颧上颌复合体骨折的诊断与治疗

颧上颌复合体是面部最突出的部位之一,由于其解剖部位的特殊性,颧上颌复合体骨折在面中部骨折中占有相当大的比例。骨折后不仅引起局部凹陷畸形,甚至导致开口受限、复视等功能障碍。作者结合文献复习和临床经验,对颧上颌复合体骨折的原因、临床表现、治疗方法、手术入路和术后并发症等进行了讨论。认为眉侧切口联合口内切口入路,可以避免冠状切口的种种弊端。此法可在直视下开放复位,较好地暴露颧骨、上颌骨连接处及眶下区骨折,切断颧骨咬肌附丽,松解颧骨骨折块,再进行内固定,效果良好。手术后瘢痕小,面神经功能无损伤,外形及功能恢复良好,值得推广。     

Comparisons among four types of absorbable plates used for internal fixation of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures

Importance

Conventional plating systems include titanium plates for the fixation of facial bone fractures. However, titanium plates result in artifacts on computed tomography images and appear unstable on magnetic resonance images. Therefore, absorbable plates have been widely used for the fixation of facial bone fractures of late in Asia.

Intraoperative imaging for the repair of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures: A comprehensive review of the literature

IntroductionIntraoperative imaging seems to be the next step to improve surgical outcome in the treatment of zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. Many publications have appeared on intraoperative imaging for trauma surgery, but in most hospitals intraoperative imaging is not routinely performed for ZMC fracture repair. The goal of this review was to assess the value of intraoperative imaging in ZMC fracture repair.Material and methodsThe literature was reviewed with focus on the effects of intraoperative imaging on facial symmetry, fracture reduction and the frequency of additional reduction after intraoperative imaging in ZMC fractures.ResultsSix publications were found on the frequency of additional reduction after intraoperative imaging in ZMC fracture repair. Revision of the reduction of the zygoma was performed in 18% (95% CI 10.5%–29.0%), revision of the orbital floor was performed in 9% (95% CI 3.6%–17.2%). No publications were found on the effects of intraoperative imaging on facial symmetry or on the accuracy of fracture reduction.ConclusionsInformation obtained from intraoperative imaging often has consequences on the surgical management of ZMC fractures. However, the effect on restoration of facial symmetry and fracture reduction is yet to be established.     

Retrospective analysis of 471 surgically treated zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures

Purpose

Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures are frequent in facial trauma; only fractures of the mandible are more common. Although the frequency of these fractures is geographically consistent, the aetiology differs widely among countries and even regions. Differences in socio-economic status and the ageing population seem to be two causes.This retrospective epidemiological study evaluates patients who were surgically treated for ZMC fractures at a Swiss university clinic.

Analysis of the accuracy of a novel preformed osteosynthesis plate for the reduction and fixation of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures

IntroductionThere has been a shift toward surgical treatment of ZMC (zygomaticomaxillary complex) fractures with open reduction and subsequent fixation in the past decades. Anatomically preformed osteosynthesis plates, already used in the field of craniomaxillofacial surgery for the treatment of fractures of the mandible and the orbit, might be a suitable option for ZMC fractures as well.Material and methodsA statistical shape model was created from 179 cranial CT scans. Based on this surface model, an anatomically preformed plate for the reduction and fixation of ZMC fractures was developed in 3 sizes (S, M, L). Virtual analysis of the accuracy of the plate was performed on a dataset consisting of 120 CT scans.ResultsWithin a determined tolerance range of 0–1.5 mm, analysis revealed a high accuracy of the plate in 70–87 % of the CT scans. The S-sized plate has the highest overall accuracy, whereas the L-sized plate has highest accuracy at the “base” region which is essential for the placement of the plate.DiscussionThe newly developed plate can be placed via an intraoral approach and analysis of the plate has confirmed its accuracy to be sufficient to ensure an adequate fracture reduction and fixation. It thus might allow for a less extensive approach and less approaches/incisions necessary overall to reduce and fixate ZMC fractures.     

颧骨复合体骨折固定方法和固定部位的临床研究

目的:回顾性分析152例颧骨复合体骨折的固定方法和部位特点。方法:对从1990-11～2004-12在武汉大学口腔医院颌面外科救治、资料完整、行手术治疗的152例颧骨复合体骨折病例进行回顾性临床研究。结果:交通事故是导致颧骨复合体发生骨折的主要因素之一。在152例手术复位固定患者中,有108例采取头皮冠状切口(必要时,附加小切口),44例单纯采取局部小切口;有123例采取钛板坚固内固定,22例采用单纯钢丝栓结;其余7例未做固定。固定部位:共应用328块钛板,其部位分布为颧额缝96块、颧颌缝及颧牙槽嵴45块、颧颞缝92块,骨折断端95块。术后随访平均3年(6～72个月),96.9%的患者取得了良好的治疗效果。结论:冠状切口(必要时候,附加小切口)可获得满意的治疗效果。颧骨复合体骨折的固定方式:坚固内固定逐渐替代了钢丝固定;固定部位主要集中于颧骨复合体区的水平力柱和垂直力柱上。     

Use of antibiotics in traumatic mandibular fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The treatment of traumatic mandibular fractures constitutes a significant part of the oral and maxillofacial trauma service’s workload. There are potential variations in how they are managed. Patients are often admitted and given intravenous antibiotics prior to their definitive treatment. The evidence behind this is inconclusive. We performed a systematic review as per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidance/ PROSPERO Registered (CRD:42020201398) on the use of antibiotics in the management of mandibular fractures. We identified studies using a search algorithm within the OVID Gateway (including MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Collaborative). Studies analysing the possible impact of prophylactic antibiotics on traumatic mandibular fractures were eligible. The primary outcome was surgical site infection requiring any treatment beyond the normal postoperative protocol. Secondary outcomes included any complication requiring further intervention. From the 16 studies identified (3,285 patients), seven were randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and nine were retrospective observational studies. We have identified significant between-study variation in choice of antibiotic regimen (timing, dosage, duration) and in reporting both primary and secondary outcomes. There was significant between-study heterogeneity (p = 0.02, I² = 69%) and none of the assessed interventions was found to be superior. The evidence behind the use of prophylactic antibiotics in mandibular fractures is weak. A properly designed and powered RCT is needed, in order to standardise practice for the benefit of patients and healthcare systems.     

70例颧上颌复合体骨折类型与眶下神经损伤的相关分析

目的 比较不同类型颧上颌复合体（zygomaticomaxillary complex,ZMC）骨折后眶下神经的损伤情况。方法 参照经典Zingg分类法,对2015年收治的70例单侧ZMC骨折进行分类,并测定其患侧与健侧眶下神经支配区皮肤的痛阈及两点辨别觉。利用不对称指数（asymmetry index,AI）对眶下神经损伤情况进行比较。应用SPSS19.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 70例ZMC骨折患者患侧眶下神经支配区均有不同程度感觉异常。对痛阈的测定结果显示,不同骨折类型间眶下神经损伤程度存在显著差异（P<0.05）;两点辨别觉测定结果显示,B型与C型较A型骨折神经损伤程度更严重（P<0.05）,B型与C型骨折间神经损伤无显著差异。结论 ZMC骨折容易引起眶下神经损伤, B型骨折患者神经损伤情况最重, A型骨折神经损伤最轻。     

210例颧骨复合体骨折的临床回顾性研究

目的回顾性分析210例颧骨复合体骨折的临床流行病学特点.方法对从1990年11月至2002年12月在武汉大学口腔医院颌面外科救治的资料完整的210例颧骨骨折病例进行回顾性临床研究.结果 210例中,有152例手术复位,其中有108例采用头皮冠状切口,18例采用Gillie's切口,微型切口17例,口内前庭沟切口5例,其余4例采用其它小切口.152例中,118例采用钛板坚固内固定,5例钛板坚固内固定辅以钢丝固定,22例采用单纯钢丝栓结;其余7例未做固定.术后随访平均2年(6～72个月),96.9%的患者取得了良好的治疗效果.结论颧骨骨折的致伤原因主要以交通伤为主,治疗原则已经由"改善功能,兼顾外形"发展到"功能与外形双项标准";坚固内固定效果优于并且已经替代钢丝固定.     

Retroseptal transconjunctival approach for fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex: a retrospective study

We designed a retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy of retroseptal transconjunctival approaches in the management of fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC). The patients were from a single institution, and had had three-point fixation of fractures of the ZMC between 2008 and 2016. A total of 77 patients (56 men and 21 women with a mean (range) age of 28 (18–54) years), were divided into two groups. Group I (n = 51) had had reduction and fixation of the infraorbital rim using a retroseptal transconjunctival approach. In group II (n = 26) the same approach had been used with lateral canthotomy and inferior canthlolysis for both the infraorbital rim and the zygomaticofrontal region. We analysed the association of both approaches with the outcomes of reduction, fixation, and complications. Suboptimal results were found in 13 patients in group I and one in group II (p = 0.017). There were also three patients with trichiasis and two with entropion in group I, and one each of both complications in group II. There was only one patient with a malopposed lateral canthus in group II. All 26 patients in group II had no perceptible scar along the extended line of incision. The risk of a suboptimal outcome was reduced by 20% (relative risk = 0.8) in group II. The retroseptal transconjunctival approach with lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis is safe, aesthetic, and effective in the management of fractures of the ZMC.     

25例颧上颌复合体骨折诊治方法的探讨

目的:对颧上颌复合体(ZMC)骨折的致伤原因、三维CT检查及坚强内固定方法进行回顾性分析。方法:25例患者均经三维CT检查、图像重建并行坚强内固定手术治疗,术后随访3～12个月。结果:25例患者中,交通事故伤13例(52%),工业事故伤5例(20%)。局部塌陷畸形21例,咬合紊乱19例,张口受限15例,复视伴眼并发症17例,眶下神经支配区麻木11例,5例伴有上颌矢状骨折。25例患者三维CT重建图像均清晰显示主体解剖图像及周围关系,图像直接显示了颌骨骨折的部位及空间结构关系。所有患者选用微型钛板行坚强内固定手术治疗,22例获得满意效果。结论:对于ZMC骨折患者,通过选择局部切口、冠状切口及前庭沟切口,用微型钛板行坚强内固定术,可以获得满意的疗效。     

Efficacy of surgical navigation in zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures: randomized controlled trial

Accurate reduction is of vital importance in the treatment of zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. Computer-assisted navigation systems (CANS) have been employed in ZMC fractures to improve the accuracy of surgical reduction. However, randomized controlled trials on this subject are rare and the benefits of CANS remain controversial. The aim of this study was to compare reduction errors between navigation-aided and conventional surgical treatment for ZMC fractures. Thirty-eight patients with unilateral type B ZMC fractures were enrolled. Preoperative computed tomography data were imported into ProPlan software for virtual surgical planning. Open reduction and internal fixation was performed with CANS (experimental group) or without CANS (control group). Postoperative computed tomography scans were obtained to examine the difference between surgical planning and the actual postoperative outcome, namely reduction errors. The median translational reduction errors in the X, Y, and Z axes were 0.80 mm, 0.40 mm, and 0.80 mm, respectively, in the experimental group and 0.53 mm, 0.86 mm, and 0.83 mm, respectively, in the control group (P > 0.05). The median rotational reduction errors in pitch, roll, and yaw were 0.92°, 2.47°, and 1.54°, respectively, in the experimental group and 1.45°, 3.68°, and 0.76°, respectively, in the control group (P > 0.05). In conclusion, compared with conventional reduction surgery, navigation-aided surgery showed no significant improvement in reduction accuracy in the treatment of type B ZMC fractures (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, registration number ChiCTR1800015559).     

Mandibular traumas by gunshot. A systematic review with meta-analysis and algorithm of treatment

The treatment of mandibular fractures by gunshot ranges from late conservative repair to more aggressive early repair in a single stage. Treatments that preserve bony architecture as much as possible should be used, minimising patient morbidity and the complexity of future surgeries. The purpose of this study was to use a systematic review to determine which method of treatment was most effective for mandibular fractures by gunshot. Searches were conducted on Medline via PubMed, Scopus, Central Cochrane, and Sigle via Open Grey up to August 2019. Four studies were eligible to this systematic review, considering the previously establish inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 211 patients were evaluated. The mandibular body was the region more fractured followed by the symphyseal/parasymphyseal region. The closed treatment with intermaxillary fixation (IMF) was the most used followed by open surgery with internal rigid fixation (IRF) and external fixator. Considering the total adverse effects, the meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the IMF and IRF groups (p = 0.840), but IMF showed five times less infection and IRF six times less malunion. The algorithm was delineated from the types of injuries by gunshot, proposing forms of treatment from initial stabilisation to functional rehabilitation with implant-supported prostheses. The treatment of mandibular fractures by gunshot remains a challenge for surgeons. There was a statistically significant prevalence of success in the IRF group, however this group was also associated with a higher index of infection than the IMF group. New studies with high methodological quality and larger numbers of participants are needed to offer more safety for surgeons who treat patients with mandibular fractures by gunshot.     

Long-term stability of isolated advancement genioplasty,and influence of associated risk factors: A systematic review

The aim of this review was to investigate the skeletal and soft tissue stability of isolated advancement genioplasty after more than 1 year, and to observe the influence of associated risk factors.A literature search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane. Only studies with at least 10 patients who underwent an isolated advancement genioplasty, and with a follow-up period of at least 1 year, were included.Of the 2224 records initially identified, eight articles met the eligibility criteria. The mean age of the total study population was 23 years and ranged from 19.1 to 26.5 years in the individual studies. The average surgical advancement at pogonion was 8.2 mm and ranged from 6.2 to 11.7 mm in the individual studies. After 1 year, the horizontal hard tissue relapse at the level of pogonion varied from 0.1 to 2.1 mm. In two studies, this was reported as statistically significant. Regarding the soft tissue, the horizontal relapse varied from 0.3 to 2.9 mm, which was also considered statistically significant in two studies.Isolated advancement genioplasty was found to be a predictable and stable orthognathic procedure in the sagittal plane at both soft and hard tissue levels. The amount of relapse was not associated with the fixation method or with the amount of surgical advancement.     

The effect of treatment timing on the management of facial fractures: a systematic review

The ideal timing for treatment of facial fractures has not been well established. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the effects of treatment delay on outcome in the management of facial fractures. The PubMed database was used to search for relevant English-language articles published between 1979 and 2013. Cross-referencing identified additional studies. There were no selection restrictions for study type. The first author, using pre-defined data fields, extracted information independently. Studies were assessed by study type, evidence level, sample size, data collected, outcome variables, control of confounding variables, and findings. Thirty studies were identified. Inconsistency was identified with data collected, outcome variables, and findings. Of the 30 studies identified, 28 were case series, thereby providing a low level of evidence overall. The majority of case series were retrospective and sample sizes were predominantly small. Control of confounding variables was poor. Eighteen studies found no statistically significant relationship between treatment delay and treatment outcome. Nine studies found a statistically significant relationship between treatment delay and worse treatment outcomes. There were three studies with conflicting results. With the current body of evidence, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn on the timing of treatment for facial fractures.     

Three Dimensional CT Reconstruction for the Evaluation and Surgical Planning of Mid Face Fractures: A 100 Case Study

Background  

3D CT reconstruction is increasingly becoming a valuable tool in maxillofacial trauma. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of three dimensional computed tomography as compare to conventional radiography in diagnosis and management of mid face fractures.     

A new non-endoscopic intraoral approach for open reduction and internal fixation of subcondylar fractures of the mandible

Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of subcondylar fractures of the mandible is a widely accepted treatment concept aimed at reconstruction of the vertical height of the mandibular ramus and restoration of occlusion.Here, we describe new instruments designed for ORIF via an intraoral approach using a single inverted y-miniplate. The special design allows sufficient visualisation of the fracture site and enables the establishment of a standardised procedure for the treatment of both dislocated and non-dislocated fractures. Several manoeuvres are described and some clinical cases are presented.Challenges frequently met during ORIF of subcondylar fractures via the intraoral approach such as limited exposure and visual control of fracture site can be overcome using the instruments-kit presented, which help to optimise this treatment.