半腱肌肌腱移植双束解剖重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位

 目的 探讨关节镜下半腱肌肌腱移植双束解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法 自2006年1月至2010年1月收治复发性髌骨脱 位29例（31膝）,男11例,女18例（20膝）;年龄16～32岁,平均22岁。游离自体半腱肌肌腱,双束重建内侧髌股韧带,以双锚钉及骨槽固定于髌骨,股骨止点 采用界面螺钉固定,于关节镜下调整髌骨复位。5例同时行胫骨结节前内移术。所有病例均获得随访,随访时间9～22个月,平均14个月。影像学评价包括测量髌 股适合角、外侧髌股角、髌骨外移率;临床疗效评价包括国际膝关节评分委员会（International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC）膝关节功能主观评分 、Lysholm膝关节功能评分及Tegner膝关节运动评分。结果 术后恐惧试验均阴性,随访期间无髌骨再脱位及骨折发生。末次随访时髌股适合角5.65°±2.23°、 外侧髌股角3.52°±2.63°、髌骨外移率0.25±0.46,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;IKDC膝关节功能主观评分（93.20±5.33）分、Lysholm膝关 节功能评分（93.02±6.08）分及Tegner膝关节运动评分（6.58±0.87）分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 关节镜下半腱肌肌腱移植双束解 剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的近期效果可靠。     

膝关节后内侧结构损伤合并单一交叉韧带断裂的早期治疗

目的 探讨膝关节后内侧结构损伤合并单一交叉韧带断裂进行早期手术的疗效.方法 2002年1月至2005年12月共治疗12例后内侧结构损伤合并单一交叉韧带断裂患者,其中10例合并前交叉韧带(ACL)断裂,2例合并后交叉韧带(PCL)断裂.交叉韧带损伤术前Lysholm评分为50～60分(平均56.7分).关节镜下重建交叉韧带,开放修复后内侧结构.8例采用自体半腱肌、股薄重建ACL(transfix术式),2例采用骨.髌腱.骨重建ACL.2例采用一端带骨块的异体跟腱蓖建PCL.后内侧结构损伤修复:8例采用星状钢板螺钉同定,2例采用GⅡ锚钉固定.1例采用自体半肌腱、股薄肌移植重建,1 例采用端对端缝合.结果 12例中除2例随访4个月后失访外,其余10例患者术后获平均12个月(6～18个月)随访.交叉韧带损伤重建后Lysholm评分为74～94分(平均81.2分).后内侧结构修复后10例膝伸屈范围正常,2例伸直受限5.外翻应力试验于O啦时,9例正常,2例弱阳性(+),1例阳性(++).结论 膝后内侧结构损伤合并单一交叉韧带断裂时,早期重建交叉韧带同时一期修复膝后内侧结构可以较好地恢复膝关节稳定性.     

关节镜辅助下半腱肌解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下半腱肌解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位及临床疗效。方法我科在2014年4月至2016年7月,通过关节镜辅助下半腱肌解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位17例,术后定期随访,末次随访评估手术前后外侧髌股角、膝关节Kujala、Lysholm评分。结果 17例患者,2例后期失访,平均随访时间19.4个月。复查J-sign(-)、髌骨恐惧试验(-)、髌骨外推移位试验(-),末次随访评估手术前后外侧髌股角、膝关节Kujala、Lysholm评分,行配对t检验,结果显示术后较术前差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论关节镜辅助下自体半腱肌肌腱解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位是一种疗效显著的手术方式。     

关节镜下一期自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带联合LARS韧带重建后交叉韧带

目的探讨关节镜下一期应用自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带联合LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法自2009-02—2010-06对14例膝关节前、后交叉韧带断裂及严重膝关节脱位患者在关节镜下一期采用自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带联合LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带,同时处理合并的侧副韧带及半月板损伤。末次随访时采用膝关节Lysholm评分、IKDC评分评定疗效。结果术后14例均获随访23~36个月,平均29.5个月。均无膝关节肿痛症状、感染、伸膝障碍发生。末次随访时,膝关节屈曲达120°~130°;膝关节IKDC评分：A类11例（78.6%）,B类2例（14.3%）,C类1例（7.1%）;膝关节Lysholm评分（89.2±4.6）分,较术前（54.7±5.3）分明显提高,差异有统计学意义（t=32.156,P=8.91E-14）。结论关节镜下一期应用自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带联合LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带治疗膝关节多韧带损伤临床疗效满意。     

关节镜下联合重建前交叉韧带与内侧副韧带陈旧性损伤

目的探讨关节镜下重建前交叉韧带结合限定切开重建内侧副韧带治疗ACL伴内侧副韧带陈旧性损伤的疗效。方法对51例ACL伴内侧副韧带陈旧性损伤,行关节镜下自体半腱肌肌腱和股薄肌肌腱重建ACL,将重建后的自体肌腱向上反折至内侧副韧带上止点,应用Intrafix将残端固定于股骨内髁部。结果 51例获得随访12~18个月,所有患者膝关节无伸膝受限。屈膝90°时前抽屉试验均阴性,膝关节屈曲活动度120°。Lachman试验术前阳性51例,术后阳性3例,阴性48例;内侧张力试验术前阳性51例,术后阳性1例,阴性50例。术后Lysholm评分(93.22±3.90)分、IKDC评分(94.11±5.50)分,较术前均有较大提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论针对膝关节韧带复合伤,关节镜下联合限定切开重建韧带,规避了更大的开放性损伤以及使用异体肌腱的费用及可能出现的排异反应,有助于关节部位的康复。     

膝关节多韧带损伤Ⅰ期修复重建

[目的]探讨关节镜下一期修复重建膝关节多韧带损伤的疗效。[方法]2009年4月~2014年12月收治膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)、后交叉韧带(PCL)损伤及合并内侧副韧带(MCL)Ⅲ度损伤患者39例,男23例,女16例,年龄22~50岁,平均41.4岁。损伤至手术时间10~16 d,平均13 d。所有病例均于早期行关节镜下前、后交叉韧带重建以及内侧副韧带修复。重建材料选择双侧自体腘绳肌腱,内侧副韧带修复采用有限切开缝合或带线锚钉修复。术前、术后采用Lysholm功能评分、IKDC评分及主动关节活动度评估患膝功能。[结果]所有患者均得到随访,随访时间16~30个月,平均20.6个月。末次随访时患者伸膝无明显受限,膝关节屈曲(115±15)°,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(88.16±5.72)分,关节活动范围为(115±15)°,IKDC评分为(89.25±4.93)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.001)。[结论]关节镜下Ⅰ期修复重建膝关节多韧带损伤安全、有效,治疗效果满意。     

关节镜下自体半腱肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的 探讨关节镜下自体半腱肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗复发性髌骨脱位的手术方法和疗效.方法 16例(18膝)复发性髌骨脱位行关节镜下半腱肌腱重建MPFL的手术治疗.结果 16例随访6～23个月,术后关节活动度均恢复正常,Lysholm评分为92.8分.结论 关节镜下自体半腱肌腱双束重建MPFL的方法具有创伤小、并发症少等优点,可有效重建膝关节的稳定,恢复膝关节的功能.     

关节镜下LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带及有限切开重建外侧副韧带

目的探讨后交叉韧带、外侧副韧带同时损伤后,应用LARS人工韧带关节镜下重建后交叉韧带并同时有限切开重建外侧副韧带的手术方法。方法8例关节镜下LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带同时有限切开LARS人工韧带重建外侧副韧带。术后随访6~29个月,采用国际膝关节委员会韧带标准评价表(IKDC)和Lysholm膝关节功能评分表评估患膝功能。结果术后无膝关节感染发生,无伸膝受限,屈膝活动度115~125°,术后随访时IKDC评分:8例均为A类,患者术前Lysholm膝关节功能评分平均为60分以下,终末随访时为平均91·5分。结论膝关节后交叉韧带、外侧副韧带同时损伤,较为少见,采用自体或异体移植物等方法重建创伤大,移植物来源有限,术后并发症多,膝关节术后不能达到即时稳定,易导致术后再次发生膝关节不稳。而应用LARS人工韧带关节镜下重建后交叉韧带,同时重建外侧副韧带,术后膝关节可获得即时稳定,利于膝关节早期活动,避免相关并发症的发生,临床疗效满意。     

关节镜下LARS人工韧带及4股半腱肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的评价LARS人工韧带和自体4股半腱肌肌腱关节镜下重建膝前交叉韧带（ACL）的临床疗效。方法对28例膝ACL断裂患者行关节镜下ACL重建术,根据重建材料的来源分为LARS人工韧带组（13例）和自体4股半腱肌肌腱组（15例）。采用ACL解剖等长重建技术建立胫骨、股骨骨道。并对两组的关节稳定性和Lysholm膝关节功能评分进行对比研究。结果术后膝关节稳定性LARS人工韧带组优于4股半腱肌肌腱组（P〈0.05）。移植后两组Lyshrolm膝关节功能评分较移植前提高（P〈0.05）。术后6个月LARS人工韧带组Lysholm评分（90.4分±5.3分）高于4股半腱肌肌腱组（81.2分±4.7分）（P〈0.05）。结论在关节镜下重建ACL术中,LARS人工韧带可作为自体材料的良好替代物。     

关节镜下早期修复和重建膝关节多韧带损伤的临床观察

目的探讨应用同种异体肌腱和自体腘绳肌腱早期修复、重建膝关节多发韧带损伤的临床疗效。方法对16例多发韧带损伤行关节镜下同种异体肌腱和自体腘绳肌腱移植重建前、后交叉韧带(ACL、PCL),同时修复断裂的内侧副韧带(MCL)或后外侧结构。结果本组平均随访18个月,Lysholm评分由术前的(33.2±2.5)分提高到末次随访时的(89.0±5.0)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。关节功能优9膝,良6膝,可1膝。结论关节镜下早期应用同种异体肌腱和自体腘绳肌腱修复膝关节多发韧带损伤,能可靠恢复膝关节功能和活动范围,具有缩短疗程,降低费用等优点。     

膝关节多发韧带损伤的修复与重建

目的 探讨关节镜下重建膝关节前十字韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)、后十字韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)、后内侧韧带结构(posteromedial complex,PMC)或后外侧韧带结构(posterolateral complex,PLC)损伤的疗效.方法 2005年3月至2007年5月,43例膝关节多发韧带损伤患者采用异体肌腱于关节镜下重建ACL和PCL,同期重建增强PMC或PLC损伤.其中24例行ACL和PCL重建+PMC重建,19例行ACL和PCL重建+PLC重建.根据国际膝关节文献委员会(International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC)评分和Lysholm膝关节功能评分表对患膝功能进行评估.结果 全部患者随访24～48个月,平均(33.10±9.65)个月.患者在0°和20°应力测试时稳定性均完全恢复.IKDC评分入院时均为显著异常(D级),术后随访时正常(A级)29例(67%,29/43)、接近正常(B级)11例(26%,11/43)、异常(C级)3例(7%,3/43).患者术前Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(46.7±4.2)分,末次随访时为(89.6±2.8)分,差异有统计学意义(t=8.563,P＜0.01).结论 膝关节多发韧带损伤可于关节镜下行ACL和PCL联合重建,同期行关节外韧带结构修复增强,能有效恢复关节功能,治疗效果满意.

Abstract：

Objective To describe the surgical technique and outcomes of arthroscopic reconstruction anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and repair of the injured posteromedial complex (PMC) or posterolateral complex (PLC) structures of the knee joint in treatment of multiple ligaments injuries of knee. Methods From March 2005 to May 2007, 43 patients with multiple ligaments injuries of knee underwent arthroscopic reconstruction. Twenty-four patients were treated with arthroscopic reconstruction of combined ACL and PCL with allograft tendons and augmentation of PMC. The other 19 patients were treated with repair the PLC in addition to reconstruction of ACL and PCL. The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm knee score were used for function evaluation. Results All patients were followed up for 24 to 48 months with an average of 33.10±9.65 months. The stability recovered when stress was applied to the knee at 0° and 20° of flexion. According to IKDC there was a significant improvement from severely abnormal (graded D) in 43 cases before surgery to normal (graded A) in 29 cases (67%), nearly normal (graded B) 11 cases (26%) and abnormal (graded C) 3 cases (7%) at follow-up. The average Lysholm score of the all cases were 46.7±4.2 and 89.6±2.8 before operation and at final follow-up, respectively (t=8.563, P＜0.01). Conclusion Excellence clinical results and good stability were achieved with arthrescopic reconstruction of ACL and PCL combined with repair or augmentation of the PMC and PLC simultaneously.     

Comparison of surgical treatments for knee dislocation

This retrospective study compared three surgical procedures for acute knee dislocation. Eleven patients (group 1) underwent direct repair of the cruciate ligaments, 6 patients (group 2) underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring tendons and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reattachment, and 6 patients (group 3) underwent PCL reconstruction with ipsilateral bone-patellar tendon-bone and ACL reconstruction with doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Average follow-up was 6.9 years (range: 24 months to 19 years). Surgical results were evaluated using the IKDC evaluation form, KT-2000 arthrometer, and Lysholm and Tegner scores. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test and the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test to compare different surgical procedures. In terms of stability and range of motion, results were less favorable after direct repair and cruciate ligament reattachment. Better results were reported after combined ACL and PCL reconstruction. Average side-to-side total anteroposterior translation as measured by the KT-2000 arthrometer at 20 degrees +/- 5 degrees of knee flexion was 6.67 mm, 3.6 mm, and 3.2 mm in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. At final International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) evaluation, only 2 group 3 patients achieved a group qualification A, while a group qualification B was achieved by 5 patients (2 patients in group 1, 2 patients in group 2, and 1 patient in group 3). Nine patients in group 1, 4 patients in group 2, and 3 patients in group 3 achieved group qualifications C and D (fair or poor results). Based on these results, we do not recommend reattachment of the cruciate ligaments after knee dislocation for obtaining a stable knee with full range of motion.     

分期修复重建膝关节多发韧带损伤的临床疗效

目的 :探讨关节镜下分期治疗膝关节多发韧带损伤的临床疗效。方法 :2006年3月至2012年6月,关节镜下分期治疗膝关节多发韧带损伤14例(14膝)。男8例,女6例;年龄20~49岁,平均(31.8±8.1)岁。患者均行X线、MR检查,提示10例前交叉韧带、后交叉韧带及内侧副韧带损伤,4例前交叉韧带、后交叉韧带及后外侧角损伤。合并内侧半月板损伤4例,外侧半月板损伤2例。Ⅰ期手术治疗内侧副韧带损伤、后交叉韧带及半月板,术后固定3周后开始主被动功能锻炼,3~6个月后膝关节活动范围正常且存在明显松弛时Ⅱ期重建前交叉韧带和(或)后交叉韧带。结果:术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染等手术相关并发症发生。患者均获随访,时间24~80个月,平均48.9个月。末次随访时膝关节Lysholm评分达87.1±2.8,优于术前19.6±0.9(t=12.3,P0.01)。国际膝关节评分委员会(International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC)评级:9例接近正常,5例异常。结论 :关节镜下分期治疗膝关节多发韧带损伤能有效恢复膝关节稳定性和功能。     

后十字韧带合并后外侧韧带结构损伤的关节镜下重建

目的 介绍后十字韧带合并后外侧韧带结构损伤的关节镜下重建及加强方式,总结其初期临床结果.方法 2006年11月至2007年10月,20例陈旧性后十字韧带合并后外侧韧带结构损伤患者采用八股自体胭绳肌肌腱双束重建后十字韧带、自体半腱肌肌腱加强后外侧韧带结构的手术方法.移植物采用微型钢板纽扣进行悬吊式固定.根据IKDC、Lyshohn和Tegner评分标准进行膝关节功能评估.结果 术后随访1～2年,平均(15.5±3.3)个月.末次随访时,患者伸膝活动均正常,1例屈膝受限15°,5例屈膝受限5°.后抽屉试验阴性17例,Ⅰ度阳性2例,Ⅱ度阳性1例.KT-1000检查(屈膝90°,30 kg)双侧松弛度差异平均为(2.35±1.35)mm.18例(90%)屈膝30°位外侧膝关节间隙增宽小于5 mm,2例(10%)分别为5 mm和6 nun.屈膝30°位小腿外旋角度较健侧增加均小于5°,平均为2.10°±2.67°.IKDC、Lysholm和Tegner评分分别为(90.00±3.49)分、(91.90±2.57)分和(6.50±0.69)分,与术前差异均有统计学意义.IKDC膝关节韧带评级15例(75%)正常,4例(20%)接近正常,1例(5%)异常.结论 采用八股自体胴绳肌肌腱双束重建后十字韧带,同时用自体半腱肌肌腱加强后外侧韧带结构能够恢复后十字韧带和后外侧韧带结构损伤后的膝关节稳定性.     

12例急性膝关节后外侧结构损伤的手术治疗

目的:探讨急性膝关节后外侧结构(posterolateral structures,PLS)损伤的手术方法及疗效。方法:2006年5月至2008年10月收治急性PLS损伤患者12例(12膝),男9例,女3例;年龄23～47岁,平均31岁。其中合并后交叉韧带损伤9例,前后交叉韧带损伤3例,关节囊撕裂7例。首先在关节镜下探查,修复损伤半月板,前后交叉韧带损伤者与PLS同期重建,根据PLS损伤程度采用异体肌腱解剖重建腘肌腱单位(popliteus muscle tendon unit,PMTU)和(或)外侧副韧带(lateral collateral ligament,LCL),PLS重建完成后进行交叉韧带的重建固定,合并关节囊撕裂的采用局部加强缝合的手术方法治疗,术后根据IKDC及Lysholm功能评定标准评定膝关节功能恢复情况。结果:12例均获随访,时间12～24个月,平均(16.5±3.2)个月。根据IKDC综合评定标准,正常(A级)8膝,接近正常(B级)3膝,异常(C级)1膝。Lysholm膝关节功能评分从术前的(39.6±3.1)分增加到术后的(85.1±2.2)分,患膝红、肿、疼痛均消失。结论:急性PLS损伤需手术解剖重建PMTU、LCL等结构,手术操作的要求精度较高,不仅需要精确地建立骨隧道,还要注意保护腓总神经和避免植入的异体肌腱切割,使重建的膝关节后外侧结构更加稳定。     

膝前、后交叉韧带与内侧副韧带损伤的一期修复重建

目的探讨膝关节镜下重建前、后交叉韧带联合有限切开修复内侧副韧带恢复膝关节稳定和功能的疗效。方法 2003年4月-2010年10月,收治14例(14膝)前、后交叉韧带伴内侧副韧带损伤患者。男10例,女4例;年龄21～71岁,平均41岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤11例,高处坠落伤3例。患者受伤至入院时间为1～4 d,平均2 d。Lysholm评分为(17.00±8.29)分,国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分为(20.93±8.28)分。伴膝关节脱位9例,半月板损伤5例。关节镜下采用同种异体肌腱(2例)或自体腘绳肌腱(12例)重建前、后交叉韧带,有限切开修复内侧副韧带。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合;3例出现下肢麻木,自行缓解。患者均获随访,随访时间为12～18个月,平均14个月。患者膝关节均于3个月内达屈曲120°,伸直0°。术后1年膝关节IKDC评分为(89.93±6.26)分,Lysholm评分为(88.93±4.82)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论对于膝关节韧带多发伤,关节镜配合有限切开修复重建韧带,避免了开放关节腔,同时由于创伤小,术后关节粘连轻,关节功能恢复快。     

Primary repair of the cruciate and collateral ligaments after traumatic dislocation of the knee

The management of traumatic dislocation of the knee in 40 patients (41 knees) with a mean age of 26.3 years is described. They were treated by primary repair and reconstruction with autologous grafting of the anterior (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligaments (PCL) and repair injuries to the collateral ligament and soft-tissue. The ACL and PCL were reconstructed using the patellar tendon and the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons, respectively. Early mobilisation using a continuous-passive-movement machine and active exercises was started on the second day after operation. At a mean follow-up of 39 months no patient reported 'giving way' and all except one had good range of movement. Of the 41 knees, 21 were rated as excellent, 15 good, four fair and one poor. Early reconstruction of the cruciate ligaments and primary repair of the collateral ligaments followed by an aggressive rehabilitation programme are recommended for these young, active patients.     

膝关节脱位多韧带损伤Ⅰ期修复重建的临床观察

目的:探讨关节镜下Ⅰ期异体肌腱重建并结合关节外微创技术治疗膝关节脱位合并多发韧带损伤的临床疗效。方法:2008年1月至2012年1月共收治48例膝关节脱位患者,排除腘血管损伤,采用关节镜下Ⅰ期重建前后交叉韧带,并结合关节外微创技术修复膝关节韧带损伤。男38例,女10例;年龄20～59岁,平均35.6岁;左膝22例,右膝26例;伤后至手术时间2 d～2周。前交叉韧带(ACL)、后交叉韧带(PCL)、内侧副韧带(MCL)及后外侧复合体(PLC)损伤2例,ACL、PCL及MCL损伤36例,ACL、PCL及PLC损伤10例。合并腓总神经损伤4例。比较术前及末次随访时Lysholm 评分以评价膝关节功能。结果:所有患者获得随访,时间12～30个月,平均(18.2±6.3)个月,患者关节活动度和稳定性明显改善,Lysholm评分由术前40.3±4.1提高为随访时87. 0±6.4.结论:关节镜下应用同种异体肌腱Ⅰ期重建膝关节脱位并多韧带损伤,能较好地恢复关节稳定性,保留关节功能。术前训练指导及术后个体化康复是膝关节功能恢复的关键。     

Arthroscopically assisted combined anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the multiple ligament injured knee: 2- to 10-year follow-up

Purpose: This study presents the 2- to 10-year results of 35 arthroscopically assisted combined anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament (ACL/PCL) reconstructions evaluated preoperative and postoperatively using Lysholm, Tegner, and Hospital for Special Surgery knee ligament rating scales, KT-1000 arthrometer testing, stress radiography, and physical examination. Type of Study: Case series. Methods: This study population included 26 men and 9 women with 19 acute and 16 chronic knee injuries. Ligament injuries included 19 ACL/PCL/posterolateral instabilities, 9 ACL/PCL/medial cruciate ligament (MCL) instabilities, 6 ACL/PCL/posterolateral/MCL instabilities, and 1 ACL/PCL instability. All knees had grade III preoperative ACL/PCL laxity and were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively with arthrometer testing, 3 different knee ligament rating scales, stress radiography, and physical examination. Arthroscopically assisted combined ACL/PCL reconstructions were performed using the single-incision endoscopic ACL technique and the single femoral tunnel–single bundle transtibial tunnel PCL technique. PCLs were reconstructed with allograft Achilles tendon (in 26 cases), autograft bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) (in 7 cases), and autograft semitendinosus/gracilis (in 2 cases). ACLs were reconstructed with autograft BPTB (16 cases), allograft BPTB (12 cases), Achilles tendon allograft (6 cases), and autograft semitendinosus/gracilis (1 case). MCL injuries were treated with bracing or open reconstruction. Posterolateral instability was treated with biceps femoris tendon transfer, with or without primary repair, and posterolateral capsular shift procedures as indicated. Results: Postoperative physical examination revealed normal posterior drawer/tibial step-off in 16 of 35 (46%) knees. Normal Lackman and pivot-shift test results were found in 33 of 35 (94%) knees. Posterolateral stability was restored to normal in 6 of 25 (24%) knees, and tighter than normal knee results were found in 19 of 25 (76%) knees evaluated with the external rotation thigh foot angle test. In this group, 30° varus stress testing was normal in 22 of 25 (88%) knees, and grade 1 laxity was found in 3 of 25 (12%) knees. 30° valgus stress testing was normal in 7 of 7 (100%) surgically treated MCL tears, and in 7 of 8 (87.5%) brace-treated knees. Postoperative KT-1000 arthrometer testing mean side-to-side difference measurements were 2.7 mm (PCL screen), 2.6 mm (corrected posterior), and 1.0 mm (corrected anterior) measurements, a statistically significant improvement from preoperative status (P = .001). Postoperative stress radiographic side-to-side difference measurements measured at 90° of knee flexion and 32 lb posteriorly directed proximal force were 0 to 3 mm in 11 of 21 (52.3%) knees, 4 to 5 mm in 5 of 21 (23.8%), and 6 to 10 mm in 4 of 21 (19%) knees. Postoperative Lysholm, Tegner, and HSS knee ligament rating scale mean values were 91.2, 5.3, and 86.8, respectively, showing a statistically significant improvement from preoperative status (P = .001). Conclusions: Combined ACL/PCL instabilities can be successfully treated with arthroscopic reconstruction and the appropriate collateral ligament surgery. Statistically significant improvement is noted from the preoperative condition at 2- to 10-year follow-up using objective parameters of knee ligament rating scales, arthrometer testing, stress radiography, and physical examination. Postoperatively, these knees are not normal, but they are functionally stable. Continuing technical improvements will probably improve future results.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 7 (September), 2002: pp 703–714