Clinical response of azithromycin as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic therapy can be used in very specific periodontal treatment situations such as in refractory cases of periodontal disease found to be more prevalent in smokers. This study was designed to determine the efficacy of azithromycin (AZM) when combined with scaling and root planing (SRP) for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic periodontitis in smokers. METHODS: Thirty-one subjects were enrolled into a 6-month randomized, single-masked trial to evaluate clinical, microbial (using benzoyl- DL-arginine naphthylamine [BANA] assay), and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) levels in response to SRP alone or SRP + AZM. At baseline, patients who smoked > or =1 pack per day of cigarettes who presented with at least five sites with probing depths (PD) of > or =5 mm with bleeding on probing (BOP) were randomized into the test or control groups. At baseline and 3 and 6 months, clinical measurements (probing depth [PD], clinical attachment loss [CAL], and bleeding on probing [BOP]) were performed. GCF bone marker assessment (Ctelopeptide [ICTP] as well as BANA test analyses) were performed at baseline, 14 days, and 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that both groups displayed clinical improvements in PD and CAL that were sustained for 6 months. Using a subject-based analysis, patients treated with SRP + AZM showed enhanced reductions in PD and gains in CAL at moderate (4 to 6 mm) and deep sites (>6 mm) (P <0.05). Furthermore, SRP + AZM resulted in greater reductions in BANA levels compared to SRP alone (P <0.05) while rebounds in BANA levels were noted in control group at the 6-month evaluation. No statistically significant differences between groups on mean BOP and ICTP levels during the course of the study were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The utilization of AZM in combination with SRP improves the efficacy of non-surgical periodontal therapy in reducing probing depth and improving attachment levels in smokers with moderate to advanced attachment loss.     

One stage full- versus partial-mouth disinfection in the treatment of chronic adult or generalized early-onset periodontitis. I. Long-term clinical observations.

BACKGROUND: A standard treatment strategy for periodontal infections often consists of 4 consecutive sessions of scaling and root planing (per quadrant, at 1- to 2-week intervals), without proper disinfection of the remaining intra-oral niches for periodontopathogens. This could theoretically lead to a reinfection of previously disinfected pockets by bacteria from an untreated region/niche. This study aimed to investigate, over an 8-month period, the clinical benefits of a one stage full-mouth disinfection in the control of severe periodontitis. METHODS: Sixteen patients with early-onset periodontitis and 24 patients with severe adult periodontitis were randomly assigned to test and control groups. The control group was scaled and root planed, per quadrant, at 2-week intervals and given standard oral hygiene instructions. A one stage full-mouth disinfection (test group) was sought by scaling and root planing the 4 quadrants within 24 hours in combination with the application of chlorhexidine to all intra-oral niches for periodontopathogens. Besides oral hygiene, the test group also rinsed twice daily with a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution and sprayed the tonsils with a 0.2% chlorhexidine spray, for 2 months. The plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline and at 1, 2, 4, and 8 months afterwards. RESULTS: The one stage full-mouth disinfection resulted, in comparison to the standard therapy, in a significant (P <0.001) additional probing depth reduction and gain in attachment up to 8 months. For initial pockets > or =7 mm, the "additional" probing depth reduction at the 8 month follow-up was 1.2 mm for single-rooted and 0.9 mm for multi-rooted teeth, with corresponding additional gains in attachment of 1.0 mm and 0.8 mm, respectively. The additional improvements were observed for all subgroups (adult periodontitis, generalized early-onset cases, smokers), with the largest differences in the non-smoking adult periodontitis patients. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a one stage full-mouth disinfection results in an improved clinical outcome for the treatment of chronic adult or early-onset periodontitis as compared to scaling and root planing per quadrant at 2-week intervals.     

Er：YAG激光辅助治疗慢性牙周炎的短期临床效果观察

目的：评估Er：YAG( erbium-doped： yttrium aluminium garnet)激光在慢性牙周炎非手术治疗中的短期辅助效果。方法30例慢性牙周炎患者,试验前1周接受全口龈上洁治,每例患者的下颌35、36或45、46随机分配到2组中,对照组采用超声与手工器械进行龈下刮治和根面平整术( scaling and root planing,SRP),试验组在采用超声与手工器械进行SRP后再辅助使用Er：YAG激光照射。记录基线、治疗后1个月、3个月时入选位点的探诊深度、菌斑指数、牙龈指数,并提取龈沟液,测定龈沟液量。结果治疗后1个月,试验组和对照组探诊深度、菌斑指数和牙龈指数均有降低,试验组和对照组比较探诊深度差异有统计学意义(t=2.25,P<0.05)。治疗后3个月,试验组探诊深度(t=3.68)、菌斑指数(t=2.78)和牙龈指数(t=3.72)与对照组相比均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后1个月(t=2.85)和3个月(t=1.45),试验组和对照组比较龈沟液量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论短期效果而言,Er：YAG激光在慢性牙周炎非手术治疗中有一定的辅助治疗作用。     

Azithromycin as an adjunctive treatment of aggressive periodontitis: 12-months randomized clinical trial

Aim: To assess the effect of systemic azithromycin as a supplement to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis (AgP).
Material and Methods: Twenty-four individuals (13–26 years old) underwent a plaque control program, and then were treated with SRP. Subjects were assigned randomly into two groups; the test group used 500 mg azithromycin once a day for 3 days, whereas the control group used a placebo. Clinical variables were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The periodontal status at baseline and 12 months was compared using the Wald test, and adjusting for the effect of clustering of teeth within subjects.
Results: There were no significant differences in visible plaque, gingival bleeding, and supragingival calculus between groups throughout the study. Periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level improved significantly from baseline to 12 months in both groups, with the test group showing significantly more reduction in mean PPD compared with controls (2.88 mm versus 1.85 mm, respectively, p =0.025). Subjects administering azithromycin showed a higher percentage of teeth with attachment gain 1 mm (81.34 versus 63.63, p =0.037), whereas the controls had higher percentage of teeth with attachment loss 1 mm (11.57 versus 2.24, p =0.015).
Conclusions: The adjunctive use of azithromycin has the potential to improve periodontal health of young patients with AgP.     

Clinical and microbiological effects of subgingival irrigation with Streblus asper leaf extract in chronic periodontitis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and microbiological effects of subgingival irrigation of Streblus asper leaf extract (SAE) solution as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in chronic periodontitis patients. METHODOLOGY: Forty-two subjects were included and treated with SRP at baseline (week 0), followed by subgingival irrigation with saline (control group, n=21) or SAE (test group, n=21) solution (80 mg/ml) at weeks zero, one, two, three, and four. Clinical parameters, including gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and relative attachment level (RAL) were measured at weeks zero, six, and 12. Microbiological parameters were measured at weeks zero, one, two, three, four, six, and 12. RESULTS: The SAE solution significantly reduced the GI compared with saline solution (p < 0.01). However, a reduction in PI, PD, and RAL was noted for both groups, with no statistically significant intergroup differences. The reduction in the number ofA. actinomycetemcomitans and/or P. gingivalis was maintained throughout the study period after subgingival irrigation with SAE solution, while an initial reduction and subsequent rebound were observed after saline irrigation. However, the mean number and mean percentages of sites with 10 times the reduction in number of these bacteria were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Subgingival irrigation with SAE solution as an adjunct to SRP is effective at reducing gingival inflammation, but not PD, RAL, and the number of A. actinomycetemcomitans and/or P. gingivalis.     

One‐stage full‐mouth disinfection versus quadrant and full‐mouth root planing

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the one‐stage full‐mouth disinfection (FMD) provides greater clinical and microbiological improvement compared with full‐mouth scaling and root planing (FM‐SRP) within 24 h and quadrant scaling and root planing (Q‐SRP) in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis. Material & Methods: Twenty‐eight patients were randomized into three groups. 25 patients completed the study and were the basis for analysis. The Q‐SRP group was scaled quadrant‐wise at 1‐week intervals. The other groups received a one‐stage full‐mouth scaling with (FMD) and without (FM‐SRP) chlorhexidine. At baseline, after 1, 2, 4 and 8 months clinical parameters were recorded and microbiological analysis was performed. Results: All three treatment modalities resulted in significant clinical improvement at any time. There were only group differences after 1 and 2 months: in the FM‐SRP group was a significantly higher reduction of probing depth and bleeding on probing compared with the other two groups. The bacteria could be reduced in every group although this reduction was only significant for Prevotella intermedia in the FMD group 8 months after treatment. Conclusion: All three treatment modalities lead to an improvement of the clinical and microbiological parameters, however, without significant group differences after 8 months.     

Oral health impacts on daily living related to four different treatment protocols for chronic periodontitis

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to evaluate the oral health impacts perceived by patients submitted to different treatments of chronic periodontitis and their association with clinical parameters. METHODS: Sixty patients were assigned to one of the following therapeutic groups: control, treated with full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP); test 1, treated with SRP and 400 mg systemically administered metronidazole (MET) three times per day for 10 days; test 2, treated with SRP and professional supragingival plaque removal (PP) every week for 3 months; and test 3, treated with SRP and MET plus PP. Clinical periodontal measurements and data regarding patients' oral health impacts (perceived impacts on bleeding gums, gingival recession, sensitivity to cold, packing foods, aesthetics, bad breath, and tooth mobility) were collected at baseline and 3 months after therapy. RESULTS: All groups presented significant improvement in oral health perceived impacts. There was no statistically significant difference in the improvement of oral health impacts among groups subjected to different treatments. The clinical data of percentage of deep probing depth, deep clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing were found to be correlated significantly with oral health impacts. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal treatment leads to a significant reduction of self-perceived impacts regardless of the non-surgical treatment protocol employed. Most of the clinical data were associated with oral health impacts.     

Scaling and root planing and chlorhexidine mouthrinses in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the clinical and microbiological effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) alone or in combination with 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) rinsing. METHODS: A blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-design, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 29 subjects with chronic periodontitis. Subjects were assigned to two therapeutic groups: control (SRP+placebo) and test (SRP+CHX during and up to 42 days post-therapy). Clinical and microbiological [N-benzoyl-dl-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA test)] examinations were performed at baseline, 42 and 63 days post-therapy. RESULTS: Initially, intermediate sites (4-6 mm) in the test group showed less plaque accumulation, gingival bleeding, bleeding on probing and a greater reduction in attachment level and probing depth (PD) at 63 days after treatment. The initially deep sites (>6 mm) in the CHX group also showed a better reduction in plaque accumulation and in PD compared with the control group. Both therapies led to a microbiological improvement; however, the test subjects showed a higher frequency of BANA-negative sites after treatment, which was sustained over time (p<0.001). At 63 days, the control group presented 25 BANA-negative sites and 65 positive sites, and the test group 58 and 26, respectively. CONCLUSION: The combination of CHX rinses and SRP leads to clinical benefits and to a better reduction in BANA-positive species.     

光动力疗法辅助治疗Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期牙周炎的临床效果评价

目的: 探讨光动力疗法（photodynamic therapy,PDT）辅助龈下刮治术（subgingival scaling and root planning,SRP）在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期牙周炎治疗中的临床效果。方法: 根据2018年牙周病新分类,选择Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期牙周炎患者,经龈上洁治1周后,记录牙周探诊深度（probing depth, PD）、牙龈指数（gingival index, GI）和探诊出血（bleeding on probing,BOP）为基线。将患者分为3组,SRP组进行SRP治疗;PDT1组在SRP后即刻对口内所有PD≥5 mm的位点进行PDT;PDT2组在SRP+PDT后6周,对原位点再进行1次PDT。基线治疗后3、6个月复查,比较PD、GI和BOP阳性率的变化。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 共纳入30例患者、1 289个位点。SRP组、PDT1组和PDT2组各10例患者,位点数分别为476个（36.9%）、384个（29.8%）和429个（33.3%）。3组治疗后3个月、6个月复查时,PD、GI、BOP阳性率较基线均显著降低（P<0.05）; 6个月与3个月的复查结果无显著差异。PD≥5 mm的位点,PDT1组和PDT2组可以显著降低患牙的GI和BOP阳性率（P<0.05）;PD≥7 mm时,PDT2组PD显著降低（P<0.05）。结论: 对于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期牙周炎,PDT辅助SRP治疗可以获得比单纯SRP更好的临床效果。     

Effect of a controlled-release chlorhexidine chip on clinical and microbiological parameters and prostaglandin E2 levels in gingival crevicular fluid

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a chlorhexidine chip on crevicular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels and on the clinical and microbiological parameters of periodontitis when used as adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with chronic periodontitis. METHODS: This randomized single-blind study was carried out in parallel design. The test group received SRP plus chlorhexidine chip, whereas the control group received SRP alone. Thirty-four subjects, aged 20 to 55 years, with chronic periodontitis were recruited. Clinical indices, microbiological samples, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were evaluated at baseline and after 1, 3, and 6 months. Microbiological samples were evaluated under a light microscope. GCF PGE2 levels were determined using radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Significant improvements could be found for all clinical variables in both groups over the study period. The mean changes in probing depth obtained by SRP plus chlorhexidine chip were greater than those obtained by the SRP alone group at 3 and 6 months. In the test group, there was also significant gain in clinical attachment level at 6 months. When data were combined from all groups, significant reductions in GCF PGE2 levels and number of microorganisms were noted at all time points. However, in the test group, reduction was greater at 6 months for crevicular PGE2 level and at 3 and 6 months for proportions of spirochetes. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, the chlorhexidine chip reduced GCF PGE2 levels and had positive effects on clinical parameters and subgingival flora when used as adjunctive therapy to SRP in patients with chronic periodontitis.     

一次性全口龈下刮治和根面平整术治疗慢性牙周炎的近期疗效评价

目的：探讨一次性全口龈下刮治和根面平整术（full-mouth scaling and root planning,FM-SRP）治疗慢性牙周炎的效果,并与常规的分象限刮治（quadrant scaling and root planning,Q-SRP）效果进行比较。方法：将60例慢性牙周炎患者随机分为2组：FM-SRP组在1天内完成全口所有象限的刮治和根面平整。而Q-SRP组每周进行1个象限的刮治,连续4周完成全口治疗。分别在基线、3个月和6个月时,检测菌斑指数（plaque index,PI）、牙龈指数（gingival index,GI）、探诊出血（bleeding on probing,BOP）、探诊深度（probing depth。PD）及附着丧失（attachment loss,AL）的变化及患者的术后反应。所得结果分别进行秩和检验（PI、GI）、t检验（PD、AL）和X^2检验（BOP）。结果：与基线时相比,2种治疗方式在3个月和6个月时的所有临床牙周指数均有显著改善（P〈0．01）,但2组之间无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。在首次治疗24h,FM-SRP组的术后反应发生率显著高于Q-SRP组（P〈0.05）,但患者能够耐受。结论：FM-SRP和Q-SRP两种方法均可达到相同的临床效果,临床医生可根据实际需要,选择合适的治疗方式。     

Effect of adjunctive systemic azithromycin with periodontal surgery in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in smokers: a pilot study

BACKGROUND: Along with conventional surgical therapy, systemic antibiotics may provide more effective treatment in smokers by targeting tissue-invasive bacteria. The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked clinical trial was to evaluate the adjunctive effects of systemic azithromycin (AZM) in combination with periodontal pocket reduction surgery in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in smokers. METHODS: Thirty patients with a greater than one pack/day smoking habit and generalized moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were randomized to the test (surgery plus 3 days of AZM, 500 mg) or control group (surgery plus 3 days of placebo). Full-mouth probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival index (GI), plaque index, and wound healing indices (WHI) were assessed at baseline and at 2 weeks and 1, 3, and 6 months following surgical intervention. Plaque and gingival crevicular fluid were collected for trypsin-like enzyme activity (benzoyl-dl-arginine naphthylamine) and bone biomarker (crosslinked telopeptide of type I collagen [ICTP]) analyses, respectively, at baseline, 2 weeks, and 1, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS: Surgical treatment of moderate (PD = 4 to 6 mm) and deep (PD > 6 mm) pockets significantly improved clinical parameters of treated and untreated teeth (CAL gain, PD reduction, and reduction of BOP). The additional use of AZM did not enhance this improvement nor did it promote reduction of ICTP levels. Compared to the control group, the test group had significantly better WHI scores at 1 month, significantly less GI at 2 weeks, and sustained reductions of red-complex bacteria with trypsin-like enzyme activity at 3 months. For non-surgery teeth, only the test group showed significant gains in overall CAL compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this pilot study demonstrated that in heavy smokers, adjunctive systemic AZM in combination with pocket reduction surgery did not significantly enhance PD reduction or CAL gain. However, the clinical value of adjunctive AZM may be appreciated by more rapid wound healing, less short-term gingival inflammation, and sustained reductions of periopathogenic bacteria. More expanded studies are recommended to better determine the clinical effects of adjunctive AZM in patients who smoke.     

Nd: YAP激光治疗牙周炎的疗效评价及其对龈下微生物的影响

目的 比较龈下刮治和根面平整术(scaling and root planning, SRP)联合Nd:YAP激光与单纯SRP治疗对牙周炎患者疗效的差异和龈下微生物的影响。方法 选择符合纳入标准的牙周炎患者。每位患者龈上洁治1周后为本研究基线,随机半口分组。试验侧采用SRP联合Nd: YAP激光治疗;对照侧仅采用SRP治疗。每位患者选择一组同颌同名单根牙,进行龈沟液(gingival crevicular fluid, GCF)和龈下菌斑取样。分别在基线、治疗完成后6周和12周进行探诊深度(probing depth, PD)和探诊出血(bleeding on probing, BOP)的数据采集、龈沟液及龈下菌斑样本的采集。ELISA法检测龈沟液中炎症因子白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的浓度。16S rDNA高通量测序对各龈下菌斑样本的菌群构成进行分析和比较。结果 试验侧与对照侧的各项临床指标较基线时均有显著改善(P＜0.05),但两组间无明显差异。两组的IL-6浓度较基线均显著下降,治疗后6周,试验侧的 IL-6浓度明显低于对照组(P＜0.05)。龈下菌斑α多样性分析,治疗后6周及12周,对照侧的Shannon指数高于基线,Simpson指数低于基线(P＜0.05)。测序结果显示,治疗后6周,试验侧的普氏菌属(Prevotella)和Saccharibacteria_incertae_incerta_sedis的相对丰度较基线显著下降;密螺旋体属(Treponema)的相对丰度低于对照侧,嗜二氧化碳噬细胞菌属(Capnocytophaga)的相对丰度高于对照侧(P＜0.05),12周时无明显差异。结论 在本研究中,Nd:YAP激光联合SRP和单纯SRP治疗牙周炎均有明显效果,而两种治疗方法在临床指标上无明显差异,辅助使用Nd:YAP激光在短时间内更有利于GCF IL-6浓度的降低和部分牙周致病菌的控制。     

Effect of subantimicrobial dose doxycycline as an effective adjunct to scaling and root planing

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a subantimicrobial dose of doxycycline (SDD) in conjunction with scaling and root planing (SRP). METHODS: The study was a 9-month, double masked, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. A total of 41 patients with moderate chronic periodontitis who received SRP were randomly allocated to receive either a doxycycline hyclate or a placebo 2 weeks after SRP. Clinical attachment level (CAL), the probing depth (PD), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and -13 levels were measured throughout the study. The effect of SDD in conjunction with SRP on the dynamics of the periodontal microflora was also assessed using dark-field microscopic and culture analysis. Information on adverse events was collected throughout the study. RESULTS: During the treatment period, per-patient reductions in PD and CAL were demonstrated for both treatment groups, with a significantly greater reduction for the SDD group. The mean value of per-patient change in the GCF was much greater for the SDD group. Microbial analysis showed there were a general tendency for cocci, non-motile rods, and aerobes to increase with increasing treatment duration and a general decreasing tendency for spirochetes, motile rods, and anaerobes and black pigmented bacteria in both treatment groups, but no significant difference between the groups. The MMP-8 and -13 levels of the SDD group gradually reduced with time, and the mean perpatient average was significantly higher than in the placebo group. The adverse events in the SDD group were similar to those in the placebo group. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that a submicrobial dose of doxycycline as an adjunct therapy with SRP might be safe and effective in the long-term management of chronic periodontitis.     

Scaling and Root Planing per Quadrant Versus One‐Stage Full‐Mouth Disinfection: Assessment of the Impact of Chronic Periodontitis Treatment on Quality of Life — A Clinical Randomized,Controlled Trial

Background: There are few randomized, controlled clinical trials about the effect of non‐surgical periodontal treatment on oral health–related quality of life (OHRQL). This study aims to compare the effects of two different forms of non‐surgical periodontal therapy, scaling and root planing (SRP) per quadrant and one‐stage full‐mouth disinfection (FMD), on periodontal clinical parameters and OHRQL of patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods: In this randomized, controlled clinical trial, the questionnaires Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) and Oral Health and Quality of Life (OHQoL) were given to 90 patients divided into two groups: SRP (n = 45) and FMD (n = 45). Periodontal clinical parameters recorded included probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, and gingival index. For statistical analysis, χ² test, Fisher exact test, Mann‐Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon test were used. Intention‐to‐treat analyses were performed at T0 (baseline) for periodontal clinical parameters, T1 (30 days after treatment) for questionnaires, and T2 (180 days after treatment) for both. Results: No significant differences were identified between the SRP and FMD groups in regard to OHQoL and OIDP scores when comparing the data of T1 and T2. Conclusion: Patients treated by both SRP and FMD showed improvement in all periodontal clinical parameters and OHRQL, with no significant differences between treatment groups.     

Clinical and microbiological effects of topical subgingival application of hyaluronic acid gel adjunctive to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis

BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) has shown anti-inflammatory effects in gingivitis therapy. The potential benefits of local subgingival application of HA adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) were evaluated in this study. METHODS: Twenty patients with chronic periodontitis were included in this split-mouth study. Sulcus fluid flow rate (SFFR) and sulcus bleeding index were monitored at baseline and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 weeks; probing depth and clinical attachment level were monitored at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks. Subgingival plaque samples were also taken at these same three appointments to determine the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, and Treponema denticola. All patients were treated with full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP); in addition, an HA gel was administered subgingivally in the test sites every week for 6 weeks. RESULTS: An improvement of all clinical variables was observed (P < 0.05) in both groups. Clinically, no difference between test and control sites could be found. No difference between test and control sites was seen in the tested microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS: No clinical or microbiological improvement was achieved by the adjunctive use of HA gel compared to SRP alone. Only SFFR was affected by the use of HA in terms of a more rapid reduction of SFFR in the test sites.     

Comparison of Nd:YAG laser versus scaling and root planing in periodontal therapy

BACKGROUND: The Nd:YAG laser has recently been used in the treatment of periodontal disease. However, although a clinical reduction of probing depth and gingival inflammation to this new approach has been reported, it has not been fully evaluated. Interleukin-1 beta (IL- 1beta), a potent stimulator of bone resorption, has been identified in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), which is closely associated with periodontal destruction. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Nd:YAG laser treatment versus scaling/root planing (SRP) treatment on crevicular IL-1beta levels in 52 sampled sites obtained from 8 periodontitis patients. METHODS: One or 2 periodontitis-affected sites with a 4 to 6 mm probing depth and horizontal bone loss from 3 adjacent single-root teeth in each of 4 separate quadrants were selected from patients for clinical documentation and IL-1beta assay. Sampling site(s) from each diseased quadrant was randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1) subgingival laser treatment (20 pps, 150 mJ) only; 2) SRP only; 3) laser treatment first, followed by SRP 6 weeks later; or 4) SRP first, followed by laser therapy 6 weeks later. The GCF was collected and the amount of IL-1beta was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical parameters and GCF were measured at baseline and biweekly after therapy for 12 weeks. RESULTS: An obvious clinical improvement (marked decrease in the number of diseased sites with gingival index > or =2) and reduction of crevicular IL- 1beta were found in all groups. The level of IL- 1beta was significantly lower in the SRP group (P = 0.035) than in the laser therapy group for the duration of the 12 weeks. The laser combined SRP therapy group showed a further reduction of IL- 1beta (6 to 12 weeks after treatment) than either laser therapy alone or SRP combined laser therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that laser therapy appeared to be less effective than traditional SRP treatment. Of the 4 treatment modalities, inclusion of SRP was found to have a superior IL- 1beta response, when compared to other therapies without it. In addition, no additional benefit was found when laser treatment was used secondary to traditional SRP therapy.     

RT-qPCR检测CPC对中重度慢性牙周炎患者口内环境中红色复合体的影响

目的:利用RT-qPCR检测CPC对中重度慢性牙周炎患者口内环境中红色复合体构成比的影响。方法:临床选择40例中重度慢性牙周炎患者,随机分成CPC(试验)组、溶媒(对照)组,牙周基础治疗后分别使用该药品含漱+袋内冲洗。记录患者基线和用药4周后的临床指标;采集龈下菌斑、龈沟液和唾液样本,BANA试验检测胰蛋白酶样酶含量,RT-qPCR检测P.gingivalis、T.forsythia、T.denticola在总菌量中的构成比。结果:治疗后:1)试验组AL、BOP、PLI显著改善(P<0.01),对照组仅AL改善(P<0.01);2)两组龈下菌斑和龈沟液样本中胰蛋白酶样酶含量均显著下降(P<0.05);3)两组P.gingivalis构成比均显著下降(P<0.01),T.forsythia在试验组构成比显著下降(P<0.01),而T.denticola治疗前后无变化;4)P.gingivalis、T.forsythia、T.denticola两两之间构成比均显著相关(P<0.01)。结论:CPC可抑制牙菌斑形成,改善患者的临床症状,并对龈下菌斑中的P.gingivalis有一定的抑制作用,临床上可用于辅助治疗中重度慢性牙周炎。     

Drug concentration in inflamed periodontal tissues after systemically administered azithromycin

BACKGROUND: Azithromycin is an azalide antibiotic, effective against a wide range of oral bacteria including periodontopathic bacteria. Azithromycin is taken up by phagocytes and is released into inflamed tissue over time. The concentration of azithromycin in inflamed periodontal tissues over time has not been studied. In this study, we determined the azithromycin concentration in the gingiva and inflammatory connective tissue of the periodontal pocket in periodontal patients who had been administered azithromycin systemically. We also evaluated the clinical and microbiologic effects of azithromycin. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with periodontitis were prescribed azithromycin 500 mg once daily for 3 days. During the 14-day study, clinical parameters (probing depth, gingival index, bleeding on probing, and gingival crevicular fluid level) were recorded, subgingival plaque was collected for bacteriologic examination, and the azithromycin concentration in the tissues lining the periodontal pocket was measured by agar diffusion bioassay. RESULTS: Clinical parameters significantly improved after administration of azithromycin. The total number of cultivated bacteria also significantly decreased by day 4 but slightly increased after day 7. Sustained reduction in levels of six periodontopathic bacteria was not apparent until day 14. On day 7, the azithromycin concentration in the tissues lining the periodontal pockets was 50% of that on day 4, and on day 14 only 20%. CONCLUSION: Azithromycin is detectable in inflamed periodontal tissues >or=14 days after systemic administration; it is associated with clinical and microbiologic improvement.     

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目的评价不同程序牙周基础治疗对慢性牙周炎伴继发性咬合创伤牙位龈沟液（GCF）中白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、核因子-κb受体活化因子配体（RANKL）-骨保护蛋白（OPG）系统的影响。方法收集2012年7月至2013年10月在海军总医院口腔科就诊的中、重度慢性牙周炎合并继发性咬合创伤患者21例纳入研究,分层区组随机分为A、B两组。研究结束时18例患者纳入分析：其中A组9例,咬合创伤牙位共计18颗,包括9颗前牙及9颗前磨牙;B组9例,咬合创伤牙位共计18颗,包括7颗前牙及11颗前磨牙。基线时,A组先实施全口龈下刮治术＋根面平整（SRP）治疗,B组实施咬合创伤牙位咬合调整治疗;第28天,A组接受咬合创伤牙位咬合调整治疗,B组接受全口SRP治疗。其中,咬合调整治疗在T-ScanⅢ型咬合分析系统指导下完成。采用ELISA法检测两组基线、第28天和第56天咬合创伤牙位GCF中IL-1β、RANKL、OPG水平。两组组内SRP治疗前后、咬合调整前后咬合创伤牙位GCF中IL-1β、RANKL、OPG水平变化比较采用配对t检验;两组咬合创伤牙位GCF中IL-1β水平在第28、56天时比较采用协方差分析。结果 SRP治疗后两组咬合创伤牙位GCF中IL-1β水平降低,RANKL/OPG比值升高,与SRP治疗前相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;咬合调整治疗后两组咬合创伤牙位GCF中IL-1β水平、RANKL/OPG比值降低,与咬合调整治疗前相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论咬合调整治疗可降低慢性牙周炎伴继发性咬合创伤牙位GCF中IL-1β水平及RANKL/OPG比值,提示咬合调整治疗可能有助于抑制牙周骨组织破坏。