锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨AO锁骨钩钢板(CHP)治疗TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折的疗效。方法1999～2002年运用锁骨钩钢板治疗TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折22例,所有病例均直接修复断裂的肩锁韧带。结果22例患者均获随访,随访6～24个月,平均12个月。术后2周肩关节活动基本恢复正常,平均屈曲90°,外展90°,取出CHP时间为6～12个月,平均8个月,按Karlsson疗效评定标准,肩关节功能优良率100%。结论锁骨钩钢板是治疗TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折的一种良好的方法。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗新鲜Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位

2008年6月～2011年5月,我科采用锁骨钩钢板治疗13例新鲜Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位患者,取得满意疗效. 1 材料与方法 1.1 病例资料本组13例,男10例,女3例,年龄18～45岁.左侧8例,右侧5例.患者均无合并神经损伤.均经X线片确诊为新鲜Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位.受伤至手术时间2～6 d.     

肩锁钩板联合动力修复TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位

目的 讨论肩锁钩板联合动力修复TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位的手术方法及临床疗效.方法 对22例TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位以肩锁钩板行肩锁关节内固定,联合改良Dewer手术治疗.结果 22例均获随访.术后复查X线片示肩锁关节均完全复位.肩关节外观恢复正常.功能恢复仅1例陈旧性损伤者因术前已存在肩关节僵硬,其他均恢复满意.本组于术后12～18周取出内固定,1个月后复查X线片示肩锁关节位置正常.结论 肩锁钩板联合改良Dewer手术动力修复TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位是非常有效的方法.     

锁骨钩钢板配合喙肩韧带转移治疗青壮年新鲜TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位的病例对照研究

目的:探讨喙肩韧带转移修补喙锁韧带及肩锁韧带治疗青壮年新鲜TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。方法:2005年1月至2007年1月,将52例TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位患者分成2组:Ⅰ组30例,男17例,女13例,年龄19～40岁,平均31.0岁;Ⅱ组22例,男12例,女10例,年龄20～42岁,平均33.6岁。所有损伤为新鲜损伤,X线表现为TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位,损伤至手术时间2～17d,平均7.6d。所有患者受伤前肩关节活动正常。2组均采用锁骨钩钢板固定,Ⅰ组行喙肩韧带转移以修补喙锁韧带及肩锁韧带,Ⅱ组行常规韧带缝合术。治疗后按Karlsson标准评定疗效。结果:2组患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。取出内固定后6个月随访,Ⅰ组优24例,良6例;Ⅱ组优17例,良5例。2组疗效差异无统计学意义。Ⅰ组26例及Ⅱ组19例于取出内固定后随防3～5年,平均4.5年,Ⅱ组3例取出内固定后肩锁关节脱位复发。Ⅰ组优20例,良6例;Ⅱ组优9例,良7例,差3例。Ⅰ组疗效优于Ⅱ组。结论:青壮年新鲜TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位采用锁骨钩钢板固定后,喙肩韧带转移修补喙锁韧带及肩锁韧带可以提高修复后肩锁关节稳定性,预防脱位再复发。     

微创喙锁韧带重建术治疗Rockwood Ⅲ型急性肩锁关节脱位

目的 介绍微创喙锁韧带重建治疗RockwoodⅢ型急性肩锁关节脱位的新技术.方法 使用微创喙锁韧带重建术治疗Rockwood Ⅲ型急性肩锁关节脱位24例.结果 24例均获随访,时间6～15(8.8±2.3)个月.采用Constant和Murley肩关节评分标准(CMS):为75～100(94.2±6.3)分.结论 微创喙锁韧带重建术治疗RockwoodⅢ型急性肩锁关节脱位操作方便,疗效可靠,值得推广.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位

2004年6月～2007年4月,我科采用锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位30例,取得满意疗效. 1 材料与方法 1.1 病例资料本组30例,男22例,女8例,年龄18～67岁.左侧12例,右侧18例.NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折7例,TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位23例.所有患者均摄X线片证实.受伤至手术时间2～7 d.     

锁骨钩钢板加喙肩韧带移位修复肩锁关节脱位

目的 总结锁骨钩钢板内同定联合喙肩韧带移位重建喙锁韧带修复肩锁关节脱位的手术方法及疗效.方法 2004年8月-2007年12月,应用锁骨钩钢板加喙肩韧带移位修复12例肩锁关节脱位患者.男9例,女3例;年龄22～56岁,平均32岁.摔伤6例,砸伤4例,车祸伤2例.左侧5例,右侧7例.肩锁关节脱位参照王亦璁分型方法:Ⅲ型8例,Ⅳ型3例,Ⅴ型1例.受伤至手术时间为3～28 d,平均6 d.术后患肢悬吊保护,3～5 d后开始功能锻炼.结果 术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,1周后X线片示肩锁关节均完全复位.患者均获随访,随访时间12～30个月.无钢板螺钉松动、钩部折断及肩峰骨折发生.2例术后2个月患肩活动时稍感酸痛不适,取出钢板后症状消失.术后6～10个月取出钢板后均末发生再次脱位.术后1年根据Karlsson等疗效标准评价肩关节功能:优11例,良1例.结论 采用锁骨钩钢板内固定联合喙肩韧带移位术修复肩锁关节脱位,具有创伤小、操作简便、对肩关节生理影响小、肩关节稳定性恢复确切等优点.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位合并喙突撕脱骨折

2002年4月～2011年4月,我科对5例Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位合并喙突撕脱骨折患者采用切开复位锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗,疗效满意,报道如下. 1 材料与方法 1.1 病例资料本组5例,男4例,女1例,年龄38～54岁.左侧3例,右侧2例.肩锁关节脱位均为Ⅲ型.5例均为新鲜损伤.受伤至手术时间2～5 d.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位

目的 探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位的临床效果.方法 回顾分析自2003年12月至2005年4月应用锁骨钩钢板治疗31例Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位的病例,按Karlsson标准评价疗效.结果 优22例,良9例,差0例,优良率100%.结论 锁骨钩钢板是一种治疗Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位的良好方法.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位86例体会

2007年4月～2011年8月,我们采用锁骨钩钢板治疗86例肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折患者,获得满意效果,报道如下. 1 材料与方法 1.1 病例资料 本组86例,男61例,女25例,年龄15～65岁.单纯锁骨远端骨折60例,单纯肩锁节脱位24例,脱位合并骨折2例.锁骨远端骨折均为NeerⅡ型;肩锁关节脱位按Rockwood分型[1]:Ⅲ型11例,Ⅳ型7例,Ⅴ型6例.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.