损伤控制在急性胆管炎治疗中的应用

目的探讨损伤控制在急性胆管炎患者治疗中的应用。对急性胆管炎的早期复苏、手术时机及手术方法、鼻胆管引流的指征、细菌培养和减少围手术期并发症的重要性进行讨论。方法回顾分析1995年1月至2005年12月收治的急性胆管炎非保守治疗患者88例,其中手术治疗72例,经十二指肠镜鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)15例和B超引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流(PTGD)1例。并对术中胆汁细菌学培养和抗生素治疗等情况进行总结分析。结果术后死亡5例,胆道残余结石9例,29例出现并发症。ENBD治疗15例,均一期治愈。术中胆汁细菌学培养60例,39例培养阳性,培养出细菌51株。结论急性胆管炎患者诊断一旦明确,在创伤控制理论的指导下,尽早进行复苏,抗感染,纠正休克、水电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱和凝血功能异常。首要目的在于抢救患者生命,治疗及手术力求简单有效。ENBD创伤小,胆道减压效果确实,亦为择期手术创造了条件。胆汁细菌学培养和药敏试验应列为常规,对调整抗生素用药有指导意义。     

外科感染常见菌群分布及致病菌耐药性监测

目的了解武汉地区外科感染致病菌的菌群分布及其对抗生素的耐药现状。方法将武汉地区１３所医院所做的抗生素对外科分离菌的抑菌结果即抑菌圈直径输入计算机。采用“ＷＨＯＮＥＴ３”软件进行统计和分析,根据１９９３年美国临床实验室标准委员会（ＮＣＣＬＳ）发布的标准判断细菌耐药性。结果１９９６年共收集外科感染菌株９５７株。金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（ＣＮＳ）是主要菌种。１２４％的金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林耐药,对其它抗生素的耐药性也有所增加。肠杆菌科菌株对氨苄西林的耐药率＞７５％,克雷伯菌属对此的耐药率达９３％。大多数革蓝阴性（Ｇ－）杆菌,包括肠杆菌科和铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺配南、头孢他啶、阿米卡星和环丙沙星敏感。结论在外科领域开展细菌耐药性监测工作,并随时掌握细菌耐药动态具有重要的临床意义     

Actions and uses of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of musculoskeletal infections.

The antimicrobial therapy of musculoskeletal infections does not differ in basic principles from the therapy of any infection. However, the chronic nature of certain of these infections and the need for long-term treatment make essential the proper selection and monitoring of the antimicrobial agents. This can be done only by obtaining proper specimens for microbiologic identification and, in many cases, by in vitro susceptibility tests of the infecting organisms. Thus, the least toxic, effective antimicrobial agent can be selected and administered without inadequate therapy or toxic side effects.     

湖北地区外科感染常见致病菌1314株耐药性监测分析

目的 了解湖北地区外科致病菌的菌群分布及其耐药状况。方法 将湖北地区15所医院所做20种抗菌药物对外科分离菌的的抑菌圈直径输入计算机,采用WHONET－4软件进行统计和分析;根据1999年美国临床实验室标准委员会发布的标准判断细菌耐药。结果 1998年10月至1999年9月收集外科感染菌株1314株。金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肠杆菌属和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌最常见。44．6％的葡萄球菌对苯唑西林耐药（MRS）;对万古霉素耐药的肠球菌（VRE）为4．3％。亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢他啶、环丙沙星对革兰阴性杆菌的敏感率为84．4％－57．2％。结论 在外科领域开展细菌耐药性监测工作,随时掌握细菌耐药状态,对合理用药具有很大的实用价值。     

Choice and duration of antibiotics in open fractures.

Open fracture wounds are contaminated wounds, and wide spectrum antibiotic therapy effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms is recommended. Combination therapy has been shown to be effective in significantly reducing the infection rate in open fractures. For type I and II open fracture wounds, 3 days of antimicrobial therapy is recommended; for type III open fracture wounds, 5 days of treatment is recommended. When secondary procedures are performed, such as bone grafting, open reduction and internal fixation, soft tissue transfers, and other procedures involving the fracture site, an additional 72 hours of therapy is recommended. When antibiotic therapy is given after the initial period, antimicrobials administered should be selected on the basis of the culture and sensitivities of the original infecting organisms.     

Clinical value of sensitivity determinations in treating urinary tract infections

The results of bacterial susceptibility testing in 2,413 urine specimens obtained from patients with urinary tract infections indicated that in a high percentage clinical response could be predicted without the need for antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Simply identifying the infecting organism will provide the clinician with enough information to treat most urinary tract infections intelligently. The relative effectiveness of antimicrobial agents to enable the proper selection of therapy in patients with urinary tract infections is discussed.     

Local anesthetics as antimicrobial agents: a review

BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of cocaine in 1884, local anesthetics have been used as a mainstay of pain management. However, numerous studies over the past several decades have elucidated the supplemental role of local anesthetics as antimicrobial agents. In addition to their anesthetic properties, medications such as bupivacaine and lidocaine have been shown to exhibit bacteriostatic, bactericidal, fungistatic, and fungicidal properties against a wide spectrum of microorganisms. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using MEDLINE 1950-present for in vitro and in vivo studies pertaining to the antimicrobial activity of various local anesthetics on a broad range of bacterial and fungal pathogens. Studies testing the effect on microbial growth inhibition of local anesthetics alone and in combination with other agents, such as preservatives and other medications, as well as the effect of conditions such as concentration and temperature, were included for review. Outcome measures included colony counts, area-under-the-curve and time-kill curve calculations, minimum inhibitory concentrations, and post-antibiotic effect. RESULTS: Evidence suggests that local anesthetics as a class possess inherent antimicrobial properties against a wide spectrum of human pathogens. Multiple local anesthetics at concentrations typically used in the clinical setting (e.g., bupivacaine 0.125%-0.75%; lidocaine 1%-3%) inhibit the growth of numerous bacteria and fungi under various conditions. Different local anesthetics showed various degrees of antimicrobial capacity; bupivacaine and lidocaine, for example, inhibit growth to a significantly greater extent than does ropivacaine. Greater concentrations, longer exposure, and higher temperature each correlate with a proportional increase in microbial growth inhibition. Addition of other agents to the anesthetic solutions, such as preservatives, opioids, or intravenous anesthetics such as propofol, modify the antimicrobial activity via either synergistic or antagonistic action. Limited studies attribute the mechanism of action of antimicrobial activity of local anesthetics to a disruption of microbial cell membrane permeability, leading to leakage of cellular components and subsequent cell lysis. CONCLUSIONS: Local anesthetics not only serve as agents for pain control, but possess antimicrobial activity as well. In such a capacity, local anesthetics can be considered as an adjunct to traditional antimicrobial use in the clinical or laboratory setting. Additionally, caution should be exercised when administering local anesthetics prior to diagnostic procedures in which culture specimens are to be obtained, as the antimicrobial activity of the local anesthetic could lead to false-negative results or suboptimal culture yields.     

Triple antibiotics for the treatment of infected joint replacements. Case report and commentary

Combination antibiotics are frequently used in the treatment of infected joint arthroplasties to achieve synergistic activity against the infecting organisms. A case is presented in which triple antibiotic therapy was used in the treatment of an infected hip arthroplasty. The antibiotic combination proved to have an antagonistic effect despite documented sensitivities to the individual drugs. Serum antimicrobial assays are recommended in the treatment of all prosthetic joint infections.     

Posttraumatische Osteitis

Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the infecting microorganism in posttraumatic osteitis is the major concern for an efficient therapy. Tissue samples and aspirates are the most appropriate specimens for microbiological testing. An empiric antimicrobial therapy without microbiological testing should be given only in exceptional cases. Antimicrobial selection and duration of therapy are based on clinical findings and the local epidemiology of antimicrobial susceptibility. In the special case of prosthesis-related infections, only total replacement can achieve complete recovery.     

Postoperative ascending cholangitis following portoenterostomy for biliary atresia: Measures for control

Twenty-five patients with biliary atresia were treated by a modification of Kasai's hepatic portoenterostomy operation. The midportion of the Roux-en-Y bilioenteric conduit was exteriorized as a Mikulicz anastomosis. This type of biliary reconstruction permitted precise analysis of the biliary drainage, including determinations of the concentrations and types of microorganisms infecting the bilioenteric conduit before, during, and after episodes of cholangitis. Cholangitis was a universal complication in all patients having sustained bile drainage and, paradoxically, was a hallmark of a successful operation. Attacks of infection were frequent for the first 6 to 9 months. There was no correlation between types and amounts of bacteria in the bile drainage and episodes of cholangitis. Therefore, bile culture data were of no use in selection of specific antibiotic treatment. Nevertheless, antibiotics effective against enteric microorganisms usually cured the infection promptly. Maneuvers that may be helpful in lessening the incidence and severity of cholangitis during this early period consist of exteriorization of the bilioenteric conduit to ensure unimpeded flow of bile, use of choleretic agents, and preventive use of antibiotics. A second period in which patients were at risk occurred 1–2 years after operation. In this instance, cholangitis was almost invariably a consequence of simple mechanical obstruction of the bilioenteric conduit. Early crushing of the Mikulicz spur and postponement of closure of the bilioenteric conduit were found to be important in prevention of cholangitis during this period.