乌鲁木齐市11～14岁儿童口腔健康相关生活质量的测定

目的 建立11~14岁儿童口腔健康问卷(The Child Perceptions Questionnair11~14,CPQ11~14)的中文版,测定其信度、效度等心理测量学特性,为其在中国适龄儿童中的推广使用提供理论依据。方法 通过对CPQ11~14英文版的翻译、回译、文化调适,制定出CPQ11~14的中文版。采用整群分层抽样方法随机抽取乌鲁木齐市11~14岁在校学生377人,对其进行中文版CPQ11~14问卷的调查,同时作口腔检查。结果 量表平均得分为8.93±5.65,口腔症状分项得分最高,社交分项得分最低。该量表的Cronbach′sα系数为0.75,所有条目删除后,Cronbach′sα系数均不增加。重测信度系数为0.75。因子分析法显示量表具有较好的结构效度。CPQ11~14得分与口腔健康状况及DMFT之间有明显相关性,提示该量表具有良好的区分效度。结论 本研究显示CPQ11~14中文版具有良好的信度与效度,中文版适用于乌鲁木齐市11~14岁儿童。     

中文版儿童感知问卷的信度检验

目的：建立儿童感知问卷（Child Perceptional Questionnaire-CPQ）中文版,并分析其信度、效度。方法：按量表翻译程序将问卷翻译成中文,在寻求正畸治疗的患者中选择541名11~14岁的儿童,要求其完成CPQ11-14问卷。随机选择54名患者2周后重填问卷。结果：Cronbach＇sα系数在0.68-0.89间,重测信度ICC值在0.64~0.88间。自我认为需要接受正畸治疗CPQ11-14分数显著高于认为自己不需要接受正畸治疗的个体;认为牙齿对生活质量没有影响的个体的CPQ11-14均数也显著低于认为对生活有影响的个体。结论：中文版的CPQ11-14问卷具有较好的效度和信度,能用于研究儿童与口腔健康相关的生活质量。     

儿童口腔健康相关生存质量量表的验证研究

目的通过对11～14岁儿童口腔健康相关生存质量量表(COHRQoL11-14)中文版的验证研究,探讨其在中国适龄人群中应用的可行性。方法按照国际生存质量评价项目的标准程序,对原版COHRQoL11-14系列问卷11～14岁儿童感知问卷(CPQ11-14)、父母感知问卷(PPQ)和家庭影响问卷(FIS)进行翻译、回译、文化调适和改造,建立COHRQoL11-14中文版。使用该系列量表对11～14岁的儿童及其家长进行儿童口腔健康相关生存质量调查,考评量表的信度和效度。结果 67对儿童及家长接受问卷调查,收回有效问卷CPQ11-1462份,PPQ和FIS各65份,量表的完成率在89%以上。CPQ11-14内部一致性Cronbach′sα系数为0.92,条目-量表相关系数为0.49～0.70,ICCs为0.90,分半信度系数为0.85。PPQ和FIS的Cronbach′sα系数分别为0.91和0.89,分半信度系数分别为0.84和0.83。因子分析显示中文版量表所包含的条目存在预想的逻辑关系。结论 COHRQoL11-14具有可接受的信度和效度,其良好的心理测量学性质为其在中国适龄儿童中的应用提供了理论依据。     

口腔扁平苔藓患者口腔健康相关生活质量的初步研究

目的通过口腔健康影响程度量表（OHIP）-14中文版了解口腔扁平苔藓患者口腔健康相关生活质量情况,探讨其应用于口腔扁平苔藓临床诊疗的可靠性和准确性。方法采用OHIP-14中文版对51例口腔扁平苔藓患者进行问卷调查,同时采用视觉类比标尺（VAS）对疼痛程度进行评分,REU评分系统对病损情况进行评分。通过SPSS 16.0软件对量表的信度和效度进行统计分析。结果OHIP-14的得分为21.67±9.45,量表的内部一致性Cronbach’s α系数为0.901,因子分析提取的5个公因子与量表各领域有密切的逻辑关系,量表得分与REU分值和VAS分值间呈正相关关系（r=0.608,0.807;P<0.000）。结论OHIP-14中文版评测口腔扁平苔藓患者的口腔健康相关生活质量具有较好的信度和效度,可为病情评估提供参考。     

中文版口腔健康影响程度量表（OHIP-49）的研制

目的：中文版口腔健康影响程度量表（OHIP-49）的翻译及验证研究。方法：按国际标准程序,对英文原版口腔健康影响程度量表（OHIP-49）进行翻译、回译及跨文化适应过程,形成中文版OHIP-49。使用该量表和自评口腔健康状况调查表,对随机抽取的患有不同口腔疾病的患者和社区居民进行口腔健康相关生活质量调查,考评量表的信度和效度。结果：发放问卷360分,回收有效量表333份。OHIP-49各维度及量表总得分的内部一致性Cronbach＇sα系数为0.79～0.96,重测系数为0.83～0.97;量表得分与自评口腔健康呈显著正相关（P〈0.001）;量表各维度及总得分在不同自我评价治疗需要的人群中有显著差异。结论：OHIP-49中文版具有良好的信度、效度,适合在中国人群中应用。     

《口腔健康影响程度量表（OHIP—14中文版）》与《老年口腔健康评价指数（GOHAI中文版）》的比较研究

目的：了解《口腔健康影响程度量表（OHIP～14中文版）》与《老年口腔健康评价指数（GOHAI中文版）》各自特点及应用范围,指导口腔健康相关生存质量临床研究开展。方法：使用两种量表选取60岁以上、无认知障碍及视力疾患的老年人进行调查及口腔检查。通过对老年人口腔健康相关生存质量的测评,比较两份量表的维度、条目内部一致性及区分效度。结果：共250位老年人参与此次研究,收回有效量表221份,无效量表29份,数据缺失量表12份。比较两种量表平均得分GOHAI中文版比OHIP-14中文版高（P〈0．01）。两份量表都可由缺失牙数区分有牙颌人群的生存质量,同时能够区分出戴用活动义齿的人群与不戴用活动义齿的人群的生存质量,以及能通过自我评价口腔状况和满意程度方面来区分不同人群的生存质量。通过比较可认为这两份量表都具有一定的区分效度。结论：《老年口腔健康评价指数（GOHAI中文版）》和《口腔健康影响程度量表（OHIP-14中文版）》在信度、效度方面存在的差异并不明显,维度的分布方面则各有所侧重。     

口腔健康影响程度量表的验证研究

目的通过对口腔健康影响程度量表（OHIP-14中文版）的验证研究及其性质的考评，对该量表的信度、效度作出评价，探讨其在中国人群中进一步应用的可行性。方法按照国际生存质量评价（IQOLA）项目的标准程序，对OHIP-14进行翻译、回译、文化调适和改造，建立口腔健康影响程度量表。使用该量表和《口腔健康自我评价表》，对广东省部分地区年龄在18～65岁之间的居民应用多阶段简单随机抽样法，共抽取592个个体进行口腔健康相关生存质量调查，对调查结果进行统计学分析，考评量表的信度和效度。结果共有592位个体接受调查。回收有效问卷550份，其中数据缺失问卷38份。口腔健康影响程度量表内部一致性Cronbach’s α系数为0．93，条目与量表间的相关系数在0．53～0．71之间。因子分析提取的4个维度显示，口腔健康影响程度量表存在预想的连带关系和逻辑关系。量表得分与自我评价的口腔健康、自我感觉的治疗需要间呈显著正相关，相关系数分别为0．54、0．49（P〈0．0001）。结论口腔健康影响程度量表具有良好的信度、效度，其良好的心理测量学性质，为该量表在中国人群中的进一步推广应用提供了理论依据。     

儿童口腔健康相关生存质量量表信度与效度的验证研究

目的 通过对8～15岁儿童口腔健康相关生存质量量表(COHIP)中文版信度与效度的验证研究,探讨其在中国适龄儿童中应用的可行性.方法 按照国际生存质量评价项目的标准程序,对英文原版COHIP系列问卷中的儿童问卷、父母问卷分别进行翻译、回译、文化调适和改造,建立中文版COHIP,形成适应儿童口腔健康和治疗需求的自我评估问卷、内容效度指数(CvI)合格的评估量表.使用该系列量表对8～15岁的儿童及其家长进行儿童口腔健康相关生存质量调查,考评量表的信度和效度.结果 1 189对儿童及家长接受问卷调查,收回有效问卷1 143份,量表完成率为96.1％.COHIP儿童表内部一致性Cronbach's α[系数为0.903,条目-量表相关系数为0.134～0.611,Guttman分半信度系数为0.798,组内相关系数(ICC)为0.926.COHIP家长表内部一致性Cronbach'sα系数为0.796,条目-量表相关系数为0.121～0.614,Guttman分半信度系数为0.796,ICC为0.931.因子分析显示中文版量表所包含的条目存在预想的逻辑关系.结论 中文版COHIP具有良好的信度和效度,其良好的心理测量学性质为其在中国适龄儿童中的应用提供了理论依据.     

5条目口腔健康影响程度量表中文版的信度和效度研究

目的 对5条目口腔健康影响程度量表（OHIP-5）进行信度和效度评价。方法 按照国际生活质量量表准则,形成OHIP-5中文版,该量表包括5个条目。将OHIP-5中文版应用于就诊的患者,最终对调查结果进行统计学分析。采用内部一致性信度、重测信度对量表的信度进行考评;采用结构效度和收敛效度对量表的效度进行评价。结果 共回收有效问卷556份。量表总的克朗巴赫α系数为0.868,重测信度系数为0.831。经过验证性因子分析,修正模型的主要指标中,卡方/自由度=2.419,拟合指数=0.995,调整拟合指数=0.960,标准拟合指数=0.996,增量拟合指数=0.997,塔克-刘易斯指数=0.985,比较拟合指数=0.997,误差平方根近似值=0.070,均达到模型拟合标准。量表总分的Spearman’s等级相关系数为0.674。结论 OHIP-5中文版通过严格的性能测试,信度和效度良好,可在临床研究及流行病学调查中进一步推广应用。     

改良儿童牙科焦虑面部表情量表中文版的研制与评价

目的 进行改良儿童牙科焦虑面部表情量表(a face version of the modified child dental anxiety scale,MCDASf)中文版的研制,评价MCDASf中文版的信度和效度,为该量表在我国的应用提供理论依据.方法 按照心理测量学中量表的跨文化适应程序对MCDASf量表英文版进行翻译、回译和文化调试,建立MCDASf中文版.选取250名幼儿园及小学的大于4岁且小于12岁儿童间隔3周前后两次填写的MCDASf量表,检测MCDASf中文版的信度.在北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院第一门诊部临床抽取大于4岁且小于12岁就诊儿童248名,治疗前填写MCDASf中文版和改良中文版儿童畏惧调查表-牙科分量表,同时根据国内学者修订的Venham临床焦虑与合作行为级别评定量表对这些儿童口腔诊疗行为进行分级,以验证中文MCDASf量表的效度,及儿童焦虑水平与就诊行为之间的关系.结果 信度检测同时完成两次测评的为245人,量表填表完整率98.0％ (245/250);效度检测共有246名有效完成了MCDASf中文版量表的填写,量表填表完整率为99.2％ (246/248).该量表内部一致性克龙巴赫α系数(Cronbach's α coefficient)为0.814,重测信度为0.907.MCDASf中文版量表得分与改良中文版儿童畏惧调查表-牙科分量表的得分、与儿童Venham临床行为分级间均存在显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.843、0.675(P＜0.01).结论 MCDASf中文版量表具有良好的信度、效度,可以作为儿童口腔临床测量儿童焦虑程度的一种较好的简单自评工具.     

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the child perceptions questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ11-14) for the peruvian spanish language

Objectives: Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) instruments, such as the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ11-14), are broadly used in oral health surveys around the world. However, there is a lack of these instruments in Spanish language limiting the comparison of OHRQoL outcomes among countries, cultures and ethnic groups. The aim of the present study was to cross-culturally adapt the CPQ11-14 to the Peruvian Spanish language and assess its reliability and validity. Material and Methods: To test the translation and cross-cultural adaptation, 60 children aged 11-to-14-years answered the CPQ11-14 in two pilot tests. After that, the questionnaire was tested on 200 children of the same age, who were clinically examined for dental caries. The internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient while repeat administration of the CPQ11-14 on the same 200 children facilitated the test-retest reliability via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Construct and discriminant validity were based on associations of the CPQ11-14 with global ratings of oral health and clinical groups respectively. Results: The mean (standard deviation) CPQ11-14 score was 20.18(13.07). Internal consistency was confirmed by a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.81. Test-retest reliability revealed excellent reproducibility (ICC= 0.92). Construct validity was confirmed demonstrating statistically significant associations between total CPQ11-14 score and global ratings of oral health (p=0.035) and overall well-being (p<0.001). The measure was also able to discriminate between children with dental caries experience and those without (mean scores: 26.32 and 12.96 respectively; p<0.001). Conclusions: The Spanish CPQ11-14 has satisfactory psychometric properties and is applicable to children in Peru. Key words:Oral health, quality of life, children, adolescent, validity, reliability.     

An evaluation of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire in the UK

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and validity of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14), an oral health related quality of life measure for 11-14 year old children, for use in the UK. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional questionnaire and clinical analytical study. CLINICAL SETTING: Orthodontic and paediatric dentistry clinics at a dental hospital and one general dental practice. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-nine children between 11 and 14 years of age attending for an examination. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: The children were invited to complete the CPQ11-14, global oral health and impact on life overall ratings. Clinical data on caries status, malocclusion and presence of dental opacities and gingivitis were collected. CPQ11-14 was summarised as the total score (sum of the item codes) and the number of impacts reported often or every day. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0.87 and ranged from 0.59 to 0.83 for the subscales indicating acceptable internal consistency. The intraclass correlation coefficient on repeated application of the measure was 0.83 (95% CI = 0.76-0.90) suggesting almost perfect agreement. Summary measures of CPQ11-14 correlated with the global oral health rating indicating acceptable criterion validity. Impact on life overall was related to all summary measures of CPQ11-14. Number of impacts correlated with the total number of missing teeth and missing teeth due to caries. No other relationships between clinical and CPQ11-14 data were apparent. CONCLUSION: The CPQ11-14 shows acceptable reliability, criterion and construct validity in relation to life overall. Relationships with clinical data were more tenuous. If this measure is to be used to compare the impacts of oral diseases in similar settings in the UK a large sample will be required.     

The German version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ-G11-14): translation process, reliability, and validity in the general population

The aims of this study were to develop a German version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14, a measure of oral health-related quality of life in 11–14-year-old children) and to assess the instrument’s reliability and validity in German children ages 11–14. The English original version of the CPQ11-14 questionnaire was translated into German (CPQ-G11-14) by a forward–backward translation method. Reliability was investigated in 1,061 subjects aged 11–14 years from a regional sample (Wernigerode, Saxonia-Anhalt, Germany) who were recruited during the annual dental public health examination. The subjects completed the CPQ-G11-14 and were clinically examined for the presence of dental caries, plaque accumulation, and malocclusion. In the reliability assessment, questionnaire summary score test–retest reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.83, 0.73–0.94) and internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach’s alpha, lower limit of CI = 0.87, 0.86). Validity of the CPQ-G11-14 questionnaire was supported by correlations with global ratings of oral health and overall well-being that were moderate in magnitude and met expectations (r = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.30–0.40 and r = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.24–0.35, respectively). In conclusion, the German version of the CPQ11-14 was reliable and valid in a general population of 11–14-year-old German children.     

Subjective impacts of dental caries and fluorosis in rural Ugandan children

OBJECTIVE: Describe the oral health related quality of life among a group of children in rural Uganda and compare impacts on oral health related quality of life associated with dental caries and fluorosis. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional clinical and questionnaire analytical study. PARTICIPANTS: Proportional sample of 174 12 year olds attending primary schools in a rural sub-county of Uganda. OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical assessments using WHO basic methods and the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index of Fluorosis (TFI). Child Oral Health Related Quality of Life data collected with self-administered child perception questionnaire (CPQ11-14). RESULTS: Two thirds of children reported a dental impact 'often' or 'everyday'. The mean number of impacts per child at this threshold was 2.6 and the mean total CPQ11-14 score was 25.8 (sd 21.1). Mean DMFT was 0.68. No children had fillings. Forty-one children had dental fluorosis with 10 having scores greater than 2. CPQ11-14 showed acceptable criterion validity and reliability. The number of sites with gingivitis or the presence of calculus or trauma were not associated with summary measures of CPQ11-14 whereas having any dental caries or treatment experience was associated with higher total scores and more impacts. Socially noticeable fluorosis (TFI >2) was associated with more impacts but not with higher total scores. CONCLUSIONS: Despite low levels of oral disease these children experience appreciable impacts on oral health related quality of life. The greatest burden was associated with dental caries and to a lesser extent, fluorosis.     

Validity and reliability of the Arabic translation of the child oral-health-related quality of life questionnaire (CPQ11-14) in Saudi Arabia

AIM: The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of an Arabic translation and adaptation of the child oral-health-related quality of life questionnaire (CPQ(11-14)) in Saudi Arabia. DESIGN: The modified questionnaire included two global ratings (oral health and oral-health-related well-being), and a battery of 36 questions in four domains (oral symptoms, functional limitations, emotional well-being and social well-being). The study population consisted of 174, 11-14-year-old children (65% healthy and 35% medically compromised). Clinical data on caries status and malocclusion were collected for 138 of the children, and 47 completed the questionnaire a second time. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in mean total scale scores between children with and without malocclusions (P < 0.05). Significant relationships were identified between caries status and oral symptoms subscale scores, and between malocclusion and total scale and social well-being subscale scores (P < 0.05). Correlation was highly significant between scale scores and global ratings (P < 0.01). Cronbach's alpha was 0.81 and the test-retest reliability was substantial (r = 0.65, P < 0.001). However, problems were encountered in Saudi Arabia regarding self-reporting of age, and the questionnaire was too long for many of the medically compromised patients. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire is valid and reliable for use in Saudi Arabia, although development of a shorter version is recommended.     

Validity and reliability of a questionnaire for measuring child oral-health-related quality of life

Oral-health-related quality of life measures that exist are designed for adults. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the CPQ(11-14), a self-report measure of the impact of oral and oro-facial conditions on 11- to 14-year-old children. An item pool was generated with the use of a literature review and interviews with health professionals, parents, and child patients. The 36 items rated the most frequent and bothersome by 83 children were selected for the CPQ(11-14). Validity testing involved a new sample of 123 children. Test-retest reliability was assessed in a subgroup of these children (n = 65). Mean CPQ(11-14) scores were highest for oro-facial (31.4), lower for orthodontic (24.3), and lowest for pedodontic (23.3) patients. There were significant associations between the CPQ(11-14) score and global ratings of oral health (p < 0.05) and overall well-being (p < 0.01). The Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient for the CPQ(11-14) were 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. These results suggest that the CPQ(11-14) is valid and reliable.