Influence of different irrigants on substance P and IL‐8 expression for single visit root canal treatment in acute irreversible pulpitis

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of ketorolac tromethamine and dexamethasone on substance P and IL‐8 expression when used as a root canal irrigant for single visit root canal treatment for acute irreversible pulpitis. A total of 42 patients with pain due to acute irreversible pulpitis in carious premolar and molar teeth were included in this study. The four irrigation groups were as follows: saline (n = 11), 3% sodium hypochlorite (n = 11), ketorolac tromethamine (n = 10) and dexamethasone (n = 10). Blood samples S1 and S2 were collected upon access opening and after canal preparation, respectively. Quantification of substance P and IL‐8 were done using ELISA test. Post‐operative pain was assessed by questioning the patients. The difference between S1 and S2 sample values for the four different irrigant groups was not significant. The sodium hypochlorite group had a higher mean expression of substance P and IL‐8 values. Dexamethasone irrigation was more effective in controlling post‐operative pain.     

Effect of intracanal cryotherapy on pain after single‐visit root canal treatment

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2.5°C cold saline irrigation as final irrigant on postoperative pain after single‐visit root canal treatment of teeth with vital pulps. One‐hundred and seventy patients were assessed as eligible and included to the study. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n = 85) (i.e. the control group and the cryotherapy group). In the cryotherapy group, final irrigation with 2.5°C 0.9% physiological saline solution for 5 min was performed following completion of biomechanical preparation, whereas in control group same solution stored at the root temperature was used. Treatments were performed in a single visit. Participants were asked to rate the intensity of their postoperative pain using visual analogue scale at 24 and 48 h. Data were analysed by Mann–Whitney U test and Student's t test. In the cryotherapy group level of reported postoperative pain was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05, Mann–Whitney U test). The outcome of this investigation indicates that 2.5°C cold saline irrigation as final irrigant can result a significant reduction in postoperative pain levels in comparison to the control group. Cryotherapy is a simple, cost‐effective, and non‐toxic option for postoperative pain control in single visit root canal treatment.     

不同根管封闭糊剂在一次性根管治疗中的临床疗效研究

目的评价3种不同的根管封闭剂在一次性根管治疗中的术后反应和疗效。方法 163例共179颗患牙随机分组分成3组。A组为iRoot SP糊剂组(60颗),B组为AH Plus糊剂组(60颗),C组为碘仿糊剂组(59颗)。常规根管预备后即刻根充。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件对数据进行分析。结果统计分析结果显示3组根管糊剂根管充填术后7 d疼痛发生率:i Root SP糊剂组低于AH Plus糊剂组和碘仿糊剂组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1年和2年的临床疗效进行比较,结果显示iRoot SP糊剂组和AH Plus糊剂组的成功率均高于碘仿糊剂组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。iRoot SP糊剂组成功率略高于AH Plus糊剂组,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在一次性根管治疗中iRoot SP糊剂疗效略优于AH Plus糊剂和碘仿糊剂,是理想的根管充填材料。     

23例27个粗大根管的根管治疗及修复临床观察

目的 :观察 2 3例 2 7个粗大根管的根管治疗及修复效果并总结治疗经验。方法 :对 2 7个根管未完全发育成形的残根、残冠进行根管治疗及修复 ,随访 2年观察治疗效果。结果 :2 7个粗大根管在根管治疗过程中 ,2 3个牙经化学根管预备后即产生良好的根充效果 ,3个牙仅作机械根管预备而未作化学预备的患牙首次根管治疗失败 ,采用化学预备重新根充效果良好 ,1个牙反复出现瘘管而拔除。自制牙胶尖未发生超充情况。修复后有 7个牙出现根折 ,其余均修复效果良好。结论 :利用化学方法对粗大根管进行预备是必须的 ,采用自制牙胶尖进行根管充填能形成良好的根尖封闭。修复的关键在于尽量保留牙体组织。牙颈部需形成“颈箍” ,肩台必须位于正常牙体组织上。     

Recovery of Enterococcus faecalis after single- or multiple-visit root canal treatments carried out in infected teeth ex vivo

AIM: To assess the presence of Enterococcus faecalis after root canal treatment in single or multiple visits in an ex vivo model. METHODOLOGY: Forty-five premolar teeth were infected ex vivo with E. faecalis for 60 days. The canals were then prepared using a crowndown technique with System GT and Gates-Glidden burs and irrigated with 2% chlorhexidine gel. The specimens were divided into five groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5) according to the time elapsed between chemical-mechanical preparation and root canal filling, the irrigant solution used and the use or nonuse of a calcium hydroxide intra-canal medicament. The teeth were then root-filled and incubated for 60 days at 37 degrees C. Dentine chips were removed from the canal walls with sequential sterile round burs at low speed. The samples obtained with each bur were immediately collected in separate test tubes containing Brain-Heart Infusion broth. These samples were placed onto agar plates and colony forming units were counted after 24 h at 37 degrees C. Data were ranked and analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test. RESULTS: Enterococcus faecalis was recovered from 20% (three of 15 specimens) of G1 (chlorhexidine irrigation and immediate root filling in a single visit), 25% (four of 15 specimens) of G2 (chlorhexidine irrigation and filling after 14 days use of a calcium hydroxide dressing in multiple visits), 40% (two of five specimens) of G3 (chlorhexidine irrigation and filling after 7 days), 60% (three of five specimens) of G4 (saline irrigation and filling after 7 days) and from 100% (five of five specimens) of G5 (saline irrigation and immediate filling without sealer). CONCLUSIONS: Neither single- nor multiple-visit root canal treatment ex vivo, eliminated E. faecalis completely from dentinal tubules. Up to 60 days after root filling, E. faecalis remained viable inside dentinal tubules. When no sealer was used, E. faecalis presented a higher growth rate.     

Effect of laser treatment on the root canal of human teeth

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological and temperature changes of the apical portion of human extracted teeth treated by Nd: YAG, CO₂ and Argon-lasers. Seventy-two single-rooted human teeth were studied. The root canals were prepared conventionally. Laser treatment of the apical portion of the canal was carried out by means of an optic fiber or metal tip. Temperatures were recorded thermographically. Two-thirds of the specimens were stained with black India ink and 36% silver ammonium fluoride solution. All specimens were irradiated by the three types of lasers at several intensities and the temperatures were recorded. Half of the specimens were prepared for the telescopic light microscope and for scanning electron microscopic observation, and the rest for histopathological examination by light microscope. The scanning electron microscopic evaluation showed that the laser energy vaporized the deposited debris, producing a glaze-like surface. The histopathological investigation revealed a tapered, enlarged apical lased area. All three laser devices were capable of vaporizing the debris in this way, but the degree of morphological change was highly dependent on energy level and duration. The Argon-laser produced the highest temperatures.     

Pain after root canal treatment with different instruments: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

The aims of this systematic review were to compare the incidence and intensity of postoperative pain after single‐visit root canal treatment using manual, rotary, and reciprocating instruments. An extensive literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was performed to identify investigations that evaluated the effects of different instruments on postendodontic pain. Meta‐analyses and additional analyses, including subgroup and sensitivity analyses, were conducted. We included seventeen trials in this study. Pooled results showed that patients treated with rotary instruments experienced a significantly lower incidence of postoperative pain (RR, 0.32, p = .0005) and reduced pain intensity than did patients treated with manual instruments. In addition, patients treated with multiple rotary‐file systems experienced a significantly lower incidence of postoperative pain than did those treated with reciprocating systems (RR, 0.73; p < .0001). The use of rotary instruments contributed to a lower incidence and intensity of postoperative pain than did the use of hand files in patients who received single‐visit root canal treatment. In addition, the use of multiple rotary‐file systems contributed to a lower incidence of postoperative pain than did the use of reciprocating systems.     

正畸治疗对根管治疗牙及对侧同名活髓牙根吸收影响的Meta分析

目的    分析正畸治疗对根管治疗牙及对侧同名活髓牙根吸收的影响。方法    计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、Embase、Google Scholar、中国知网、万方等数据库,查找研究根管治疗牙经正畸治疗后牙根吸收情况的相关文献。应用Meta分析比较正畸治疗对根管治疗牙及对侧同名活髓牙根吸收的影响。结果    纳入了10篇相关文献。Meta分析结果发现,正畸治疗患者根管治疗牙根吸收情况与对侧同名活髓牙比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。在男性正畸治疗患者中,根管治疗牙牙根吸收量小于对侧同名活髓牙,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;而女性正畸治疗患者两侧牙根吸收量比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。正畸治疗方式（拔牙矫治与非拔牙矫治）和牙位（前牙与后牙）对正畸治疗患者根管治疗牙及对侧同名活髓牙根吸收的影响比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。结论    正畸治疗过程中移动根管治疗后的牙齿是一种相对安全的操作。     

The treatment of mature permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis by cervical pulpotomy: A systematic review

Pulpotomy has been used in primary teeth and immature permanent teeth. However, with the advent of new bioactive material, the procedure is shifting towards permanent teeth with mature apices of roots. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the success of pulpotomy on mature permanent teeth with acute irreversible pulpitis and to compare it with root canal treatment or between the effectiveness of the bioactive material used. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Cochrane Library: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov , International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. After using the keywords predefined, the electronic search yielded a total of 86 articles. After undergoing a thorough screening and eligibility process, only four articles were finally selected. Unexpectedly, pulpotomy demonstrated a better tendency for success in such cases over the years. This shows that pulpotomy is not inferior to root canal treatment for permanent treatment of irreversible pulpitis. In addition, the results obtained showed that pulpotomy is rapid, biologically reliable and more cost-effective in all situations compared to root canal therapy. Complete pulpotomy appears to have a high success rate as a permanent treatment of irreversible pulpitis and could be considered as an alternative to root canal therapy. Pulpotomy is not inferior to root canal treatment for a permanent treatment of irreversible pulpitis. In addition, the results obtained have shown that complete pulpotomy is faster and more profitable in all situations compared to root canal treatment. Furthermore, with the advent of new so-called bioactive materials, the use of this therapeutic is increasingly considered. This is why a review based on studies of reliable articles is above all necessary to be able to generalise the indication of this therapy.     

不同器械预备根管对隐裂性牙髓炎临床治疗效果的影响

目的　探讨使用不同器械预备根管对隐裂性牙髓炎临床治疗效果的影响,为临床选择根备器械治疗隐裂性牙髓炎提供参考。方法：将60颗患有隐裂性牙髓炎的双根管型上颌第一前磨牙随机分为3组,Protaper组、MTwo组、K锉组,每组各20颗,分别用相应器械进行根备,其根管治疗步骤均相同。分别观察患牙根管治疗约诊间痛、术后3月治疗效果及1.5年内牙根纵裂发生率,并用卡方检验进行统计学分析。结果：K file组的根管治疗约诊间痛发生率（50.00%）明显高于Protaper组（10.00%,χ2=7.657,P=0.022）和MTwo组（15.00%,χ2=7.958,P=0.019）,而Protaper组和MTwo组之间无统计学差异（χ2=2.029,P=0.363）。此外,近期治疗效果（χ2=1.966,P=0.742）、牙根纵裂（χ2=0.000,P=1.000）均与根备器械无明显相关性。结论：机用镍钛器械相比不锈钢K锉,可以明显降低根管治疗约诊间痛的发生率,近期具有良好的治疗效果,而且不会明显增加牙根纵裂的风险。     

Influence of coronal restorations on the fracture resistance of root canal‐treated premolar and molar teeth: A retrospective study

To evaluate the influence of coronal restorations on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth, 676 root canal‐filled and restored posterior teeth were evaluated after a mean period of 9.7 (±2.8; minimum: 5) years. A total of 86.2% of the endodontically treated and restored teeth survived the mean observation period of 9.7 years without fracture. The overall survival period was 13.6 (± 0.2) years. All teeth with gold partial crowns survived without fractures (n = 24). Teeth with crowns and adhesively sealed access cavities showed a mean survival period of 15.3 (± 0.4) years, with crown and bridge restorations 14.0 (± 0.3), with individual metal posts 13.9 (± 0.2), with composite fillings 13.4 (± 0.5), with prefabricated metal posts 12.7 (± 0.6), with amalgam fillings 11.8 (± 0.6) and with glass ionomer cements (GIC) 6.6 (± 0.5) years. Teeth with one or two surfaces restored by amalgam, composite or GIC showed a significantly lower fracture rate than teeth with three and more restored surfaces (P < 0.05). The mean fracture rate of teeth restored with GIC was significantly higher when compared with all other groups (P < 0.001). In general, endodontically treated teeth restored with prosthetic restorations demonstrated a significantly lower mean fracture rate than teeth restored with fillings. Cavities with up to three surfaces may well be successfully restored adhesively with composite filling material.     

A new classification system for the restoration of root filled teeth

The aim of this report is to (i) review the current literature on the status of root filled teeth, (ii) analyse the most important factors in decision‐making, (iii) discuss the current restorative concepts, and (iv) classify both the evidence and clinical practice in a way that seeks to be clear, understandable and helpful for clinicians. Restoration of root filled teeth represents a challenge for the clinician and remains a controversial subject. The guidelines describe a new classification that is drawn from evidence presented in the literature and also from clinical expertise‐based reviews. It describes five categories of teeth.