超选择性动脉栓塞术治疗消化性溃疡大出血

目的探讨超选择性动脉栓塞术治疗消化性溃疡大出血的价值.方法23例经纤维内镜证实为消化性溃疡大出血的患者,其中胃溃疡13例,十二指肠溃疡10例,均为内科保守治疗及内镜下止血无效患者,采用超选择性动脉栓塞术治疗.结果23例消化性溃疡大出血患者均成功施行超选择性动脉栓塞术,术后即时止血率为100%,随访中仅1例因再次出血而行外科手术治疗,其余患者随访无再出血.结论超选择性动脉栓塞术是治疗消化性溃疡大出血的安全有效的方法.     

Emergent embolotherapy of small intestine hemorrhage

The efficacy of emergent embolotherapy was evaluated in six patients suffering hemorrhage from the small intestine. Hemorrhage was from the jejunum in four patients, from the ileum in one, and from Meckel's diverticulum in one. Superselective embolization of the arcade of the small intestine artery branch was performed in all patients with a coaxial catheter. Embolic materials used were Gelfoam particles alone or Gelfoam particles plus coils in earlier cases and microcoils in recent cases. Complete hemostasis was immediately achieved in all patients, but one patient died of disseminated intravascular coagulation. After stabilization of the patient's condition by hemostasis, elective surgery was performed on three patients suffering small intestine ulcer. Histopathologically, no bowel infarction was noted but mild mucosal inflammation with submucosal edema was found in the jejunum of two patients. We recommend embolization for life-threatening small intestine hemorrhage, preferentially in situations where the blood vessel involved can be superselectively occluded at the nearest level of the arcade of the vasa recta, lest the vasa recta should be occluded.     

The blood coagulation and fibrinolytic properties of the mucosa in the gastroduodenal area in patients with duodenal peptic ulcer

A study was made of blood coagulating and fibrinolytic properties of different parts of the mucosa of the resected stomach and duodenum in 67 patients with duodenal ulcer. All the parts of the gastroduodenal zone manifested a dramatic increase of the total coagulation and thromboplastic activity, which was particularly marked in the ulcerous zone. High fibrinolytic activity in the gastric mucosa manifested itself only in initial dilutions. In the ulcerous zone of the duodenal mucosa, fibrinolytic activity was sharply reduced. High content of procoagulants and comparatively low potential of anticoagulants in the gastroduodenal mucosa point to activation of fibrin formation in these parts in patients suffering from duodenal ulcer. Impairment of local hemostasis may have pathogenetic importance in the development or course of ulcer disease.     

超声造影在经皮肾镜取石术后出血监测中的应用

目的 探讨超声造影（CEUS）在经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）后出血监测中的应用价值。方法 收集2017年8月－2020年9月该院泌尿外科完成PCNL的患者1 141例,回顾性分析22例根据临床病情需要行床旁CEUS并接受超选择性肾动脉栓塞术的患者的临床资料。结果 1 141例PCNL后因肾出血经保守治疗无效需行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术的共22例,发生率为1.93%。CEUS常规应用于PCNL后监测,术后第3天发现肾出血1例,术后第5天发现肾出血12例,术后第8天发现肾出血4例,术后第11天发现肾出血3例,术后第14天发现肾出血1例;1例术后第1天发生严重出血行介入失败,转开放手术。CEUS显示：肾假性动脉瘤15例,肾假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘5例,动静脉瘘1例,肾包膜下弥漫出血1例,与数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查相符。结论 CEUS可随时、重复监测PCNL后的出血情况,明确肾内有无假性动脉瘤和（或）动静脉瘘,为及时采用超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗肾出血提供了临床诊断和治疗依据,并可作为患者术后随诊检查的首选。     

Angiographic management of massive hemobilia due to iatrogenic trauma

Ten patients with massive hemobilia in shock or preshock status were treated with angiography. The hemobilia had been induced by iatrogenic trauma: biliary drainage in seven patients, and surgery, liver biopsy, and angiography in one patient each. Angiography was performed on all patients. Embolization was performed in nine, and in the one remaining patient, spasm of the right anterior hepatic artery and catheter manipulation injured the intima and obliterated the artery. In seven patients with hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm, gelfoam particles were injected in five, however, extravasation could not be prevented in four of these patients. Permanent embolic materials were added and complete hemostatis was obtained. Hemobilia never recurred in any patient. Emergency embolization should be considered as the initial treatment of choice for hemobilia and when pseudoaneurysms are discovered, they should be obliterated by permanent embolic materials. Moreover, tumor thrombus in the portal vein is not a contraindication for this procedure.     

Disorders of hemostasis in peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum

Eighty-seven patients with complicated patterns of peptic ulcer were examined for different components of the hemostatic system including gastric and duodenal fibrinolysis. It was established that the penetrating ulcer gives rise to hypocoagulemia and accelerates fibrinolysis. The perforating and hemorrhagic ulcers are associated with hypercoagulation, which is a manifestation of the stress response of the body. It is shown that gastric juice and the duodenal content have a hypocoagulation (heparinoid) action on blood and plasma coagulation. Peptic ulcer is marked by high gastric and duodenal fibrinolysis and proteolysis both in the gastric and duodenal mucosa and in the free gastric and duodenal contents as well. It is postulated that all the factors under consideration, which are unfavourable for local hemostasis, may be involved in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal hemorrhages. The author holds that hemostatics, which suppress fibrinolysis and the acid-peptic factor and stimulate blood coagulation and clot formation in the zone of hemorrhage, may be used locally.     

Pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery ruptured into the superior mesenteric vein in a patient with chronic pancreatitis

We report the case of a patient with chronic pancreatitis that was complicated by the rare occurrence of a pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery that ruptured into the superior mesenteric vein. The patient, a 65-year-old alcoholic man, suddenly experienced hematemesis. Gastroesophagoscopy revealed bleeding from esophageal varices; the hemorrhaging was controlled with sclerotherapy. Sonography identified a 2-cm round anechoic mass at the pancreatic head, and color Doppler imaging revealed turbulent arterial flow within the mass, leading us to the diagnosis of the pseudoaneurysm. CT and angiographic findings generally corresponded with those of sonography and confirmed our diagnosis. The pseudoaneurysm was treated successfully with embolization, and the patient was discharged 10 days after therapy. Follow-up sonography performed 2 months later confirmed the absence of blood flow within the lesion. Color Doppler sonography was very useful for diagnosing the pseudoaneurysm and planning its treatment, and we recommend its routine use in patients with chronic pancreatitis to avoid delays in diagnosing and treating such vascular complications.     

Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of Dieulafoy's ulcer

Dieulafoy's ulcer often develops unmanageable severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage and sometimes takes a fatal course. In the past surgical operations were considered to be the only life-saving measure for this lesion. Since 1979, 46 lesions of Dieulafoy's ulcer in 45 cases with active bleeding from exposed blood vessels were treated during emergency endoscopy by the hemostatic method of pure ethanol injection. Transient hemostasis was obtained in all cases. Rebleeding occurred in 5 cases (11%) and pure ethanol injection was performed again. Hemostasis was obtained in all cases, but one case again had rebleeding due to an overlooked Dieulafoy's ulcer located in the gastric fundus. Emergent surgical operation was performed in this case. No case required elective surgery and no deaths were attributed to bleeding. Our method achieved complete hemostasis at a rate of 98% (44 cases) for Dieulafoy's ulcer. The pure ethanol injection method is one of the most effective hemostatic methods for the Dieulafoy's ulcer.     

Embolization of visceral pseudoaneurysms with platinum coils and N-butyl cyanoacrylate

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy of transcatheter embolization in visceral artery pseudoaneurysms with platinum coils and N-butyl-cyano-acrylate (NBCA). METHODS: Over the past 7 years, 20 patients were treated by transcatheter embolization in the same sitting with diagnostic angiography. Four right hepatic, one cystic, two gastroduodenal, one cavernosal artery, three superior mesenteric artery branch, and 11 renal artery branch pseudoaneurysms were included in the study. RESULTS: Surgery was completely avoided in 19 patients. In the remaining patient with a superior mesenteric artery branch pseudoaneurysm, endovascular embolization was unsuccessful. Eighteen pseudoaneurysms were thrombosed with coil embolization alone. The remaining three pseudoaneurysms needed NBCA embolization. Two patients died from sepsis within 5 weeks after embolization. CONCLUSION: Emergent diagnosis and treatment are essential in visceral artery pseudoaneurysms because of the high rate of death. Transcatheter embolization with platinum coils is an efficient, safe treatment of choice. NBCA may be used to avoid proximal embolization of the visceral arteries that could not be catheterized selectively because of tortuosity, vessel size, or anatomic location.     

Laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of a ruptured aneurysm of the right gastric artery: a case report

Laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of a ruptured visceral artery aneurysm is recognized as a challenging procedure. Here, we describe our experience with laparoscopic surgery to treat a ruptured aneurysm of the right gastric artery. A 72‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with intra‐abdominal hemorrhage caused by a ruptured aneurysm of the right gastric artery. Transcatheter arterial embolization failed because the right gastric artery could not be cannulated. Therefore, we performed laparoscopic surgery. Using laparoscopy, we detected that the bleeding from the aneurysm had ceased; thus, the planned procedure was successful. The operative time and intraoperative blood loss were 100 min and 5 mL, respectively. The patient was discharged 7 days after surgery. Laparoscopic surgery after the failure of transcatheter arterial embolization is a suitable and safe procedure for ruptured visceral artery aneurysms, provided the circulatory dynamics are stable as a result of the temporary cessation of bleeding from the ruptured aneurysm.