罕见A型肉毒毒素注射咬肌引起的颞部凹陷原因分析

A型肉毒毒素注射咬肌是目前最常见的医疗美容项目之一,广泛用于额前、眼周、口周和颈部区域的除皱以及面部形态不对称和面肌抽搐的治疗。但是A型肉毒毒素注射不当也会出现不良反应,如:咀嚼力下降,咀嚼时运动不协调,轻微疼痛,局部水肿,瘀斑,短暂的麻木等。本文患者出现了A型肉毒毒素注射后颞部凹陷,分析其原因可能和注射的A型肉毒毒素引起远隔部位肌肉反应、注射剂量和位置以及国产的肉毒毒素弥散半径较大等因素有关。故临床医生应该熟练掌握A型肉毒毒素的适应证、不良反应和禁忌证,以确保治疗安全、有效。     

A型肉毒毒素注射除皱致面部表情异常的临床研究

目的:观察A型肉毒毒素注射除皱致面部表情异常的发生特点,从沟通技巧、注射药物选择、注射技巧等方面避免或减轻该不良反应的发生,减少由此而引起的医疗纠纷。方法:将接受注射除皱治疗的患者分为鱼尾纹组、眉间纹组、额纹组,分别观察各组出现表情异常的特点,有针对地运用临床技巧。结果:注射前充分沟通、使用正规合法的肉毒毒素制品、注射部位与剂量的巧妙结合及注射后及时采取有效的补救措施,可大大降低注射后表情异常的发生。结论:A型肉毒毒素注射美容操作简单,效果立竿见影,但美容主诊医生切不可麻痹大意,应注意术前适应证的严格选择及良好沟通,在注射技巧上总结经验,方能将注射后表情异常的不良反应降到最低。     

A型肉毒毒素注射除皱全身不良反应1例

注射A型肉毒毒素在面部除皱中以其见效快、安全有效、创伤小、痛苦少、操作简便、不影响正常工作和生活、可重复治疗而被广泛应用,但其并发症的报导也逐渐增加。本文介绍1例重复使用A型肉毒毒素8次均引起不同程度的全身不良反应的病例。     

局部注射少量A型肉毒毒素治疗上半面部皱纹的临床研究

目的：观察局部注射少量A型肉毒毒素（BTXA）去除上半面部皱纹的临床疗效。方法：应用A型肉毒毒素的198例患者,其中眉间纹65例,鱼尾纹80例,额纹20例,鼻背部皱纹33例。所有患者行局部多点注射A型肉毒毒素,浓度为4U/0.1ml,并根据不同的患者调整剂量和浓度。记录患者疗效、维持时间与不良反应。结果：A型肉毒毒素治疗面部上三分之一皱纹有效率为100%,显效率94.4%。肌肉麻痹的效果通常持续3～6个月不等,不良反应主要为4例上睑下垂,3例局部水肿和4例青紫,各占2.0%、1.5%和2.0%。上述症状于3～10内自行完全消失。结论：A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗面部上三分之一皱纹起效迅速、无创伤、简便易行。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿的护理

目的总结A型肉毒毒素治疗94例痉挛型脑瘫患儿的护理方法。方法在A型肉毒毒素治疗中实施相应的护理措施:注射前做好宣教、患儿的准备及药物的配制工作;注射中熟练配合医生,对患儿予以心理护理;注射后观察患儿反应,指导患儿在药效持续期继续康复训练。结果患儿均顺利完成A型肉毒毒素注射治疗,56例痉挛明显缓解,38例痉挛部分缓解,取得了预期治疗效果。结论积极有效的护理配合,保证肉毒毒素治疗顺利完成对促进脑瘫患儿的康复起着重要作用。     

肉毒毒素注射在皮肤美容中应用的专家共识

<正>肉毒毒素注射治疗一直是近年来最受欢迎的微创皮肤美容手段,这与其确切的疗效和安全性不无关系。越来越多的皮肤科医生对这种治疗感兴趣,希望能够系统学习注射手法以便更好地为患者服务。因此,中国医师协会皮肤科分会注射美容亚专业委员会的专家一起撰写了这篇共识,将肉毒毒素注射在皮肤美容应用中的主要知识点和有经验的医生的注射手法分     

A型肉毒毒素注射引起大鼠前列腺增生模型细胞凋亡的研究

目的：探讨A型肉毒毒素注射后前列腺的组织形态学变化。方法：建立SD大鼠前列腺增生模型,模型大鼠前列腺内分别注射不同剂量的A型肉毒毒素后,TUNEI。检测前列腺细胞的凋亡,免疫组织化学技术检测对照组与10U肉毒毒素注射组Bcl-2、Fas及Caspase-3的表达差异。结果：随着注射剂量的加大,大鼠前列腺体积及湿重出现明显下降,细胞凋亡增加。相比对照组,10U肉毒毒素注射组Bcl一2的表达下调而Fas及Caspase-3的表达上调。结论：A型肉毒毒素能有效的缩小前列腺体积,引起前列腺细胞的凋亡。     

Nursing care of children with spastic cerebral palsy treated by botulin A

目的 总结A型肉毒毒素治疗94例痉挛型脑瘫患儿的护理方法.方法 在A型肉毒毒素治疗中实施相应的护理措施:注射前做好宣教、患儿的准备及药物的配制工作；注射中熟练配合医生,对患儿予以心理护理；注射后观察患儿反应,指导患儿在药效持续期继续康复训练.结果 患儿均顺利完成A型肉毒毒素注射治疗,56例痉挛明显缓解,38例痉挛部分缓解,取得了预期治疗效果.结论 积极有效的护理配合,保证肉毒毒素治疗顺利完成对促进脑瘫患儿的康复起着重要作用.     

肉毒毒素微滴注射在面部皮肤年轻化中的应用及其研究进展

肉毒毒素注射为治疗近年来一直最受欢迎的微创美容手段之一，这与肉毒毒素的疗效和安全性密切相关。随着就医者的诉求增加，肉毒毒素微滴注射方法在2001年被提出后得到快速发展。本文就肉毒毒素微滴注射在祛除上面部动态皱纹、改善下颌轮廓、提升中下面部、嫩肤、改善肤质等方面的相关研究进展作一综述。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗神经源性尿潴留21例临床观察

目的：观察A型肉毒毒素治疗神经源性尿潴留的疗效,不良反应和有效时间。方法：收集21例神经疾病后尿潴留患者,A型肉毒毒素尿道外括约肌注射,记录治疗前后症状,尿流动力学指标,综合评估A型肉毒毒素治疗神经源性尿潴留的疗效,并记录不良反应和有效时间。结果：A型肉毒毒素治疗神经源性尿潴留,患者症状可明显改善,生存质量评分和国际下尿路综合征症状评分明显改善,尿流动力学指标明显改善,未见明显不良反应,疗效可维持（34-1）（1～5）个月。结论：A型肉毒毒素尿道外括约肌注射是一种治疗神经源性尿潴留的有效方法,短期内对部分患者能够显著改善排尿症状,提高生存质量,且未见不良反应。     

Adverse events after botulinum A toxin injection for neurogenic voiding disorders

OBJECTIVES: To review the side effects of local injections of botulinum A toxin (BTX-A). METHODS: A medline search for publications about adverse events after injection of BTX-A for lower urinary tract dysfunctions. RESULTS: We found four publications that report generalised side effects after BTX-A injection for detrusor overactivity (two) and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (two). The causes of generalised adverse events are not clear, but spread outside the target organ and into the systemic circulation may contribute. The dose used, the injection volume and the injection technique can all play a role. CONCLUSION: Generalised side effects after BTX-A injection for voiding disorders are rare but they can be very disabling for spinal cord-injured patients. Although no long-term side effects are reported so far, urologists should be aware that these effects of BTX-A injections are unknown.     

Bupivacaine-induced myotoxicity and its effect on botulinum toxin paresis

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of the coinjection of bupivacaine with botulinum toxin type A on the degree of muscular paralysis. Enhancement of paralysis could allow a decreased dose of neurotoxin treatment, thus reducing the risk for neutralizing antibody formation. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Sixteen consecutive patients undergoing treatment of glabellar furrows received botulinum toxin A reconstituted with bupivacaine 0.75% to one corrugator muscle and botulinum toxin A reconstituted with nonpreserved normal saline to the contralateral muscle. Patients were evaluated on days 0 (injection day), 3, 7, 30, 60, and 90. Patients also completed a questionnaire each visit regarding their assessment of paralysis, asymmetry, and adverse effects. RESULTS: At 1 week after botulinum toxin A injection, 68.8% of the patients showed greater weakness on the bupivacaine-reconstituted side as opposed to 25.0% of patients showing greater weakness on the saline-reconstituted side. At 1 and 3 months, there was no statistical difference in weakness between the saline and the bupivacaine sides. The survey revealed that 56% of the patients had greater pain on the saline side, 31% on the bupivacaine side, and equal pain in 13%. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstituting botulinum toxin A with bupivacaine is safe, does not limit efficacy, and does not reduce the degree or relative duration of muscular paralysis. Reconstituting botulinum toxin A with bupivacaine results in faster onset of paresis, possibly due to a synergistic effect of bupivacaine induced myotoxicity. Utilizing bupivacaine may result in less pain for patients.     

Side effects of intradetrusor botulinum toxin injections on ejaculation and fertility in men with spinal cord injury: preliminary findings

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? The beneficial effect of intradetrusor botulinum toxin (BT) injections on hyperactive bladders in individuals with spinal cord injury is known from the literature, but its potential effect on ejaculation and fertility through diffusion is not. As BT injection paralyses the bladder muscle, it may also paralyse the muscular envelopes of the adjacent reproductive organs and lead to potential negative side effects, which have not been studied yet. This study provides preliminary data on the potential negative side effects of BT injections on semen volume and retrograde ejaculation, as well as some potential beneficial effects on semen quality.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To investigate the effect of botulinum neurotoxin A on ejaculation potential and fertility. Intradetrusor injection of botulinum neurotoxin A is most commonly used nowadays to treat overactive bladder in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? Retrospective analyses were carried out of 11 patients with complete lesions from C5 to T6 who had received botulinum (BT) injections for their overactive bladder and who had undergone ejaculation tests before and after BT treatment.

RESULTS

• ? BT treatment was found effective in improving bladder function in up to 85% of the cases.
• ? While no patients maintained natural ejaculation following their SCI, BT treatment was found to increase the incidence of retrograde ejaculation (vibrostimulation) in 46% of cases and to diminish semen volume in 77% of cases, from an average of 1.8 mL to 1 mL.
• ? Semen quality was slightly improved following BT treatment, sperm mobility increased in 67% of cases, sperm vitality in 50% and semen culture improved in 43%.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? BT treatment has beneficial and detrimental effects on ejaculation function. The detrimental effects involve retrograde ejaculation and reduced semen volume, which are explained by the spread of toxin to the bladder neck, reducing its tonus, and to the smooth muscle sexual accessory organs, reducing the strength of their contraction.
• ? The beneficial effects are explained by the reduced contamination of the semen by urinary infection, which may improve spermatogenesis and subsequent semen quality.
• ? The results are discussed in terms of their clinical implications and advice to patients.

     

Botulinum neurotoxin and other treatments for fissure-in-ano and pelvic floor disorders

BACKGROUND: The management of disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract, such as chronic anal fissure and pelvic floor dysfunction, has undergone re-evaluation recently. To a large extent this is due to the advent of neurochemical treatments, such as botulinum neurotoxin injections and topical nitrate ointment. METHODS AND RESULTS: This review presents, inter alia, current data on the use of botulinum neurotoxin to treat lower gastrointestinal tract diseases, such as chronic anal fissure for which it promotes healing and symptom relief in up to 70 per cent of cases. This agent has also been used selectively to weaken the external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle in constipation and in Parkinson's disease. Symptomatic improvement can also be induced in anterior rectocele by botulinum neurotoxin injections. CONCLUSION: Botulinum neurotoxin appears to be a safe therapy for anal fissure. It is more efficacious than nitrate application and does not require patient compliance to complete treatment. While it may also be a promising approach for the treatment of chronic constipation due to pelvic floor dysfunction, further investigation of its efficacy and safety in this role is needed before general usage can be advocated.     

Botulinum toxin for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms: a review

AIMS: To review the available literature on the application of botulinum toxin in the urinary tract, with particular reference to its use in treating detrusor overactivity (DO). METHODS: Botulinum toxin, overactive bladder (OAB), detrusor instability, DO, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), and lower urinary tract dysfunction were used on Medline Services as a source of articles for the review process. RESULTS: DO poses a significant burden on patients and their quality of life. Traditionally patients have been treated with anti-cholinergic drugs if symptomatic, however, a significant number find this treatment either ineffective or intolerable due to side effects. Recent developments in this field have instigated new treatment options, including botulinum toxin, for patients' refractory to first line medication. Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous substances known to man, is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum toxin injections into the external urethral sphincter to treat detrusor sphincter dyssynergia has been successfully used for some years but recently its use has expanded to include voiding dysfunction. Intradetrusal injections of botulinum toxin into patients with detrusor overactivity and symptoms of the overactive bladder have resulted in significant increases in mean maximum cystometric capacity and detrusor compliance with a reduction in mean maximum detrusor pressures. Subjective and objective assessments in these patients has shown significant improvements that last for 9-12 months. Repeated injections have had the same sustained benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Application of botulinum toxin in the lower urinary tract has produced promising results in treating lower urinary tract dysfunction, which needs further evaluation with randomised, placebo-controlled trials.     

Do Repeat Intradetrusor Botulinum Toxin Type A Injections Yield Valuable Results? Clinical and Urodynamic Results after Five Injections in Patients with Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity

OBJECTIVES: To study repeat intradetrusor botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity in terms of safety and improvement of continence status and urodynamic parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was based on 20 consecutive patients (13 males, 7 females; median age, 41.1 yr) who received at least five intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin and who were followed by clinical and urodynamic evaluation after at least four injections. The results of 100 injections and corresponding follow-ups were analyzed and compared with baseline. RESULTS: No toxin-related side effects were observed after the first or repeat injections. All patients had a baseline urodynamic study and at least four urodynamic studies after botulinum toxin injections. Clinical continence improved significantly after the first injection and then remained constant after repeat injections. The median reflex volume increased significantly from a median of 200 ml at baseline to values between 440 and 500 ml at follow-up studies. The presence of neurogenic detrusor overactivity decreased significantly by 60-75%. Maximum cystometric capacity increased significantly 2.3-fold. Maximum detrusor pressure during cystometry decreased significantly 5.8-fold from a median of 70 cm H(2)O to values of about 20 cm H(2)O. Median compliance at baseline (60 ml/cm H(2)O) did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: Repeat intradetrusor botulinum toxin A injections are a safe and valuable treatment option for neurogenic detrusor overactivity over a period of several years. The beneficial effect of the toxin on clinical and urodynamic parameters remains constant after repeat injections.     

7 Jahre Botulinum-A-Toxin in der Behandlung der neurogenen Detrusorhyperaktivität

BACKGROUND: A decompensated storage function with high pressures is the greatest risk factor regarding life expectancy and quality of life in patients with neurogenic detrusor hyperactivity. Previously, this problem could only be managed with administration of anticholinergic medications or--if this approach was either not effective enough or the patients exhibited drug intolerance--by invasive surgical interventions. The use of botulinum toxin type A to treat these patients rapidly proved to be a beneficial alternative to those two therapeutic options ever since its introduction in Germany in 1998 as a minimally invasive procedure and has become established worldwide. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The medical records of first-time users at the clinic were retrospectively analyzed for a 7-year period. The total of 492 injections in 277 patients--of which 365 injections in 216 patients were performed following a standardized protocol--represents the largest number of cases worldwide. The treatment was indicated in patients experiencing insufficient efficacy of anticholinergic agents or drug intolerance who were capable of self-catheterization. RESULTS: The standard injection contained either 300 MU Botox or 750 MU Dysport. Urodynamic parameters before and up to 8 months post-intervention showed significantly lowered detrusor pressure and improved cystometric capacity. This corresponded to the clinical assessment and subjective impression of the patients that detrusor activity had been reduced to a large extent with improved continence. Evacuation was carried out in all cases without any difficulty by aseptic intermittent catheterization. The average duration of the effect was subjectively determined to be 8.7 months. In the vast majority of cases, anticholinergic medications could be discontinued or considerably reduced. Side effects not requiring treatment developed in only four instances. Antibody formation no longer occurred with those products available on the market since 2001. Even after repeated injections (up to ten times) there was no evidence for decreased efficacy. CONCLUSION: Due to its reliable effect and low rate of side effects, botulinum toxin type A quickly became accepted worldwide for the treatment of neurogenic detrusor hyperactivity and has contributed to a substantial enrichment of the more conservative therapy options. Prospective studies focusing especially on injection site and optimizing the duration of efficacy are desirable.     

Side effects of the use of botulinum toxin for treatment of benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm

From April 1983 to April 1988, 381 botulinum toxin injections for lid spasms were administered to 106 patients. Sixty-nine had bilateral blepharospasm and 37 had hemifacial spasm. Of the 381 injections, 308 had been given to patients who returned for follow-up examinations. No systemic effects were noted at any of these visits; all side effects were temporary; there were no serious complications. Ptosis, the most frequently encountered problem, occurred after 26 (8.4%) of the injections. Other complications included: corneal exposure (after eight injections, 2.59%); face droop (after 11 injections, 3.57%); diplopia (after five injections, 1.62%); and subtle visual blurring (after eight injections, 2.59%). One patient noted jaw tenseness, another mentioned tearing, one reported brow droop, and another complained of crossed eyes. Ten injections had minimal effect; in these cases a repeat injection usually was effective. Only four patients chose surgery after beginning injections. We conclude that botulinum toxin injections are a safe, effective means of treating lid spasms.     

Botulinum toxin and pregnancy

The overall use of botulinum toxin type A in cosmetic procedures continues to rise, and the incidental exposures of pregnant women to the drug can occur. The author describes 2 patients who received botulinum toxin type A injections during pregnancy. The first patient was a 34-year-old woman who received 54 units of botulinum toxin type A to treat periorbital lines (crow's feet) unaware that she was 6 weeks pregnant. She had a healthy term baby delivered by cesarean section; Apgar scores were 9/10. The second patient was a 37-year-old woman who received 65 units of botulinum toxin type A to treat facial dynamic lines (forehead, glabelar, and periorbital), unaware that she was 5 weeks pregnant. She had a healthy term baby delivered by cesarean section; Apgar scores were 9/10. The 2 patients were injected only once in the first trimester. Both cases did not have any complications or detectable adverse effects on the fetuses.     

Botulinumtoxin bei neurogener Blasenfunktionsst?rung

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has become increasingly established in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunctions over the last 12 years. Today it represents an alternative to conservative medical therapy and reduces the indications for broader surgical measures. Since September 2011, BoNT/A is approved for the use in neurogenic bladder disorders. This article therefore summarises the main findings once more, particularly with regard to practical application.The by far most commonly used BoNT subtype is botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A), which has shown the most convincing effects after detrusor injections in the urological field. It unfolds its full effect after about 7 days. Subjective parameters, such as urination frequency, incontinence and quality of life are improved most substantially, which is objectively reflected by the increase in bladder capacity and the reduction of maximum detrusor pressure. Significantly decreasing effectiveness and necessity for repeated injections must be expected after about 9 months. Repeated applications have proven to be effective. Systematic side effects are rare and do not reach dramatic extents. The major urologic side effect, which is not uncommon, is the increase in residual urine, which can lead to urinary retention in patients with spontaneous voiding.