选择性肺叶隔离对胸科手术患者氧合及细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨选择性肺叶隔离技术对胸科手术患者m清及支气管肺泡灌洗液中IL-6、TNF-α浓度及氧合作用的影响.方法 选择限期行食管癌根治术或肺癌行肺叶切除术的患者30例,随机分为选择性肺叶隔离组(S组)和全肺萎陷单肺通气组(T组)各15例.丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼靶控输注诱导及维持麻醉,插入ID8.0 mm单腔气管导管后,将9Fr COOPDECH支气管阴塞器在纤维支气管镜引导下放置,S组将套囊置入目标肺叶支气管人口下方1 cm,T组将套囊置入主支气管入口下方1.5cm～2 cm.于侧卧位双肺通气15 min(T1)、单肺通气或肺叶隔离30 min(T2)、单肺通气或肺叶隔离60 min(T3)和恢复双肺通气15 min(T4)行动脉血气分析并记录气道峰压,于T1和T4时间点收集动脉血和支气管肺泡灌洗液,ELISA法测定IL-6、TNF-α的浓度.结果 单肺通气开始后两组气道压较单肺通气前明显升高(F=215.746,P<0.05),T组升高程度大于S组(F=53.798,P<0.01).单肺通气开始后两组氧合指数均下降,S组下降程度小于T组(F=13.747,P<0.05).单肺通气结束后(T4)两组血清及支气管肺泡灌洗液中IL-6、TNF-α的浓度均明显增加,S组IL-6、TNF-α的浓度均低于T组(IL-6:F=1503.734,P<0.01;TNF-α:F=1423.486,P<0.05).两组术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 胸科手术选择性肺叶隔离通气方式能改善机体氧合,减少患者体内促炎性因子的释放.     

选择性肺叶隔离对胸科手术患者氧合及细胞因子的影响

Objective To determine the effect on concentrations of interleukin (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum and oxygenation during selective lobar blockade. Methods Thirty patients undergoing esophagectomy or lobectomy were randomly assigned to the total lung collapse (TLC) group (n=15) and the selective lobar blockade (SLB) group( n=15). Anesthesia was induced and maintained with target-controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil. After intubating with a 8.0 mm internal diameter single -lumen endotraeheal tube, by the guidance of fiberoptic bronchoscope, a 9F coopdech endobronchial blocker was placed into the target lobe in the SLB group, whereas the blocker was placed into the mainstem bronchus in the TLC group. Intermittent arterial blood gas analysis was performed at the following times: 15 min after two lung ventilation in the lateral decubitus position(T1)); 30 min (T2)and 60 min (T3) after TLC or SLB respectively; 15 min after recovering to two lung ventilation (T4), peak inspiratory airway pressure (Ppeak) was also recorded. BALF and blood samples were collected at T, and T4, the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF -α were measured using enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay. Results airway pressure increased significantly after the beginning of one-lung ventilation (F=215.746,P<0.05)in both groups, with more increasing extent in group T (F=53.798, P<0.01).Significant trends were found toward a better improvement in oxygention index with the group S compared with the group T after the beginning of one lung ventilation (F=1 3.747, P<0.05). IL-6 and TNF-αconcentrations of the serum and BALF collected at T4 increased significantly in both groups, but the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum and BALF in the group S was lower than those in the TLC group (IL-6:F=1503.734,P<0.01;TNF-α:F=1423.486,P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications was comparable between both groups. Conclusion The SLB strategy improves oxygenation and decreases the proinflammatory cytokines during thoracic surgery.     

右美托咪定对选择性肺叶隔离下食管癌手术患者血清细胞因子和肺功能的影响

目的观察右美托咪定对选择性肺叶隔离下食管癌手术患者血清细胞因子和肺功能的影响。方法选择45例食管癌患者,男25例,女20例,年龄40～70岁,BMI 18～30kg/m2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。按随机数字表分为左全肺隔离单肺通气组(O组)、选择性左下肺叶隔离组(S组)、选择性左下肺叶隔离联合右美托咪定组(SD组),每组15例。所有患者均采用支气管堵塞器法肺叶隔离。O组行左全肺隔离,术中右肺单肺通气;S组和SD组行左下肺叶隔离,术中右肺单肺通气+左上肺通气。SD组自麻醉诱导时静注右美托咪定负荷剂量1μg/kg(10min),以0.3μg·kg-1·h-1维持至手术结束前30min。S组和O组静注等容量生理盐水。记录气管插管后即刻(T1)、单肺通气或选择性肺叶隔离通气30min(T2)、60min(T3)、术毕(T4)时血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)浓度,记录麻醉诱导后5min(T1a)、单肺通气或选择性肺叶隔离通气后15min(T2a)、45 min(T3a)、恢复双肺通气后15 min(T4a)时的气道平台压(Pplat)、气道峰压(Ppeak)、动态肺顺应性(Cdyn),记录手术时间、住院时间和术后肺部并发症发生情况。结果与T1时比较,T2—T4时三组TNF-α、IL-8、IL-10浓度明显升高(P0.05);T2—T4时SD组TNF-α、IL-8、IL-10浓度明显低于O组和S组,S组明显低于O组(P0.05);与T1a时比较,T2a、T3a时三组Pplat、Ppeak明显升高,Cdyn明显降低(P 0.05);与O组比较,T2a、T3a时S组、SD组Pplat和Ppeak明显降低,Cdyn明显升高(P0.05)。SD组住院时间明显短于、术后肺部并发症发生率明显低于O组、S组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定联合选择性肺叶隔离技术,可优化食管癌手术患者的呼吸力学指标,减少机体细胞因子的释放,降低患者术后肺部并发症发生率。     

硬膜外阻滞对胸科手术患者血液流变学及凝血功能的影响

目的观察硬膜外阻滞及硬膜外镇痛对胸科手术患者血液流变学和凝血功能的影响.方法胸科手术(肺叶切除或食管中下段切除)患者22例,随机分全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(GEA组)和全麻组(GA组),每组11例.分别测定全麻诱导前(基础值)、术中1、3 h、术后1、3 d的血栓弹性描记图(TEG)、血液粘度、红细胞变形聚集指数、血小板计数(PLT)、血小板聚集指数(PAG)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、组织纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)、组织纤溶酶原抑制物(PAI-A)的水平.结果GEA组PT、APTT显著性高于GA组(P＜0.01);GEA组红细胞聚集指数较GA组显著性降低(P＜0.05);GEA组血液粘度较GA组显著性降低(P＜0.05);GEA组血小板聚集功能显著性增强(P＜0.05),GA组无改变;GEA组t-PA无显著性变化,而GA组术后1 d显著性升高(P＜0.05);两组PAI-A均无显著性变化;TEG参数R、K在GA组显著性缩短(P＜0.05),而GEA组无显著性变化;两组ANG均在术后3 d时显著性增大(P＜0.05);GEA组MA术后3 d显著性高于GA组(P＜0.01);GA组CL30、CL60术后1 d升高,并显著性高于GEA组(P＜0.05).GEA组TPI术后3 d显著性高于GA组(P＜0.05).结论胸段硬膜外阻滞及术后镇痛能够抑制胸科手术应激反应引起的凝血功能增强,可降低红细胞的聚集、降低血液粘度、改善术后纤溶抑制,对血小板聚集有促进作用.     

胸段硬膜外阻滞对老年胸科手术患者苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 观察胸段硬膜外阻滞对老年患者行胸科手术时全麻苏醒期躁动(emergence agitation,EA)的影响.方法 择期行胸科手术的老年患者40例,ASA Ⅱ～Ⅲ级.其中男23例,女17例,年龄65岁～78岁,均为食道癌和肺癌患者.将40例患者用完全随机法分为两组(每组20例),分别给予全麻复合硬膜外麻醉(A组)...     

胸科手术患者围术期右心功能影响因素的研究进展

胸科手术患者围术期会因不同原因出现不同程度的右心功能下降,可持续至术后数周。围术期右心功能下降与术后右心功能不全的发展紧密相关。避免围术期右心功能下降,降低术后心血管事件的发生率,已成为目前围术期医学的研究热点。围术期多种因素会影响患者右心功能,主要包括单肺通气、手术方式、镇痛模式、液体管理等。全文对胸科手术患者围术期右心功能影响因素的研究进行简要综述,旨在更好地践行加速康复外科理念,有效保护胸科手术患者围术期右心功能,为改善患者预后提供参考。     

非心脏胸科手术患者异常苏醒的危险因素

目的探讨非心脏胸科手术患者异常苏醒(苏醒期谵妄和苏醒延迟)的危险因素。方法选择全凭静脉麻醉下择期行非心脏胸科手术患者160例,男119例,女41例,年龄18~80岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,麻醉维持BIS值在30~60。在气管导管拔除后、达PACU后10min和出PACU时采用Riker镇静躁动量表(SAS)评估苏醒程度,SAS评分≥5分为苏醒期谵妄,SAS评分≤2分且持续时间达正常苏醒者清醒时间平均值+3倍标准差者为苏醒延迟。结果 66例(41.3%)患者发生苏醒期谵妄;17例(10.6%)患者发生苏醒延迟。BMI25.0kg/m2(OR=0.825,95%CI 0.747~0.911,P0.001)增加苏醒期谵妄的危险;老年(OR=0.766,95%CI 0.642~0.914,P=0.003)、BMI18.5kg/m2(OR=1.769,95%CI 1.224~2.557,P=0.002)和术中低血压(OR=0.123,95%CI0.018~0.833,P=0.032)增加苏醒延迟的危险。结论高BMI是苏醒期谵妄的危险因素;老年、低BMI和术中低血压是苏醒延迟的危险因素。     

医用生物蛋白胶在胸科手术中的应用

为探讨医用生物蛋白胶在胸科手术中的应用价值。观察组采用在肺,食管及纵隔手术中喷涂生物蛋白胶的方法,处理手术创面,残端及吻合口,封闭食管破裂口共57例,并与同期对照组比较术后引流量,并发症的发生率,疗效满意,术后引流量明显减少,可预防残端瘘及吻合口瘘的发生,未见与使用此胶有关的并发症,对照组发生肺创面持续漏气4例,食管胃吻合口瘘1例,胸外手术中可使用生物蛋白胶辅助止血,粘合,堵漏,无异物吸收及排异反应,操作简便,安全可靠,适用于临床,易于推广。     

单肺通气对胸科手术病人开胸前血液动力学的影响

目前胸科手术麻醉普遍采用肺隔离技术,它可控制肺的复张与萎陷,提供良好的手术视野,确保健肺有效通气。但单肺通气的临床安全性是麻醉医生关注的问题。有研究表明采用不同方式单肺通气对开胸手术病人的血液动力学存在一定影响,而单肺通气对病人开胸前血液动力学的影响研究较少。本研究拟观察单肺通气对胸科手术病人开胸前血液动力学的影响。     

硬膜外芬太尼镇痛用于胸科手术麻醉的临床观察

硬膜外阻滞复合全麻的方法在胸科手术的应用日益广泛 ,其最大顾虑是对血液动力学的干扰较大。据Ｈｕｒｆｏｒｄ等[1] 报道 ,亚麻醉浓度布比卡因复合大剂量芬太尼作为硬膜外注射用药 ,麻醉效果确切 ,对循环影响小。这在国内少见报告。本文旨在观察此方法用于国人胸科手术麻醉和术后镇痛的有效性和安全性。资料与方法一般资料　 4 0例择期胸科手术患者 ,ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,男35例 ,女 5例 ,其中食道癌 32例 ,贲门癌 8例 ,年龄 32～ 6 7(5 6± 5 8)岁 ,体重 4 8～ 80 (5 6 2± 4 9)ｋｇ。病人心肺功能良好 ,术前无高血压、糖尿病和精神障碍 ,…     

胸椎旁神经阻滞对开胸手术患者静脉镇痛效果的影响

目的 研究胸椎旁神经阻滞对开胸于术后静脉镇痛效果的影响.方法 择期全麻下肺叶切除术的患者102例,随机分成二三组:Ⅰ组,32例,单纯全麻;Ⅱ组,36例,于全麻诱导后行胸椎旁神经阻滞;Ⅲ组,34例.于全麻诱导前行硬膜外阻滞.三组均于术毕缝皮时启动患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)泵行芬太尼、氟比洛芬酯静脉镇痛,分别于患者清醒拔除气管导管后即刻(T1)、术后24 h(T2)、48 h(T3)进行视觉模拟评分(VAS),记录启动自控按钮次数及背景输注总量.结果 三组24、48 h PCIA泵的背景输注总晕差异无统计学意义.Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在T1、T2时的VAS均低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),术后48 h内启动自控按钮次数明显少于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).结论 在开胸手术前行胸椎旁神经阻滞或硬膜外阻滞可以增强芬太尼、氟比洛芬酯的静脉镇痛效果.     

依达拉奉预先给药对开胸手术患者选择性肺叶隔离通气时炎性反应的影响

目的 评价依达拉奉预先给药对开胸手术患者选择性肺叶隔离通气时炎性反应的影响.方法 择期拟行食管切除术患者60例,性别不限,年龄40-64岁,体重50～80 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为4组(n=15):单肺通气组(OLV组)、Univent管选择性肺叶隔离通气组(U组)、依达拉奉预先给药+单肺通气组(E+ OLV组)和依达拉奉预先给药+Univent管选择性肺叶隔离通气组(E+U组).OLV组和U组分别插入双腔支气管导管和Univent管;E+ OLV组于单肺通气前,E+U组于肺叶隔离通气前5 min静脉注射依达拉奉0.5 mg/kg,OLV组和U组注射等容量生理盐水.于麻醉诱导后(T0)、单肺通气后60 min(T1)、术毕(T2)和术后120 min(T3)时分别抽取桡动脉血样5ml,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血浆TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10浓度.结果 与OLV组和U组比较,E+ OLV组和E+U组T2和T3时血浆TNF-α和IL-6浓度降低(P＜0.05),血浆IL-10浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 依达拉奉预先给药可减轻开胸手术患者选择性肺叶隔离通气时的炎性反应.     

Coopdech支气管堵塞导管行左下肺叶隔离的可行性

目的 观察Coopdeeh支气管堵塞导管对肺功能正常的下段食管癌根治术患者作左下肺叶隔离的可行性,以及对患者肺顺应性、吸气峰压和氧合作用的影响.方法 拟行左侧剖胸下段食管癌根治术患者30例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,按随机数字表法,随机分成支气管堵塞导管组(BB组)和左双腔支气管导管(double-lumen endobronchial tube,DLT)组(DLT组),每组15例.丙泊酚靶控输注静脉诱导后.BB组插入8# 单腔气管导管,纤维支气管镜引导9 Fr Coopdech支气管堵塞导管置入左下肺叶支气管,DLT组插入左DLT,2组均作双肺间歇正压通气.20 min后摆放右侧卧位,DLT组行右单肺通气,BB组对堵塞导管套囊充气行右肺和左上肺叶通气.20 min后手术开始,全程采用丙泊酚靶控输注维持麻醉,间歇追加舒芬太尼和顺阿曲库铵.于双肺通气后20 min(T_1),右单肺通气或右肺和左上肺叶通气后20 min(T_2),开胸见左肺或左下肺叶完全萎陷后(T_3),术毕拔出气管导管前(T_4)行动脉血气分析,记录肺顺应性和吸气峰压,并请手术医生在开胸后即刻评价术野清晰度.观察期间,机械通气参数不变.术后第1天作动脉血气分析和胸片检查.结果 2组患者的术野评价,各时点pH、动脉二氧化碳分压,T_1的动脉氧分压、吸气峰压和肺顺应性差异无统计学意义.在T_2～T_4时点,BB组的PaO_2分别为(220±56)mmHg、(188±57)mg Hg、(208±24)mm Hg,高于DLT组(146±38)mm Hg、(140±36)mm Hg、(157±33)mm Hg;肺顺应性分别为(36±9)ml/cm H_2O,高于DLT组(24±6)ml/cm H_2O,(35±12)ml/cm H_2O,BB组的吸气峰压分别为(17.7±2.9)cm H_2O、(17.8±3.2)cm H_2O、(14.82.2)cm H_2O,低于DLT组的(21.7±3.6)cm H_2O、(22.6±2.6)cm H_2O,(16.8±1.8)cm H_2O(P<0.05).BB组术后无肺不张病例,DLT组有1例发生左下肺不张.结论 支气管堵塞导管行左下肺叶隔离能在左侧剖胸下段食管癌根治术中提供清晰的术野,并能降低患者的吸气峰压,改善肺顺应性、增加氧合.     

Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion during surgery of the thoracic aorta: risk analysis

Objective: To determine independent predictors of neurologic outcome and hospital mortality after surgery of the thoracic aorta using moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade selective cerebral perfusion. Methods: Between November 1996 and June 2000, 96 consecutive patients (69 men, 27 women; mean age 63±10 years) underwent operations on the thoracic aorta with the aid of moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade selective cerebral perfusion. Sixty-four patients were operated on electively (66.7%), 32 emergently (33.3%). Indications for surgery were: type A acute dissection in 30 patients (31.3%), chronic aneurysm in 66 (68.8%). Seventeen patients (17.7%) had undergone previous aortic/cardiac surgical procedures. The mean selective cerebral perfusion time was 52.2±31.9 min (range, 18–220 min). Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis to identify predictors of hospital mortality and neurologic outcome. Results: There were no operative deaths; the hospital mortality rate was 11.5% (11/96). Stepwise logistic regression revealed preoperative renal dysfunction (P=0.021), type A acute dissection (P=0.053), coronary artery bypass grafting (P=0.058), post-operative pulmonary complications (P=0.000) and repeat thoracotomy for bleeding (P=0.027) as independent predictors of hospital mortality. One patient sustained a permanent neurologic deficit (1%). Transient neurologic deficit occurred in eight patients (8.3%). Coronary artery bypass grafting (P=0.013), and postoperative cardiac complications (P=0.049) were statistically associated with an increased risk of any (transient and permanent) neurologic dysfunction on univariate analysis. Stepwise logistic regression indicated coronary artery bypass grafting as independent factor for any neurologic dysfunction. Conclusion: This study confirmed that selective cerebral perfusion is an effective method of cerebral protection allowing complex thoracic aorta operations to be performed with low risk of hospital mortality and adverse neurologic outcome. We didn't find that the duration of selective cerebral perfusion time influence hospital mortality and any neurologic deficit.     

Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion with mild hypothermic systemic circulatory arrest during thoracic aortic surgery

Objective Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (ASCP) and retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) have proven to be reliable methods of brain protection during aortic surgery. These techniques are usually accompanied by systemic circulatory arrest with moderate hypothermia (24–28°C) or deep hypothermia (18–24°C). However, hypothermia can lead to various problems. The present study therefore reports results for thoracic aorta replacement using ASCP with mild hypothermic systemic arrest (28–32°C).

Design Between 1995 and 2003, 68 consecutive patients underwent repair of the ascending aorta and/or aortic arch. Mild hypothermic ASCP was utilized in 31 cases, moderate hypothermic ASCP in 20, and deep hypothermic RCP in 17. Various parameters were compared between the mild hypothermic ASCP, moderate hypothermic ASCP, and RCP.

Results Hospital mortality was 10.3%, with no significant differences observed between any groups. Permanent neurological dysfunction was 8.8%, and no significant differences were observed between any groups. Mild hypothermic ASCP displayed significantly decreased transfusion volume, intubation time, and ICU stay.

Conclusions Use of ASCP with mild hypothermic systemic circulatory arrest during aortic surgery resulted in acceptable hospital mortality and neurological outcomes. ASCP with mild hypothermic arrest allows decreased transfusion volume and reduced duration of intubation and ICU stay.     

Selective lobar bronchial blockade using a double-lumen endotracheal tube and bronchial blocker

We report our experience of a selective lobar bronchial blockade (SLBB) technique with a bronchial blocker (BB) which was employed successfully with a routine double-lumen endotracheal tube (DLT) in three patients. For the first case, we selectively blocked the infected left lower lobe in a surgical patient with a lung abscess in a DLT setting. For the second case, we applied this method to block the right middle and lower lobes in order to assess air leakage from the upper lobe during video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). For the third case, selective continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to the blocked lobes on the operative side resulted in oxygenation improvement with one-lung ventilation (OLV) in a DLT. This novel technique provides benefits during general thoracic surgery by preventing contamination, providing a better operative field, and improving oxygenation with lobar CPAP.     

Effects of thoracic epidural meperidine on arterial oxygenation during one-lung ventilation in thoracic surgery

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects that the use of general intravenous anesthesia (propofol-fentanyl) (GA) or general anesthesia combined with thoracic epidural anesthesia with meperidine (TEA-M) may have on arterial oxygenation during one-lung ventilation (OLV). DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-two patients undergoing OLV for thoracic surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were prospectively randomized into two groups: GA (n = 37) fentanyl, propofol, rocuronium anesthesia was used; and group TEA-M (n = 35) were anesthetized with propofol, rocuronium and thoracic epidural meperidine (2 mg/kg in 10-12 mL) administered before anesthetic induction. A double-lumen endotracheal tube was inserted, and mechanical ventilation with 100% oxygen was used during study. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate and arterial and venous blood gases were recorded with the patients in the lateral decubitus position in three phases: during two-lung ventilation (TLV), 15 and 30 minutes after beginning OLV (OLV + 15 and OLV + 30 respectively). The authors measured arterial and venous central oxygen tension, arterial and venous central oxygen saturation, arterial and venous central oxygen content and venous admixture percentage (Qs/Qt%). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between the two groups for PaO(2) during OLV + 15 (GA = 165 mmHg, TEA-M = 153 mmHg) and OLV + 30 (GA = 176 mmHg, TEA-M = 158 mmHg); and with values for Qs/Qt%. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that GA combined with TEA-M (2 mg/kg) do not affect arterial oxygenation during OLV in thoracic surgery.