开始升高,手术结束时达高峰(P<0.05),手术后12 h开始下降;G组自切皮后30 min至术后12 h血糖升高幅度均大于G+E组(P<0.05)。结论胃癌手术时单纯应用全麻病人术中和术后早期血糖明显升高,而复合硬膜外神经阻滞时,可在一定程度上减低病人术中和术后早期血糖升高幅度。     

盐酸丁卡因用于胸科手术后硬膜外镇痛的临床观察

笔者对全麻下开胸肺叶切除术病人，用盐酸丁卡因施行硬膜外腔术后镇痛，收到良好效果。现总结报告如下。１资料与方法１．１镇痛方法：选择择期全麻下开胸行肺叶切除术病人，随机分为丁卡因组和布比卡因组，每组２０例。ASAI－Ⅱ级，年龄４２～６５岁，入室后全麻诱导前，经T６－７或T７－８椎间隙穿刺置入硬膜外导管，并注入２％利多卡因５ml；以针刺法测定平面，确认导管在硬膜外腔后，开始全麻诱导行气管内插管全身麻醉。术毕关胸时，丁卡因组从硬膜外导管注入０．１５％丁卡因１０ml布比卡因组从硬膜外导管注入０．１５％布比卡因１…     

硬膜外阻滞效果欠佳病人应用吗啡或芬太尼术后镇痛的效果观察

硬膜外腔阻滞麻醉是国内最常用的麻醉方法之一，不仅适用于手术，还可实施术后镇痛治疗。但硬膜外腔麻醉常可遇到麻醉效果欠佳的情况，对这类病人施行术后硬膜外镇痛，其效果又会如何？尚不了解。为探索这个疑问，本文对硬膜外腔麻醉效果欠佳的病人，术后仍然予以施行术后镇痛，观察和探讨其术后镇痛的有效性，以及其最佳镇痛方案。     

硬膜外阻滞对全麻单肺通气期间血液动力学及肺内分流的影响

全麻联合高位硬膜外麻醉开胸手术是近年来临床常用的麻醉方法。它不但可提供完善的术中麻醉，降低全麻药用量，而且还可提供良好的术后镇痛，明显改善了高危病人术后的肺功能和预后。高位硬膜外阻滞后，心肺交感神经阻滞，可使心血管功能情况发生改变，但它对肺缺血性血管收缩(HPV)和肺内分流的影响，以及它是否会引起单肺通气期     

异体手移植术的麻醉管理与术后镇痛

目的 探讨气管内全麻加硬膜外阻滞用于异体手移植术的安全性与术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛(Patient controlled epidural analgesia，PCEA）的效果。方法 3例ASA(美国麻醉医师协会对病人全身情况分级)I级4只手缺失行异体手移植的病人，采用气管插管全麻加C7～T1连续硬膜外阻滞，术中观察动脉压(Arterial blood pressure，ABP)，中心静脉压(Central venous pressure,CVP)，脉搏氧饱和度(Saturation of pulse oxygen，SpO2)，潮气末二氧化碳(End-tidal CO2，ETCO2)及血气的变化。术后行PCEA，镇痛效果以视觉模拟评分法(Visual analog scores，VAS)评估。结果术中ABP、CVP、SpO2、ETCO2以及血气均无明显改变，术后72h VAS0～3分。结论 全麻加硬膜外阻滞能维持术中内环境的稳定，可安全、有效地用于异体手移植手术；术后PCEA镇痛效果好，有利于康复。     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞下胃癌根治术病人围术期血清皮质醇和细胞因子的变化

肿瘤病人免疫功能低下，麻醉和手术可进一步加重此趋势。术后免疫抑制与手术创伤引起的内分泌改变和应激反应增强有关，全麻复合硬膜外阻滞能减轻上腹部手术的应激反应。本研究拟通过观察胃癌根治术病人在全麻复合硬膜外阻滞与单纯全麻下围术期血清皮质醇和免疫相关细胞因子的变化，探讨不同麻醉方法下胃癌根治术病人围术期应激反应和免疫功能的变化。     

静注可乐定治疗产妇硬膜外阻滞后寒战的初步研究

有报道静注可乐定可有效抑制非妊娠病人全麻及硬膜外阻滞后寒战。本研究旨在探讨静注可乐定能否抑制产妇硬膜外阻滞后寒战。研究对象为40例健康产妇硬膜外阻滞后伴有寒战而需治疗者,其中正常分娩20例(硬膜外阻滞用0.125％布比卡因加肾上腺素1:80万),剖宫产20例(行硬膜外镇痛用2％利多卡因加肾上腺素1:20万之碱化液),麻醉效果满意。随机双盲法分两组:治疗组静     

老年下肢骨折手术采用蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉对患者术后认知功能障碍的影响

目的 比较分析蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉与全身麻醉对老年患者下肢骨折术后认知功能障碍的影响。方法 回顾性纳入2018年3月至2022年6月在本院经手术治疗的66例老年下肢骨折患者，按麻醉方式不同分为观察组（蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉）、对照组（全身麻醉），每组各33例。比较两组患者一般资料（年龄、性别、手术类型及术前ASA评分）；术前、术后1d、术后3d及出院前认知功能评估（MMSE评分、MoCA评分、TMT时间）；术后3d内不良反应及认知功能障碍发生率。结果 两组患者均顺利完成手术，在一般资料比较上无统计学差异（P>0.05），具有可比性。在认知功能评估比较上，观察组与对照组术前MMSE评分、MoCA评分、TMT时间及出院前MMSE评分、MoCA评分TMT时间，均无统计学差异（P>0.05）；术后1d时MMSE评分、MoCA评分、TMT时间及术后3d时MMSE评分、MoCA评分、TMT时间，比较存在统计学差异（P<0.05）。观察组不良反应和认知功能障碍发生率分别为9.09%(3/33，例)、3.03%(1/33，例)明显优于对照组的21.21%(7/33，例)、15.15%(5/...     

镇痛泵在妇产科病人术后的临床应用

目的：分析妇产科手术后白控硬膜外镇痛的效应。方法：采用布比卡因、芬太尼硬膜外连续阻滞麻醉，对219例妇产科术后患者镇痛作为观察组，未使用PCEA泵的同期妇产科术后病人为对照组，比较两组镇痛效果，生命体征功能恢复、排尿及副反应情况。结果：采用白控型镇痛泵病人，术后伤口疼痛时间及强度显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），两组副作用、肠功能恢复、排尿等，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉后用自控镇痛泵于妇产科术后病人的镇痛，疼痛阻滞完善，方法简便，无明显不良影响。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.