肌内效贴结合足下垂助行仪治疗脑卒中偏瘫患者足下垂步态的临床观察

目的:观察肌内效贴结合足下垂助行仪对脑卒中偏瘫患者足下垂步态的影响,以探索纠正偏瘫足下垂步态的科学方法。方法:60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为实验组和对照组各30例。2组患者均接受常规康复训练,在此基础上,对照组接受常规步行训练,实验组接受肌内效贴结合足下垂助行仪辅助步行训练,以上治疗均每次30 min,每周5次,连续4周。用Gait Watch三维步态分析系统分析2组患者治疗前后步速、左右步长差,用Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评定量表(FMA)、步行功能分级(FAC)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)评价2组患者治疗前后下肢运动功能、步行功能和日常生活能力,比较2组疗效。结果:治疗4周后,2组步速、左右步长差及下肢FMA积分、FAC分级、MBI评分均较治疗前明显改善(P0.05),并且治疗后实验组较对照组明显改善(P0.01)。结论:肌内效贴结合足下垂助行仪能明显改善脑卒中偏瘫患者足下垂步态,治疗依从性好。     

步态诱发功能性电刺激对脑卒中后足下垂患者步态时空参数的影响

目的:采用步态分析,观察步态诱发功能性电刺激对脑卒中后足下垂患者步态时空参数的影响.方法:选择40例符合入选标准的脑卒中后足下垂患者,随机分组到实验组和对照组,均给予常规药物治疗及基本常规康复训练.实验组在此治疗基础上采用给予患侧下肢步态诱发功能性电刺激,根据患者踝关节背伸、内翻程度调节正负电极片位置及具体适应的刺激量30min/次,1次/d,每周6次,共3周.对照组在治疗期间不给予任何电刺激.采用三维步态分析仪器分别于治疗前、治疗3周后检测并获取两组患者步态参数.结果:治疗3周后,两组患者步速、步幅、步频、健侧摆动相均较治疗前明显均提高(P＜0.05),步态周期、步宽、双支撑相、患侧摆动相、健侧支撑相、患侧支撑相均较治疗前显著减小(P＜0.05).组间比较显示,治疗组患者的步行速度、步幅、步频、步行周期、步宽、双支撑相、改善程度均明显优于对照组(P＜0.05).两组患者对称性步态参数治疗前后差异显著,且实验组改善程度显著优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:步态诱发功能性电刺激治疗能有效改善脑卒中后足下垂患者步速、步频、步行周期等时空参数,提高脑卒中后足下垂患者的步行能力及步态的对称性.     

足下垂助行仪联合Lokomat下肢康复机器人对脑卒中患者步行功能的疗效

目的观察足下垂助行仪训练联合Lokomat下肢康复机器人对脑卒中患者步行功能的影响。方法将36例脑卒中患者随机分为对照组(n=18)和观察组(n=18)。两组均接受常规康复训练。对照组在常规康复治疗的基础上进行Lokomat下肢康复机器人步行训练,观察组在对照组基础上佩戴足下垂助行仪。30 min/次,1次/d,5 d/周,共6周。治疗前后分别采用Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能量表(FMA-LL)、功能性步行量表(FAC)和足印分析法评定下肢运动功能、步行能力和步态。结果治疗前,两组FMA-LL评分、FAC分级、步态参数(步速、步宽、两侧步长差)均无显著性差异(t0.765,Z=0,P0.05)。治疗后,两组FMA评分、FAC分级和步速均有提高,两侧步长差与步宽均减小(t2.190,Z3.630,P0.05);观察组FMA评分、FAC分级、步速及两侧步长差均优于对照组(t2.030,Z=-2.560,P0.05),但两组间步宽无显著性差异(t=0.570,P0.05)。结论足下垂助行仪联合Lokomat下肢康复机器人同步治疗可提高脑卒中患者的步行能力,且疗效明显优于单用Lokomat下肢康复机器人治疗。     

步态诱发功能性电刺激对脑卒中足下垂患者的疗效观察

目的:观察应用低频脉冲电刺激治疗脑卒中后足下垂患者的疗效。方法:对30例脑卒中后导致足下垂的患者,在常规药物治疗、康复治疗的基础上,每天采用低频电子脉冲刺激仪对患侧腓总神经、胫前肌进行电刺激治疗,每天2次,其中第一次为训练模式,只进行患侧胫前肌的神经肌肉电刺激治疗20min;第二次在同样NMFS的同时进行步行训练15—20min。每周5—6d,共2周。治疗前先使用神经肌肉定位仪找准敏感位置,然后将阴极至于敏感部位(腓总神经),阳极至于合适部位(胫前肌)。分别在治疗前、治疗1周、2周行下肢步行功能的评定,分别测定不戴和佩戴刺激仪的StepTest评定、10m最大步行速度测试、上下8个台阶时间、生理耗能指数。结果:治疗2周后与治疗前比较,患者下肢步行功能有明显改善,佩戴刺激仪步行时可即刻明显提高脑卒中后足下垂患者的步速、体位转移能力、上下楼梯能力及降低生理耗能(P<0.05—0.001)。结论:低频脉冲电刺激能改善脑卒中患者步行功能,佩戴低频电子脉冲刺激仪步行时可即刻明显提高患者的步速、体位转移能力、上下楼梯能力及降低生理耗能,而且无明显不良反应,是一种安全有效的训练仪器。     

足下垂助行仪结合活动平板训练对脑卒中后 足下垂步态的影响

目的：观察足下垂助行仪结合活动平板训练在治疗脑卒中后足下垂步态中的作用。方法：把90例 脑卒中偏瘫足下垂患者随机分为联合组和平板组、助行仪组各30例。3组患者均给予常规康复训练,在此 基础上进行步行训练时,联合组接受足下垂助行仪结合活动平板训练,平板组进行活动平板训练,助行仪 组进行足下垂助行仪训练,连续治疗3周。治疗前后分别用Gait Watch三维步态分析系统测量步速、左右 步长差和最大主动踝背屈角度等,用表面肌电图记录患侧胫前肌最大主动收缩时的积分肌电值,用 Fugl-Meyer下肢运动量表评分、步行功能分级分别评价患者的下肢运动功能和步行功能。结果：治疗后, 联合组的步速、左右步长差、最大主动足背屈角度、步行功能分级、下肢FMA评分、胫前肌iEMG值等指标 改善明显,优于平板组和助行仪组（均P<0.001）。结论：足下垂助行仪结合活动平板训练能有效改善脑卒 中后足下垂步态和偏瘫下肢的运动功能。     

自制偏瘫步行矫正带对慢性期脑卒中患者伸肌协同偏瘫步态的运动学及时空参数影响

目的 观察自制偏瘫步行矫正带对慢性期脑卒中患者典型伸肌偏瘫步态的运动学参数及时空参数影响。 方法 选取慢性期脑卒中后偏瘫患者30例,按随机数字表法随机分为对照组与步行矫正带组,每组患者15例。2组患者均给予常规康复治疗,对照组在常规康复治疗的基础上增加步行训练,训练时根据患者下肢的异常情况予以口头指令和必要时的手法辅助,每日训练1次,每次训练30 min,每周训练5次,连续训练3周。步行矫正带组在常规康复治疗的基础上进行步行矫正带辅助下的步行训练,每日1次,每次训练30 min,每周训练5次,连续训练3周。于治疗前和治疗3周后（治疗后）分别对2组患者进行简易三维步态分析测试以获得步态的运动学参数和时空参数。 结果 治疗后,步行矫正带组偏瘫侧下肢关节角度的屈髋峰值和屈膝峰值分别为（37.7±5.9）°和（40.6 ±7.5）°,与组内治疗前和对照组治疗后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,2组患者的步速、步频、步幅与组内治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）, 且步行矫正带组治疗后的步速、步频、步幅分别与对照组治疗后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 偏瘫步行矫正带可显著改善偏瘫侧摆动相屈髋和屈膝的幅度,提高偏瘫患者的步行能力。     

下肢矫正带结合助行器与减重平板训练对脑卒中患者下肢步行能力影响的对比研究

目的:探讨下肢矫正带结合助行器和减重平板训练分别对脑卒中患者下肢步行能力的影响。方法:共选取在我院治疗的脑卒中患者120例,均进行下肢针对性康复治疗。采用随机数字表法将入选患者分为对照组、减重组和矫正带组。对照组由家属辅助自主步行训练;减重组采用减重平板进行步态训练;矫正带组使用下肢矫正带辅助进行步态训练,3组于治疗前、治疗4周后分别进行下肢功能评定。结果:3组患者组内治疗前后比较,FMA(下肢功能)评分、患肢最大负重比值、10m步行速度、6min步行距离、FAC分级差异均有显著性意义(P0.01);减重组治疗后与矫正带组治疗后比较各项指标差异无显著性意义(P0.05),减重组和矫正带组两组治疗后均优于对照组治疗后各项指标(P0.05)。结论:下肢矫正带结合助行器训练和减重平板训练对脑卒中患者下肢步行能力的康复可以达到同样的效果,两者均优于对照组常规步行康复训练的效果,佩戴下肢矫正带可以提高下肢康复疗效。     

功能性电刺激对脑卒中足下垂患者步行能力的影响

目的:探讨功能性电刺激对脑卒中足下垂患者下肢步行能力的影响。方法:脑卒中足下垂患者55例,随机分为观察组28例和对照组27例。2组均给予常规康复训练,观察组加用功能性电刺激进行训练。2组均治疗5周,治疗前后进行下肢运动功能评定量表(FMA)、功能性步行量表(FAC)评定及足印步态分析。结果:治疗5周后,2组FMA、FAC评分及步行参数均较治疗前明显提高(P<0.05),且观察组优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:功能性电刺激结合常规康复治疗对脑卒中足下垂患者下肢步行能力的恢复较常规康复治疗效果更好。     

ICB矫形足垫对恢复期脑卒中偏瘫患者步行效率的影响

目的:观察ICB矫形足垫对恢复期脑卒中偏瘫患者步行时空参数的影响。方法:脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者57例分为足垫组29例和对照组28例,对照组仅进行常规的康复治疗;足垫组根据患者静态站立和动态步行中的整体姿势及生物力学表现,穿ICB矫形足垫配合常规的康复治疗。训练前后进行简易三维步态分析测试及站起走计时测试(TUGT)比较。结果:治疗4周后,足垫组较治疗前及对照组步速、步频、步幅参数有明显提高(P0.05),TUG计时明显缩短(P0.05);对照组治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义。结论:对于恢复期脑卒中偏瘫患者,在恰当的姿势及步态观察分析的基础上ICB矫形足垫可提高患者的步行效率,是一种简便而有效的康复工程治疗技术。     

自制踝足矫形带对脑卒中患者步行功能及ADL的影响

目的:观察自制简易可调式弹力踝足矫形带对脑卒中患者步行功能的影响。方法:60例脑卒中伴足下垂内翻的患者,随机分为康复组和对照组各30例。2组患者均给予常规对症支持治疗及康复训练。康复组在此基础上进行佩戴简易可调式弹力踝足矫形带(AEOB)进行康复训练。治疗前后2组进行Berg平衡量表(BBS)评定、改良Barthel指数(MBI)以及步速评定,康复组又分为佩戴AEOB(AEOB+)和不佩戴AEOB(AEOB-)评定。结果:治疗3周后,2组BBS、MBI评分及步速均较治疗前明显增加(P<0.05);康复组AEOB+患者的BBS、BI评分及步速均较康复组AEOB-及对照组更显著(P<0.01);康复组AEOB-更高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:自制踝足矫形带可矫正脑卒中患者足下垂和内翻畸形,改善患者步行的平衡及稳定性,增加步速,提高日常生活活动能力。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.