孕妇牙周健康状况与早产的相关性研究

目的 通过调查孕妇牙周状况和分娩结局,探讨牙周感染与早产的关系。 方法 选择2012年在无锡市妇幼保健院进行孕检孕妇674名,进行临床牙周检查,记录简化口腔卫生指数(OHI-S)、龈沟出血指数（SBI）、探诊深度(PD)和临床附着丧失(CAL),追踪妊娠结局,运用卡方检验,t检验和Spearman检验的统计学方法对数据进行分析。 结果 ①早产组孕妇牙周炎患病率（36.1%）高于足月妊娠组（21.4%）;②早产组孕妇牙周指标OHI-S、SBI、PD、CAL均高于足月妊娠组（P﹤0.05）;③孕妇牙周指标OHI-S、PD、CAL与分娩孕周呈负相关关系（P﹤0.05）。 结论 孕妇牙周感染与早产之间存在着相关性,可能是早产的危险因素之一,应做好孕期口腔健康教育。     

牙周病与早产低体重儿的关系及其机制的研究进展

早产是指新生儿出生时胎龄未满37周,低体重儿是指新生儿出生时体重未满2 500 g,早产常伴发低体重儿。早产被认为是新生儿死亡的主要原因。牙周病是一种口腔常见的慢性感染性疾病,与全身多种系统性疾病具有相关性。流行病学资料表明牙周病与早产低体重儿具有一定相关性,牙周病是早产低体重儿等不良妊娠结局的危险因素之一,可能的机制包括牙周致病菌菌体的直接作用,引起机体炎症反应和过激免疫反应等,然而具体的机制尚未明确。本文就牙周病与早产低体重儿的相关性,开展牙周治疗对早产低体重儿发生率的影响,以及牙周病引发早产低体重儿的相关机制作一综述。     

早产与牙周疾病关系的巢式病例对照研究

目的探讨牙周疾病与早产的关系。方法采用巢式病例对照研究设计,对480名孕产妇进行随访观察和配对病例对照研究,配对Logistic回归分析方法分析早产和牙周疾病的关系。结果牙周病组孕产妇的早产发生率为27.5%,非牙周病组为5.42%,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。牙周病组发生早产的优势比为4.67。结论牙周病是造成早产的危险因素之一。     

早产和足月产母体牙周状况的对照研究

目的：通过比较早产与足月产母体牙周状况及龈沟液肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）水平，探讨牙周感染与早产之间的关系。方法：以28例先兆早产孕妇和22例足月先兆临产孕妇为研究对象，在产前进行牙周检查（记录牙龈指数、牙周袋探诊深度、临床附着丧失和龈沟出血指数），采集龈沟液样本，记录龈沟液量，并采用ELISA对龈沟液中肿瘤坏死因子-α水平进行检测。结果：①各牙周参数早产组均明显高于足月组（P〈0．01），同时早产组牙周炎患病率比足月组高（P〈0．01）。②龈沟液中TNF—α检出率早产组为67．85％，浓度范围为36．32—59．80pg／ml；足月组检出率为27．27％。③龈沟液量早产组明显高于足月组（P〈0．01）。④经相关性分析，早产组中牙周袋探诊深度、龈沟液量均与临产孕周呈负相关。结论：牙周感染可能和早产有联系。     

早产对脑性瘫痪儿童乳牙釉质发育的影响

目的研究早产因素对脑瘫儿童乳牙釉质发育缺陷的影响。方法选择135名脑瘫患儿,与62名正常儿童对比,进行乳牙釉质发育缺陷状况的统计调查。同时比较脑瘫儿童中早产与乳牙釉质发育缺陷发生的关系。结果脑瘫儿童组中早产儿童乳牙釉质发育缺陷的患病率明显高于足月组,有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。结论早产的脑瘫儿童更容易发生乳牙釉质发育缺陷。     

200例早产低体重儿母体牙周健康状况的调查分析

在上世纪90年代，Offenbacher等提出假说，认为牙周感染可能是妊娠不良结局的危险因素之一…，国外研究在动物实验、流行病学及部分人群的前瞻性研究中都表明母体牙周病和早产低体重儿有关口，牙周病和早产低体重儿的关系在国外已成为研究的热点之一。而我国是牙周疾病的高发国家之一，母体牙周病与早产之间的关系尚刚起步，本研究对元明显诱因的早产低体重儿的母亲及正常足月儿的母亲的牙周健康状况进行问卷调查。从而为进一步探讨我国早产低体重儿和母亲牙周状况的关系提供依据。     

先兆早产孕妇的牙周状况分析

目的:通过比较先兆早产(TPL)孕妇与正常孕妇的牙周状况,探讨先兆早产孕妇的牙周状况、血清IL-6水平及与早产的关系。方法:收集诊断为TPL住院治疗的孕妇40例,同期定期产前检查但无产兆的正常孕妇40例作为对照组。检查记录菌斑指数(PLI)、探诊深度(PD)、临床附着丧失(CAL)和出血指数(BI),计算牙周炎位点(PD>3mm,CAL≥2mm)率。ELISA法检测血清IL-6水平。采用SPSS11.0统计软件包对相应数据进行χ2检验、t检验和Pearson相关分析。结果:TPL孕妇中26例足月产(TPL-TB),14例早产(TPL-PB);对照组(Non-TPL)40例均足月产。TPL-TB和TPL-PB组间的分娩孕周和新生儿出生体重有显著差异(P<0.05)。TPL组的PLI、牙周炎位点率和血清IL-6水平显著高于对照组。先兆早产组中,TPL-PB组的PLI、BI、牙周炎位点率显著高于TPL-TB组。分娩孕周和牙周炎位点率、BI呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结论:先兆早产孕妇的牙周状况显著差于正常孕妇,血清IL-6水平显著高于正常孕妇,牙周感染是否为早产的原因之一,有待于进一步明确。     

慢性牙周炎孕鼠致早产及低体重新生鼠的动物模型研究

目的通过研究构建的大鼠慢性牙周炎孕鼠动物模型,探讨慢性牙周炎与早产及低体重儿发生的关系。方法将20只wistar雌鼠随机分成2组：正常组麻醉后不作处理,待其苏醒;实验组麻醉后牙周结扎加涂菌。4周后观察牙周情况及牙周组织病理学改变,将两组雌鼠分别以1∶1与雄鼠合笼,制备慢性牙周炎孕鼠导致早产及低体重新生鼠的动物模型,于分娩后观察早产率和新生鼠体重的变化。结果 4周后实验组出现牙槽骨吸收,牙周袋形成的临床症状。组织切片镜下可见大量的破骨细胞,附着丧失。正常组早产率为12.5%,实验组为75%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;新生鼠的体重组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论采用牙周结扎加涂菌的方法建立慢性牙周炎大鼠模型与亚临床型慢性牙周炎相似,可增加早产及低体重新生鼠的发生,该模型可进行慢性牙周炎与早产及低体重儿疾病的发病机制研究。     

孕产妇牙周疾病与早产低体重儿相关性分析

目的:研究孕产妇牙周疾病与早产低体重儿的相关性. 方法:采用横断面调查的方法,根据随机原则并按照纳入标准抽取2006-05～2007-02间在湖北省妇幼保健院进行生产的已作婚姻登记的,并且孕前1 年内及孕期未曾患有下生殖泌尿系统性疾病的妇女432 名.调查方法包括问卷和临床检查:调查问卷为被调查人员相关情况的结构式问题调查;牙周检查项目包括软垢指数、龈沟出血指数、牙周袋探诊深度及临床附着丧失水平等,同时记录新生儿体重和分娩时孕周.运用卡方检验及Logistic回归分析的统计学方法对数据进行分析.结果:分娩出早产低体重儿的孕产妇53 名,占12.3%;正常分娩的孕产妇379 名,占87.7%.早产低体重组孕产妇牙龈炎的患病率为86.6%,牙周炎的患病率为64.2%,正常分娩组的分别为73.6%和32.7%.患有牙龈炎孕产妇分娩出早产低体重儿的OR值为1.30, 95%CI为0.53～3.22;患有牙周炎的孕产妇分娩出早产低体重儿的OR值为2.69, 95%CI为1.37～5.27.结论:孕产妇牙周疾病是引起早产低体重儿的主要危险因素之一.     

早产低出生体质量儿乳牙萌出和相关影响因素的调查研究

目的:研究早产低出生体质量儿乳牙初萌时间,并追踪观察早产低出生体质量儿多个时间点乳牙萌出的数目,探索影响乳牙萌出的相关因素。方法:选择早产低出生体质量儿35例和足月出生婴儿71例为对象,定期进行口腔检查并记录牙齿初萌时间、萌出牙位、萌出数目,统计分析孕周、出生体质量、性别、分娩方式、胎数、喂养方式等因素对乳牙萌出有无影响。结果:①两组最早萌出的牙均为下颌乳前牙,足月儿乳牙初萌明显早于早产低出生体质量儿(P<0.05),其中早产低出生体质量儿乳牙初萌年龄平均为出生后8.9个月,足月儿为出生后7个月;②按照牙齿初萌的生理年龄计算,早产低出生体质量儿牙齿初萌为70.4周,而足月儿为67.3周,两组婴儿间无统计学差异(P>0.05);③早产低出生体质量儿在出生后9个月、12个月时牙齿萌出数目明显低于足月儿(P<0.05);④在影响牙齿萌出的相关因素中,孕周、出生体质量与牙齿初萌年龄呈明显负相关,与牙齿萌出数目明显正相关;而喂养方式、性别、分娩方式以及胎数对乳牙萌出时间没有影响。结论:早产低出生体质量儿乳牙初萌明显较足月儿推迟,但以生理年龄计算,两组婴儿牙齿初萌时间无统计学差异。出生体质量与孕周是影响牙齿初萌时间和牙齿萌出数目的相关因素。     

2型糖尿病合并慢性牙周炎患者血清与龈沟液中抵抗素水平的研究

目的:探讨2型糖尿病合并慢性牙周炎患者血清、龈沟液抵抗素水平以及与牙周临床指标的相关性。方法:将60名受试者分成三组,1组:2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎患者20人,2组:慢性牙周炎患者20人,3组:健康对照者20人。对所有受试者进行牙周临床检查,检测指标包括:菌斑指数,牙龈指数,出血指数,探诊深度,附着丧失。同时用酶联免疫吸附测定法分别对所有受试者血清及龈沟液中的抵抗素水平进行检测。结果:三组之间血清及龈沟液抵抗素水平均有显著差异(P<0.01,P<0.001),1组血清及龈沟液中的抵抗素水平最高(6.24±2.50 ng/ml,4.20±1.06 ng/μl),2组次之(4.74±2.09 ng/ml,3.01±0.32ng/μl),3组最低(4.13±1.47ng/ml,2.42±0.55ng/μl)。针对所有受试者,血清与龈沟液的的抵抗素水平呈显著正相关(r=0.377,P<0.01),血清及龈沟液的抵抗素水平均与多个牙周临床指标显著相关。结论:2型糖尿病合并慢性牙周炎患者血清及龈沟液中的抵抗素水平显著升高,血清及龈沟液中的抵抗素水平与牙周临床指标密切相关。     

妊娠妇女牙周组织的临床改变

评估妊娠期间牙周临床指标的变化,以探讨妊娠对牙周状况的影响。方法：选择30例无牙周炎症的妊娠早期妇女和20例无牙周炎症非妊娠妇女。其中妊娠组分别在妊娠早、中、后期进行3次临床牙周指数检查,包括牙周袋探诊深度（PPD）、出血指数（BI）、附着丧失（AD、牙龈指数（GI）及菌斑指数（PLI）;非妊娠组连续2个月检查牙周指数2次。结果：在维持良好的口腔卫生情况下,妊娠组孕早期的GI和BI明显高于非妊娠组（P〈0．05）。同时,妊娠组GI和BI随妊娠时间的增加逐渐增加（P〈0.05,P〈0.001）,但牙周附着水平无改变（P〉0．05）。结论：妊娠可对牙龈炎症产生一定影响,但不影响牙周附着水平。     

Effect of Intensive Oral Hygiene Regimen During Pregnancy on Periodontal Health,Cytokine Levels,and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Pilot Study

Background: Data are limited on the potential effect of intensive oral hygiene regimens and periodontal therapy during pregnancy on periodontal health, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum cytokines, and pregnancy outcomes. Methods: A clinical trial was conducted on 120 community‐dwelling, 16‐ to 35‐year‐old pregnant women at 16 to 24 weeks of gestation. Each participant presented with clinical evidence of generalized, moderate‐to‐severe gingivitis. Oral hygiene products were provided, together with instructions for an intensive daily regimen of hygiene practices. Non‐surgical therapy was provided at baseline. Oral examinations were completed at baseline and again at 4 and 8 weeks. In addition, samples of blood and GCF were collected at baseline and week 8. Mean changes in clinical variables and GCF and serum cytokine levels (interleukin [IL]‐1β, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‐α) between baseline and week 8 were calculated using paired t test. Pregnancy outcomes were recorded at parturition. Results: Results indicated a statistically significant reduction in all clinical variables (P <0.0001) and decreased levels of TNF‐α (P = 0.0076) and IL‐1β (P = 0.0098) in GCF during the study period. The rate of preterm births (<37 weeks of gestation) was 6.7% (P = 0.113) and low birth weight (<2,500 g) was 10.2% (P = 1.00). Conclusions: Among the population studied, intensive instructions and non‐surgical periodontal therapy provided during 8 weeks at early pregnancy resulted in decreased gingival inflammation and a generalized improvement in periodontal health. Large‐scale, randomized, controlled studies are needed to substantiate these findings.     

Effects of periodontal therapy during pregnancy on periodontal status, biologic parameters, and pregnancy outcomes: a pilot study

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the potential effects of periodontal treatment during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes, periodontal status, and inflammatory biomarkers. METHODS: A randomized, delayed-treatment, controlled pilot trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of second-trimester scaling and root planing and the use of a sonic toothbrush on the rate of preterm delivery (<37 weeks gestation). Secondary outcome measures included changes in periodontal status, levels of eight oral pathogens, levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), 8-isoprostane (8-iso), and IL-6, and serum levels of IL-6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM1), 8-isoprostane, soluble glycoprotein 130 (sGP130), IL-6 soluble receptor (IL-6sr), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Logistic regression models were used to test for effects of treatment on preterm delivery. Secondary outcomes were analyzed by analysis of covariance adjusting for subject baseline values. RESULTS: Periodontal intervention resulted in a significantly decreased incidence odds ratio (OR) for preterm delivery (OR = 0.26; 95% confidence interval = 0.08 to 0.85), adjusting for baseline periodontal status which was unbalanced after randomization. Pregnancy without periodontal treatment was associated with significant increases in probing depths, plaque scores, GCF IL-1beta, and GCF IL-6 levels. Intervention resulted in significant improvements in clinical status (attachment level, probing depth, plaque, gingivitis, and bleeding on probing scores) and significant decreases in levels of Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella intermedia, serum IL-6sr, and GCF IL-1beta. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this pilot study (67 subjects) provide further evidence supporting the potential benefits of periodontal treatment on pregnancy outcomes. Treatment was safe, improved periodontal health, and prevented periodontal disease progression. Preliminary data show a 3.8-fold reduction in the rate of preterm delivery, a decrease in periodontal pathogen load, and a decrease in both GCF IL-1beta and serum markers of IL-6 response. However, further studies will be needed to substantiate these early findings.     

Periodontal disease in pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Systemic disease and hormonal changes have been implicated as complicating factors for periodontal disease. Diabetes has been identified as a risk factor for periodontal disease, and diabetics can experience periodontal destruction at an earlier age than non-diabetic individuals. Increased hormone levels during pregnancy can contribute to increased gingival inflammation. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) on the periodontal status of pregnant women. METHODS: Thirty-three (13 diabetic and 20 non-diabetic) subjects, 20 to 39 weeks gestation, participated in this study. The mean age of the diabetics and non-diabetics was 28.5 +/- 7.1 (SD) and 27.0 +/- 7.3 years, respectively. The following parameters were assessed at Ramfjord's reference teeth: plaque index (PI), gingival inflammation (GI), probing depth (PD), gingival margin (GM) location, and clinical attachment level (CAL). RESULTS: Diabetic subjects had significantly (P<0.001) higher PI (1.48 +/- 0.69) and GI (1.77 +/- 0.44) scores than non-diabetics (PI = 0.63 +/- 0.38; GI = 0.93 +/- 0.48). Mean PD for diabetics (2.95 +/- 0.69 mm) was significantly different (P<0.024) from that of non-diabetics (2.44 +/- 0.32 mm). Although mean GM location was coronal to the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) in both groups, gingival margins were at a more apical position (P<0.001) in the diabetics (-0.20 +/- 1.24 mm) compared to non-diabetics (-1.76 +/- 0.53 mm). Mean CAL values also varied significantly (P<0.001) between diabetics (2.60 +/- 1.54 mm) and non-diabetics (0.68 +/- 0.65 mm). Significant differences were seen for GI (P<0.001), PD (P=0.005), GM location (P<0.001), and CAL (P<0.001) when assessing the effect of diabetes and controlling for plaque. When assessing the effect of plaque and controlling for diabetes, the only significant difference was GI (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that periodontal inflammation and destruction are increased in pregnant diabetics as compared to non-diabetic pregnant patients. These findings may have implications for diabetic control and, hence, maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant diabetic patients.     

Periodontal disease increases the risk of severe pre-eclampsia among pregnant women

AIM: To evaluate the possible link between the severity of periodontal disease and pre-eclampsia and to correlate this link to clinical periodontal parameters and interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and prostaglandins (PGE(2)) levels in both gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-nine pregnant women (20 mild pre-eclampsia, 18 severe pre-eclampsia, and 21 healthy pregnant women) were included in the study. Dental and periodontal recordings as well as GCF and blood samples were obtained within 48 h preceding delivery. RESULTS: The results of multivariate logistic regression showed a highly significant association between mild to severe pre-eclampsia and severe periodontal disease (p<0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders (smoking, body weight, socioeconomic status, education level, and age), severe pre-eclamptic women were 3.78 (1.77-12.74) times more likely to present severe periodontal disease than normotensive pregnant women. This odds ratio (OR) was 2.43 (1.13-8.19) for mild pre-eclamptic women. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and PGE(2) levels in both serum and GCF were also significantly higher in the pre-eclamptic groups than the normotensive women. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the presence and severity of periodontal disease seems to increase the risk for not only the occurrence but also the severity of pre-eclampsia in pregnant women.     

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??Objective    To detect the effect of the restoration with Co-Cr alloy porcelain crown and all-ceramic crown on periodontal tissue and the level of inflammatory factorsin gingival crevicular fluid. Methods    From September 2014 to March 2015?? totally 67 patients ??97 teeth??with complete crown restoration in our hospital were randomly divided into Co-Cr alloy porcelain crown group ??group A?? and all-ceramic crown group ??group B??. The gingival index ??GI???? gingival sulcus probing depth ??GCD???? amount of gingival sulcus fluid ??GCF???? and IL-8?? MMP-8 ??TNF- α in GCF were measured before and one month and 3 months after restoration. Results    There was no significant difference on the GI?? GCD?? amount of GCF?? and  the levels of  IL-8?? MMP-8 and TNF-αin GCF between the two groups before treatment. Compared with before treatment??at 1 month and 3 months after treatment?? GI?? GCD?? amount of GCF?? and IL-8??MMP-8?? TNF-α levels in GCF were statistically significant ??P < 0.05??. There were significant differences on IL-8?? MMP8 and TNF-α level in GCF between group A and B at 1 month after repair?? and there were no significant differences on GI?? GCD and amount of GCF. After 3 months of repair??groups A and B were significantly different on all the detection indicators ??P < 0.05??. Conclusion    As the crown of Co-Cr alloy porcelain crown can lead to elevated amount of periodontal GCF and levels of inflammatory factors in GCF??it is not conducive to periodontal tissue recovery?? the long-term effect is poor. The effect of all ceramic crown on the periodontal tissue is relatively small??and the long-term curative effect is good.     

钴铬合金烤瓷冠和全瓷冠修复对患牙牙周组织及龈沟液中炎症因子水平的影响研究

目的    探讨钴铬合金烤瓷冠和全瓷冠修复对患牙牙周组织及龈沟液（GCF）中炎症因子水平的影响。方法      选择2014年9月至2015年3月来内蒙古赤峰市医院口腔科就诊的67例上颌前牙牙体缺损需行全冠修复的患者（共97颗患牙）,将所有患牙随机分配到钴铬合金烤瓷冠组（A组,42颗）和全瓷冠组（B组,55颗）。于修复前、修复后1个月、3个月测定患牙牙周组织各项指标［包括牙龈指数（GI）、龈沟探诊深度（GCD）、GCF量］及GCF中白细胞介素（IL）-8、基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）-8和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α的水平。结果    修复前A、B两组间患牙牙周组织各项指标（GI、GCD、GCF量）及GCF中IL-8、MMP-8和TNF-α的水平差异均无统计学意义。对比修复前,修复后1个月和3个月时间点,A、B两组患牙牙周组织各项指标（GI、GCD、GCF量）以及GCF中IL-8、MMP-8和TNF-α的水平差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。修复后1个月,A、B两组间患牙GCF中IL-8、MMP8及TNF-α的水平差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,而牙周组织各项指标（GI、GCD、GCF量）差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。修复后3个月,A、B两组间患牙牙周组织各项指标（GI、GCD、GCF量）及GCF中IL-8、MMP-8和TNF-α的水平差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。 结论     采用钴铬合金烤瓷冠可导致患牙牙周GCF量及GCF中炎症因子水平的升高,不利于牙周组织的恢复,远期治疗效果欠佳,全瓷冠对局部牙周组织影响相对较小,远期疗效好。     

The association of calprotectin level in gingival crevicular fluid with gingival index and the activities of collagenase and aspartate aminotransferase in adult periodontitis patients

BACKGROUND: Calprotectin, a major cytosol protein of leukocytes, exists in plasma and other body fluids of healthy human subjects. Since the calprotectin concentration rises markedly in some inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, this protein has been thought to be a marker of inflammatory disease. Recently, we identified calprotectin in human dental calculus and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and found that the calprotectin concentration in GCF from patients with periodontitis was significantly higher than that in GCF from healthy subjects. In the present study, the association of GCF calprotectin level with GCF volume, gingival index (GI), and levels of biochemical markers including collagenase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in GCF was investigated to clarify the relationship between GCF calprotectin level and periodontal inflammation. METHODS: Ninety GCF samples collected from periodontal pockets with a probing depth of more than 4 mm in 54 patients with adult periodontitis were used for these assays. The GCF volume was measured, and GI in each site was recorded. The calprotectin content in GCF samples was determined by ELISA using a specific antibody. The activity of collagenase or AST was measured by a respective assay kit. RESULTS: The total amount of calprotectin and GCF volume showed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.64, P <0.0001), whereas the calprotectin concentration had no correlation with the GCF volume (r = 0.01, P= 0.924). The mean calprotectin concentration in GCF increased with the degree of GI, and the concentration in individual samples was significantly correlated with the GI score (r = 0.56, P<0.0001). Significant positive correlations were observed in GCF calprotectin versus collagenase (r = 0.57, P <0.0001) and GCF calprotectin versus AST levels (r = 0.40, P <0.005). CONCLUSIONS: From the present results and our previous findings, it is shown that the GCF calprotectin level significantly correlates not only with clinical indicators but also with current biochemical marker levels and that calprotectin may be a useful marker for periodontal inflammation.     

Correlation Between Gingival Crevicular Fluid Hemoglobin Content and Periodontal Clinical Parameters

Background: Probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) are essential clinical parameters used for periodontal diagnosis. This study investigated whether detection of hemoglobin (Hb) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), along with PD and BOP, would improve diagnostic accuracy. Methods: After plaque index (PI) was measured, GCF was collected from the gingival sulci of 401 anterior teeth in the maxilla and mandible from 184 patients who had entered periodontal maintenance therapy. Clinical parameters (gingival index [GI], PD, clinical attachment level [CAL], and BOP) were recorded. Hb values in GCF were assessed by immunochromatography. Moreover, cutoff values for PI, GI, and CAL based on the degree of PD and amount of GCF were created and analyzed. Results: Hb was detected in 64.8% of GCF samples in 105 BOP‐negative (–) sites in the periodontally stable group out of 107 sites that were less than all cutoff values. There were 71 BOP(–) sites in the periodontal‐management‐required group out of 122 sites that were more than all cutoff values, although no improvement in periodontal disease was observed. Hb was detected in 88.7% of GCF samples from these 71 BOP(–) sites. Conclusions: Hb was observed in more than 60% of GCF samples in BOP(–) gingival sulci in both periodontally stable and periodontal‐management‐required groups. These results suggest inspection of Hb derived from microbleeding in gingival sulci may serve as an index for preclinical diagnosis.