大龄腭裂患者术后腭咽闭合功能的影响因素分析

目的 探究大龄腭裂患者一期腭裂整复术后腭咽闭合功能的影响因素。方法 本研究回顾了2009—2014年间在四川大学华西口腔医院唇腭裂外科以Furlow术式行手术治疗的大龄腭裂患者（手术年龄≥5岁）,收集其软腭长度、咽腔深度、腭裂宽度、上颌宽度、腭裂指数和腭咽比6项指标的术中测量数据以及术后至少1年的语音复诊结果,进行logistic回归分析。结果 共纳入患者131人,其中男性70人,女性61人。logistic回归分析发现患者咽腔深度同术后腭咽功能强相关,咽腔深度越大,术后腭咽闭合不全风险升高。咽腔深度大于16 mm的患者术后腭咽闭合功能显著性降低,其他测量指标同术后腭咽功能无明显关联性。结论 大龄腭裂患者咽腔深度是其术后腭咽功能的敏感预测指标。对于咽腔深度大于16 mm的患者,可考虑一期手术时同步实施腭咽联合手术,以创造更好的腭咽闭合条件。     

大龄腭裂患者术后腭咽闭合功能的影响因素分析

目的 探究大龄腭裂患者一期腭裂整复术后腭咽闭合功能的影响因素。方法 本研究回顾了2009—2014年间在四川大学华西口腔医院唇腭裂外科以Furlow术式行手术治疗的大龄腭裂患者（手术年龄≥5岁）,收集其软腭长度、咽腔深度、腭裂宽度、上颌宽度、腭裂指数和腭咽比6项指标的术中测量数据以及术后至少1年的语音复诊结果,进行logistic回归分析。结果 共纳入患者131人,其中男性70人,女性61人。logistic回归分析发现患者咽腔深度同术后腭咽功能强相关,咽腔深度越大,术后腭咽闭合不全风险升高。咽腔深度大于16 mm的患者术后腭咽闭合功能显著性降低,其他测量指标同术后腭咽功能无明显关联性。结论 大龄腭裂患者咽腔深度是其术后腭咽功能的敏感预测指标。对于咽腔深度大于16 mm的患者,可考虑一期手术时同步实施腭咽联合手术,以创造更好的腭咽闭合条件。     

Morphological evaluation of changes in velopharyngeal function following maxillary distraction in patients with repaired cleft palate during mixed dentition.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the morphological changes of nasopharyngeal components after maxillary distraction and clarify whether the morphological characteristics are related to velopharyngeal function (VPF). DESIGN: Perceptual judgments of hypernasality and nasendoscopy were performed before and after treatment. Lateral cephalograms were obtained to describe the morphological changes. SETTING: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Miyazaki Medical College, Miyazaki, Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Nine patients with repaired cleft palate in the mixed dentition stage underwent maxillary distraction using a face mask and an intraoral fixed appliance system. OUTCOME MEASURES: The severity of hypernasality, velopharyngeal insufficiency, and measurements such as pharyngeal depth, velar length, and the rotation of the palatal plane were evaluated. RESULTS: Increase in pharyngeal depth was not always proportional to the amount of advancement. It depended on the posture of the posterior pharyngeal wall and the rotation of palatal plane. CONCLUSION: Cephalometric measurements of the nasopharynx before and after surgery confirmed subsequent changes in VPF. These were suggested to be useful in predicting future VPF. When performing maxillary distraction in patients with cleft palate in the mixed dentition stage, and when velopharyngeal closure is found to occur by velar contact against the hypertrophied adenoid, patients should be counseled about risks of subsequent deterioration in their speech before surgery.     

The effects of Le Fort I osteotomy with maxillary movement on articulation, resonance, and velopharyngeal function

Articulation, resonance, and velopharyngeal function were evaluated before and after Le Fort I maxillary advancement in 16 patients (seven with cleft lip and palate, one with cleft lip only, and eight without clefts). On the postoperative evaluation, seven of 11 patients with preoperative articulation errors showed an improvement in articulation after surgery. Two patients without clefts showed slight changes in nasal resonance, and two patients (one with cleft lip and palate and one with cleft lip only) developed mild nasal emission. Nine patients showed diminished velopharyngeal contact during speech on videofluoroscopic studies. Compensatory changes in velopharyngeal function were also observed, which included velar stretching and lengthening and increased lateral pharyngeal wall movement.     

Velopharyngeal morphology of patients with persistent velopharyngeal incompetence following repushback surgery for cleft palate.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the velopharyngeal morphology of patients with persistent velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) following repushback surgery for cleft palate. PARTICIPANTS: Seven patients with moderate to severe VPI following repushback surgery for secondary correction of cleft palate, and 14 patients who had already obtained complete velopharyngeal closure function (VPF) were enrolled. Control data were obtained from the longitudinal files of 20 normal children in Kyushu University Dental Hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Skeletal landmarks and measurements were derived from tracing of lateral roentgenographic cephalograms. The measurements included velar length, pharyngeal depth, and pharyngeal height and the ratio of velar length to pharyngeal depth. Additionally, the configuration of the upper pharynx (pharyngeal triangle) involving the cranial base, cervical vertebrae, and the posterior maxilla and also the position of posterior pharyngeal wall (PPW) in the pharyngeal triangle were analyzed. RESULTS: The VPI group had a significantly shorter velar length and greater pharyngeal depth, resulting in a smaller length/depth ratio than the controls. The points of PPW and cervical vertebrae of the VPI group were located more posteriorly and inferiorly than those in the group with complete VPF after the primary operation and the controls. The positions of cranial base and maxilla were not significantly different. Additionally, the position of PPW in the pharyngeal triangle was located significantly posteriorly and superiorly in the VPI group, compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The craniopharyngeal morphology of patients with persistent VPI was characterized by a short palate, wide-based and counterclockwise-rotated pharyngeal triangle, and posteriorly and superiorly positioned PPW. These might be contributory factors for the prediction of VPF before repushback surgery for cleft palate.     

Palate re-repair revisited.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of a consecutive series of palate re-repairs performed using the operating microscope and identify predictive factors for outcome. DESIGN: Prospective data collection, with blind assessment of randomized recordings of speech and velar function on lateral videofluoroscopy and nasendoscopy. PATIENTS: One hundred twenty-nine consecutive patients with previously repaired cleft palates and symptomatic velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) and evidence of anterior insertion of the levator veli palatini underwent palate re-repairs by a single surgeon from 1992 to 1998. Syndromic patients, those who had significant additional surgical procedures at the time of re-repair (23 patients), and all patients with inadequate pre- or postoperative speech recordings were excluded, leaving a total of 85 patients in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Palate re-repairs, with radical dissection and retropositioning of the velar muscles, were performed using the operating microscope with intraoperative grading of anatomical and surgical findings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pre- and postoperative perceptual speech assessments using the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech (CAPS) score, measurement of velar function on lateral videofluoroscopy, and assessment of nasendoscopy recordings. RESULTS: There were significant improvements in hypernasality, nasal emission, and nasal turbulence and measures of velar function on lateral videofluoroscopy, with improvement in the closure ratio, velopharyngeal gap at closure, velar excursion, velar movement angle, and velar velocity. CONCLUSIONS: Palate re-repair has been shown to be effective in treating VPI following cleft palate repair, both in patients who have not had an intravelar veloplasty and those who have had a previous attempt at muscle dissection and retropositioning. Palate re-repair has a lower morbidity and is more physiological than a pharyngoplasty or pharyngeal flap.     

Management of velopharyngeal insufficiency by modified Furlow palatoplasty with pharyngeal flap: a retrospective outcome review

The surgical approach for the correction of residual velopharyngeal insufficiency requiring secondary surgery at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital is the modified Furlow palatoplasty with pharyngeal flap (mFP-PF). The aim of this study was to describe the mFP-PF technique and to determine the results obtained with regard to improvements in velopharyngeal function in patients undergoing this surgery. This retrospective analysis included 58 non-syndromic patients treated during the period 1992–2015 who complained of hypernasal speech after primary cleft palate repair and failed postoperative speech therapy. All of them underwent mFP-PF surgery. Preoperative and postoperative perceptual speech assessment results were obtained. The male to female ratio in the study group was 1.2:1, and the mean patient age at the time of surgery was 8.27 years. The patients underwent nasoendoscopic examination and the velar closing ratio was categorized as 0.1–0.4 in 53.4% and 0.5–0.7 in 46.6%. The assessment of speech after mFP-PF showed statistically significant changes for all perceptual speech outcomes. The incidence of repeat surgery was 3.4%. This study revealed that 96.6% of patients did not require second surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency. Further studies on obstructive sleep apnoea in post-mFP-PF patients and improvements to the surgical technique should be considered.     

Surgical management of velopharyngeal incompetence in velocardiofacial syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the results of surgery for velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) in velocardiofacial syndrome. DESIGN: Prospective data collection, with randomized, blind assessment of speech and velopharyngeal function on lateral videofluoroscopy and nasendoscopy. SETTING: Two-site, tertiary referral cleft unit. PATIENTS: Forty-two consecutive patients with the 22q11 deletion underwent surgery for symptomatic VPI by a single surgeon. INTERVENTIONS: Intraoral examinations, lateral videofluoroscopy (+/- nasendoscopy) and intraoperative evaluation of the position of the velar muscles through the operating microscope. Based on these findings, either a radical dissection and retropositioning of the velar muscles (submucous cleft palate [SMCP repair]) or a Hynes pharyngoplasty (posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation pharyngoplasty) was performed. As anticipated, a proportion of patients undergoing SMCP repair subsequently required a Hynes. The aim of this staged approach was to maximize velar function, thereby enabling a less obstructive pharyngoplasty to be performed. Thus, there were three surgical groups for analysis: SMCP alone, Hynes alone, and SMCP+Hynes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blind perceptual rating of resonance and nasal airflow; blind assessment of velopharyngeal function on lateral videofluoroscopy and nasendoscopy; and identification of predictive factors. RESULTS: Significant improvement in hypernasality in all three groups. The SMCP+Hynes group also showed significant improvement in nasal emission. There were significant improvements in the extended and resting velar lengths following SMCP repair and a trend toward increased velocity of closure. CONCLUSIONS: Depending on velopharyngeal anatomy and function, there is a role for SMCP repair, Hynes pharyngoplasty, and a staged combination of SMCP+Hynes, all of which are procedures with a low morbidity.     

Velar ascent and morphological factors affecting velopharyngeal function in patients with cleft palate and noncleft controls: a cephalometric study

This study compares velar ascent and morphological factors affecting velopharyngeal function between patients with repaired cleft palate and noncleft controls from early childhood to puberty. Lateral cephalograms obtained at rest and during blowing from 61 patients with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (cleft group) and 82 noncleft controls (control group) were divided into four developmental stages according to age and were studied cross-sectionally. Indices of nasopharyngeal area were derived from a coordinate system and landmarks on lateral cephalograms. The cleft group had lesser velar ascent, more posterosuperior position of the posterior maxilla, shorter velar length, and lesser pharyngeal depth than did the control group. There was a strong correlation between the vertical position of the posterior maxilla and the pharyngeal depth in the cleft group. Discriminant analysis revealed that the cleft group could be discriminated from the control group primarily on the basis of pharyngeal depth, velar length, and velar ascent. Our results suggest that the posterosuperior position of the posterior maxilla in patients with repaired cleft palate, resulting in reduced pharyngeal depth, represents an effort to facilitate velopharyngeal closure by means of shorter velar length and lesser velar ascent.     

Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复腭裂后腭咽结构特征的分析

目的 分析Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术后腭咽闭合完全患者生长发育期腭咽结构特征与腭咽功能之间的关系。方法 对18例Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复不完全性腭裂术后腭咽闭合完全患者（T1组）、14例Langenbeck法修复不完全性腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者（T2组）及正常人13例（对照组）进行鼻咽纤维镜检测和X线头颅侧位片分析,比较3组间腭咽闭合度、软腭长度、咽腔深度、Adequate ratio（软腭长度/咽腔深度）的差异,分析软腭与咽后壁接触点PPW在腭咽三角的位置关系。结果 T1组18例患者腭咽闭合完全;T2组有7例患者腭咽闭合度达到70%,5例为50%~70%,2例在50%以下。T1组软腭长度、Adequate ratio与对照组无明显差异（P>0.05）,腭咽结构图与对照组相似。T2组软腭长度和Adequate ratio分别为（22.9±2.3） mm、0.95±0.14,均小于T1组[（25.7±2.3） mm、1.43±0.26]及对照组[（29.9±2.7） mm、1.45±0.26],其差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;PPW点在腭咽三角的位置相对于对照组偏上。结论 Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术后腭咽闭合完全患者的腭咽结构与正常人相似;Langenbeck法修复术后腭咽闭合不全患者表现为咽腔过深,Adequate ratio值小于1.0,整个腭咽三角呈逆时针偏转上移的特征。     

Velopharyngeal changes after maxillary advancement in cleft patients with distraction osteogenesis using a rigid external distraction device: a 1-year cephalometric follow-up

The effect of maxillary advancement on speech may have benefits on articulation improvement but compromises velopharyngeal (VP) closure by increasing the nasopharyngeal distance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the static VP anatomic changes on lateral cephalograms in patients who underwent maxillary advancement through distraction osteogenesis (DO) with a rigid external distraction device and to correlate these changes with clinical speech data. Twenty-two patients (5 female and 17 male) underwent maxillary advancement through DO utilizing a rigid external distraction device (age, 5.2 to 25.7 years) with various diagnoses, including 13 unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients, 5 bilateral CLP patients, 1 isolated cleft palate patient, 2 facial cleft patients, and 1 patient with craniosynostosis. Lateral cephalograms of preoperative, immediate postdistraction, and 1-year postdistraction were obtained for analysis. Speech evaluation was performed preoperatively, immediate postdistraction, and then at 6-month intervals, and included assessment of air pressure flow, hypernasality, and articulation. With an average amount of 8.9 mm maxillary forward advancement, 14% of patients (3 of 21) presented deterioration in hypernasality. However, 57% of patients (12 of 21) demonstrated improvement in articulation. The cephalometric analysis demonstrated an increase in nasopharyngeal depth by 8.5 mm (1:1 ratio with bony movement) and velar angle by 14.1 deg. The length of the soft palate remained unchanged. The need ratio (intersection of palatal plane and posterior pharyngeal wall-posterior nasal spine/posterior nasal spine--tip of uvula) worsens after distraction. The deterioration of hypernasality was related to the amount of forward distraction, especially in patients without a preexisting pharyngeal flap (PF). Speech evaluation is an important aspect concerning treatment planning for maxillary distraction. The increase in nasopharyngeal depth may compromise VP closure. The increase in velar angle was considered to be part of the compensation in the VP mechanism. An adverse effect of a preexisting PF on maxillary distraction was not observed; however, it prevented postoperative hypernasality.     

Effect of maxillary distraction osteogenesis on velopharyngeal function: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine preoperative and postoperative changes of velopharyngeal function in cleft patients who underwent maxillary distraction osteogenesis using the Rigid External Distraction System. STUDY DESIGN: Six cleft patients followed for a minimum of 12 months after maxillary distraction were examined. Plain and contrast lateral-cephalograms were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively, and speech evaluation was performed by the same authorized speech therapist at the same time points. RESULTS: The mean distraction amount at the anterior nasal spine was 11.7 mm (range, 7.4 mm - 15.0 mm). Both the nasopharyngeal depth and velar length increased after maxillary distraction, but the need ratio (nasopharyngeal depth/velar length) also increased after distraction. Although scores for velopharyngeal closure dropped a few points after maxillary distraction, the rating for hypernasality remained unchanged in all patients but the patient whose distraction amount was 15.0 mm. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that maxillary distraction of less than 15 mm may not markedly affect velopharyngeal function in cleft patients.     

Maxillary distraction versus orthognathic surgery in cleft lip and palate patients: effects on speech and velopharyngeal function

This clinical randomized controlled trial was performed to compare the effects of distraction osteogenesis (DO) and conventional orthognathic surgery (CO) on velopharyngeal function and speech outcomes in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. Twenty-one CLP patients who required maxillary advancement ranging from 4 to 10 mm were recruited and randomly assigned to either CO or DO. Evaluation of resonance and nasal emission, nasoendoscopic velopharyngeal assessment and nasometry were performed preoperatively and at a minimum of two postoperative times: 3–8 months (mean 4 months) and 12–29 months (mean 17 months). Results showed no significant differences in speech and velopharyngeal function changes between the two groups. No correlation was found between the amount of advancement and the outcome measures. It was concluded that DO has no advantage over CO for the purpose of preventing velopharyngeal incompetence and speech disturbance in moderate cleft maxillary advancement.     

腭帆提肌重建联合岛状颊黏膜肌瓣在先天性腭裂中的应用

目的:探讨一种对上颌骨发育影响较小且具有良好腭咽闭合功能的腭裂修补术的临床应用。方法:采用腭帆提肌重建联合岛状颊黏膜肌瓣术,共修补37例腭裂患者。结果:所有患者均一期愈合,随诊1～3年,语音清晰度满意,无腭瘘发生。结论:腭帆提肌重建联合岛状颊黏膜肌瓣术较好地恢复了腭帆提肌正常的解剖结构和位置,获得了良好的腭咽闭合,有效降低了腭瘘的发生率,是一种值得推荐的功能性腭裂修复术。     

Development of the residual cleft in the hard palate after velar repair in a 2-stage palatal repair regimen

Delayed closure of the hard palate is believed to improve maxillary growth and facial appearance in cleft lip and palate patients. However, the cleft opening in the hard palate after velar closure might impair speech development. The aim of this investigation was to study the development of the residual cleft in the hard palate after 2-stage palatal repair (TSPR) in children born with complete cleft lip and palate (bilateral [BCLP]; n=7 or unilateral [UCLP]; n=22) or isolated cleft palate (CP; n=9). Moreover, we aimed to investigate whether any morphologic factors before surgery might predict development of the residual cleft. Dental casts obtained prior to velar repair (mean age 7 months) and postoperatively at 1 1/2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 years were analyzed with a Reflex Microscope regarding the width, length and area of the cleft in the hard palate.The palatal cleft varied in size both pre- and postoperatively in all 3 types of cleft patients. The width of the cleft in the UCLP subgroup showed a marked reduction immediately after velar repair, but then, on average, remained stable until final surgical closure of the hard palate. In the BCLP subgroup the initially rather narrow width of the clefts remained unchanged postoperatively. Clefts in the CP subgroup, especially in those with a complete cleft, remained large after veloplasty. In 4 of the UCLP and 2 of the BCLP patients, the cleft width increased gradually. In some other subjects, both in the UCLP and BCLP subgroups, the residual cleft closed functionally with time, but this development could not be foreseen.     

The effect of growth of nasopharyngeal structures in velopharyngeal closure in patients with repaired cleft palate and controls without clefts: a cephalometric study

To clarify the changes with growth of nasopharyngeal structures involved in velopharyngeal closure, a cross-sectional study from early childhood to puberty was carried out in 61 patients with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate showing complete velopharyngeal closure (cleft group) and 82 controls without clefts (control group). Measurements of the nasopharyngeal area were derived from a coordinate system and landmarks on lateral cephalograms, and results were analysed by multivariate analysis and t test. The adequate ratio (velar length to pharyngeal depth ratio) in the control group was maintained at a stable value, indicating that the ratio around 1.3 would be standard to maintain velopharyngeal closure. The vertical position of posterior maxilla, pharyngeal depth and velar length in the cleft group showed a different pattern of growth from those in the control group. There was, however, characteristic growth in both groups for maintenance of velopharyngeal closure.     

Velopharyngeal anatomy and maxillary advancement.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the radiographic changes in the static velopharyngeal mechanism following total maxillary advancement. Records of 21 patients treated for maxillary retrusion were evaluated. Two groups were present: 13 non-cleft patients and 8 cleft-lip patients. The findings demonstrate an anatomical change in the velopharyngeal mechanism following total maxillary advancement. A similar change occurred in both groups; however, the magnitude is differed. The angle of the soft palate to hard palate increased with surgery (2 degrees per mm. advancement noncleft and 1 degree per mm. cleft). An increase in soft palate length was also seen (.5mm. per mm. advancement non-cleft and .4 mm. per mm. cleft). A pharyngeal need ratio prediction method was established (pharyngeal depth/soft palate length). A ratio of .68--.84 in this study was observed. A ratio greater than one was found to indicate probable velopharyngeal incompetence.     

Long-term outcome analysis of two treatment methods for cleft palate: combined levator retropositioning and pharyngeal flap versus double-opposing Z-plasty.

OBJECTIVE: Two surgical techniques for repair of a cleft palate include levator retropositioning in combination with a pharyngeal flap and the Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty. This study compared morbidity and speech results from the use of these two methods in an effort to determine which was the superior technique. DESIGN: Patient records from 1986 to 1996 were retrospectively reviewed, and 10 patients with a cleft palate who underwent repair with a levator retropositioning and pharyngeal flap were compared to 14 patients who underwent a double-opposing Z-plasty repair. Postoperative complications including fistula formation, obstructive sleep apnea, and residual velopharyngeal insufficiency were recorded. Speech was assessed perceptually and through the use of nasometry. RESULTS: Both surgical techniques resulted in good speech in the majority of patients. Only two patients in the study, both in the Z-plasty group, had severe postoperative hypernasality. Two patients in the levator retropositioning and pharyngeal flap group developed severe postoperative obstructive sleep apnea, requiring additional surgery. CONCLUSION: The levator retropositioning and pharyngeal flap technique was successful in achieving good speech results, but it also caused more serious postoperative complications when compared to the double-opposing Z-plasty technique.     

上颌前徙术后腭咽闭合功能的临床观察

目的　临床观察评价上颌前徙术后腭咽闭合功能变化。方法　对 7例上颌发育不全患者及 3例唇腭裂继发上颌发育不全患者行LeFortI型截骨术前移上颌骨 ,术前术后行鼻咽纤维镜及发“i”音时的头颅侧位片检查 ,结合术前术后语音的评价 ,对上颌前徙术后腭咽闭合及发音的改变进行观察分析。结果　经统计学分析 ,软腭动度、腭咽闭合程度、语音清晰度等指标术前术后比较差异均无显著性。结论　患者术前腭咽闭合功能良好时 ,上颌前徙术后腭咽闭合功能无明显变化     

Clinical outcomes of the furlow z-plasty for primary cleft palate repair

Objective: To review the clinical outcomes following the Furlow Z-plasty for primary cleft palate repair. The primary objective was to determine if the presence of an associated sequence or syndrome (i.e., Pierre Robin sequence), age at palate repair, cleft type, or surgeon experience influenced speech outcomes after a Furlow Z-plasty. Design: The outcomes of 140 patients who underwent palate repair were analyzed retrospectively. Speech evaluations were performed to score the severity of hypernasality, nasal escape, articulation errors, and velopharyngeal insufficiency. Results: The mean age at latest evaluation was 4 years 9 months (age range 2 years old to 12 years old and 4 months). Of the 140 patients, 83% had no evidence of hypernasality, 91% had no presence of nasal escape, and 69% had no articulation errors. Overall, 84% of patients had no evidence of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Secondary posterior pharyngeal flap to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency was required in only 2.1% of patients. The formation of an oronasal fistula occurred in only 3.6% of patients. Nonsyndromic patients with Pierre Robin sequence and syndromic patients did just as well as purely nonsyndromic patients in terms of velopharyngeal insufficiency, hypernasality, and nasal escape. Syndromic patients were more likely to make mild-to-moderate articulation errors. In addition, age at palate repair, cleft type, and surgeon experience had no statistically significant effect on speech results. Conclusions: The Furlow Z-plasty yielded excellent speech results in our patient population with minimal and acceptable rates of fistula formation, velopharyngeal insufficiency, and the need for additional corrective surgery.