急性肾炎恢复期尿微量蛋白与尿酶检测的临床意义

目的　探讨急性肾炎在临床治愈期尿微量蛋白联合尿酶检测的临床价值。方法　对 5 0例正常对照组和 30例急性肾炎组治愈期者采用酶联免疫吸附法检测尿微量白蛋白 (mALB)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、尿转铁蛋白 (TRF)和α1 微球蛋白 (α1 M ) ;终点法测尿N 乙酰 β D 氨基葡萄糖苷酶 (NAG) ;比色法测尿肌酐 (Cr)。结果　正常对照组尿mALB为 (3.6 1± 2 .4 6 )mg/L,RBP/Cr为 (7.4 6± 5 .0 2 ) μg/mmol,TRF/Cr为 (0 .0 5± 0 .0 3)mg/mmol,α1 M /Cr为 (0 .78± 0 .5 1)mg/mmol,NAG/Cr为(0 .5 2± 0 .4 6 )U/mmol,急性肾炎治愈期患者尿mALB为 (5 .12± 3.4 4 )mg/L ,RBP/Cr为 (8.87± 4 .4 5 ) μg/mmol,TRF/Cr为(0 .38± 0 .32 )mg/mmol,NAG/Cr为 (2 .13± 2 .0 2 )U/mmol,α1 M /Cr为 (0 .88± 0 .4 2 )mg/mmol;其检测的阳性率分别为 :mALB 4 0 % ,NAG 30 % ,RBP 13.3% ,TRF 2 0 % ,α1 M 3.3% ,NAG与mALB两项指标联合检测其阳性率为 4 6 .7%。结论　联合检测尿NAG与mALB在急性肾炎临床治愈期是判定肾脏损害及恢复情况的最灵敏与可靠的实验室指标。     

尿RBP、TRF、mALB检测对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的探讨

目的 探讨尿标本中视黄醇结合蛋白、转铁蛋白、微量白蛋白检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的作用.方法 用ELISA法检测尿中视黄醇结合蛋白、转铁蛋白、免疫比浊法检测尿微量白蛋白,酶偶联法测定尿肌酐.结果 正常对照组中尿RBP/Cr、TRF/Cr的含量分别为(2.12±0.95)mg/mmol,(1.81±0.52)mg/mmol.在糖尿病无肾病组中,其微量白蛋白的含量与正常对照组相近(P＞0.05),而RBP、TRF的含量与正常对照组相比具有显著差别(P＜0.05).在糖尿病的初期肾病组和临床肾病组,mALB、RBP/Cr、tRF/C的含量均明显高于正常对照组(P＜0.01).结论 联合检测尿RBP、TRF是诊断糖尿病肾病早期损伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标.     

尿微量蛋白检测对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的临床应用

目的探讨尿中视黄醇结合蛋白((R-binding protein,RBP)、转铁蛋白(Transferrin,Tf)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-microglobulin,α1-MG)、微量白蛋白(mALB)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)检测在糖尿病肾病(Diabetic nephropathy,DN)早期诊断中的临床意义.方法以本院健康体检者50例为正常对照组,50例糖尿病患者根据尿微量白蛋白排泄率(Urinaryalbuminexcretionrate,UAER) 分为无肾病组、初期肾病组和临床肾病组.所有受试者留晨尿后的第一次尿液,取10ml离心,收集上清液,并留24h尿.免疫散射比浊法测定RBP、TRF、mALB、α1-MG、IgG 及24h尿微量白蛋白,酶免疫分析法测定尿肌酐(Cr).结果尿测定结果分别以RBP/Cr、TRF/Cr、mALB/Cr、α1-MG/Cr、IgG/Cr表示.糖尿病无肾病组RBP/Cr 、TRF/Cr与正常对照组显著差异(P<0.05),mALB /Cr和IgG/Cr与正常对照组无明显差异(P>0.05);糖尿病初期肾病组与正常对照组比较,IgG有显著差异(P<0.05),其它为非常显著差异(P<0.01);临床肾病组尿中5种微量蛋白的含量与对照组比较,差异非常显著(P<0.01).50例糖尿病患者尿蛋白的含量进行组间比较,糖尿病无肾病组与初期肾病组差异显著(P<0.05),临床肾病组与无肾病组及初期肾病组比较,均呈非常显著升高(P<0.01),以mALB为最高.糖尿病无肾病组RBP和α1-MG均升高,且随着病情进展,RBP升高幅度较α1-MG大,两者比较差异非常显著(P<0.01).结论尿RBP、TRF、mALB 、IgG联合检测对糖尿病患者的肾脏损害部位、病变程度、治疗和预后观察具有重要意义,且方法灵敏可靠.     

高血压病早期肾损害患者尿视黄醇结合蛋白检测的临床意义

目的:探讨尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)检测在高血压痛患者早期肾损害诊断中的临床意义.方法:检测110例高血压病患者(其中尿蛋白阴性42例,尿蛋白阳性68例)和100例健康成人(对照组)尿中RBP、微量白蛋白(mALB)、N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和血清胱抑素C(Cys-C)水平,并对结果进行比较分析.结果:尿蛋白阴性的高血压患者(高血压A组)尿RBP、mALB、NAG和血清Cys-C水平明显高于对照组;尿蛋白阳性的高血压患者(高血压B组)尿RBP、mALB、NAG和血清Cys-C水平明显高于对照组和高血压A组.以超过正常对照组-x±s为限,早期肾损害高血压患者中尿RBP的异常率明显高于尿mALB、NAG和血清Cys-C.结论:尿RBP是反映肾小管功能的又一敏感指标.对高血压病患者监测尿RBP、mALB、NAG和血清Cys-C水平的变化,可以了解高血压患者的早期肾损害,以达到早期诊断的目的.     

尿RBP、TRF、mALB检测对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的探讨

目的探讨尿标本中视黄醇结合蛋白、转铁蛋白、微量白蛋白检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的作用。方法用ELISA法检测尿中视黄醇结合蛋白、转铁蛋白、免疫比浊法检测尿微量白蛋白,酶偶联法测定尿肌酐。结果正常对照组中尿RBP／Cr、TRF／Cr的含量分别为（2．12±0．95）mg／mmol,（1．81±0．52）mg／mmol。在糖尿病无肾病组中,其微量白蛋白的含量与正常对照组相近（P〉0．05）,而RBP、TRF的含量与正常对照组相比具有显著差别（P〈0．05）。在糖尿病的初期肾病组和临床肾病组,mALB、RBP!Cr、tRF／C的含量均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）。结论联合检测尿RBP、TRF是诊断糖尿病肾病早期损伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标。     

尿微量蛋白联合尿酶早期诊断糖尿病肾病

目的通过联合检测尿微量蛋白及尿酶以探讨早期诊断糖尿病肾脏损伤的方法。方法采用免疫速率散射比浊法检测尿免疫球蛋白G（IgG）、尿转铁蛋白（TRF）、尿微量白蛋白（mALB）、尿α1-微球蛋白（α1—MG）、尿视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、尿β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）,速率法测尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）及尿肌肝。结果167例尿蛋白定性阴性糖尿病患者尿IgG、TRF、mALB、α1—MG、β2-MG、RBP及NAG水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）;将尿IgG、TRF、mALB、α1—MG、β2-MG、RBP及NAG联合检测在尿蛋白定性阴性的糖尿病中阳性率可达86．23％,大大提高了阳性检出率。结论检测尿微量白蛋白及尿酶是诊断肾脏旱期桶伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标.     

尿微量蛋白和尿酶在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的应用研究

目的 探讨联合检测尿微量蛋白及尿酶在糖尿病肾脏损伤早期诊断中的价值。方法采用免疫速率散射比浊法检测尿免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、尿转铁蛋白(TRF)、尿微量白蛋白(mALB)、尿α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)、尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG),速率法测尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)及尿肌肝。结果:127例尿蛋白定性阴性糖尿病患者尿IgG、TRF、mALB、α1-MG、β-MG、RBP及NAG水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01);联合检测的阳性率可提高到86.23％。结论 检测尿微量白蛋白及尿酶是诊断糖尿病肾脏早期损伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标。     

尿微量蛋白与尿酶和Ⅳ型胶原对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的意义

目的探讨早期诊断糖尿病肾病的方法。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验法检测尿中视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）和Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ—C）,免疫发光法检测尿微量清蛋白（mAlb）及转铁蛋白（TF）,终点法测N-乙酰-β—D氨基葡萄糖苷酸酶（NAG）,Jaffe法测定尿肌酐（Cr）。结果健康对照组中尿TF／Cr为（1．10±0．76）mg／mmol、mAlb／Cr为（1．50±0．81）mg／mmol、NAG／Cr为（5．65±2．40）U／g、RBP／Cr为（2．15±0．93）mg／mmol及Ⅳ—C的含量为（44．68±17．2）ng／mL。在糖尿病无肾病组中,其inAlb的含量与健康对照组相近,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;而NAG、RBP、TF及Ⅳ－C的含量与健康对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。在糖尿病的初期肾病组和临床肾病组,mAlb／Cr、NAG／Cr、RBP／Cr、TF／Cr及Ⅳ－C的含量均明显高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论联合检测尿NAG、RBP、TF及Ⅳ－C是诊断糖尿病肾病早期损伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标。     

糖尿病早期肾损害的诊断指标评价

目的探讨诊断糖尿病早期肾损害的敏感指标。方法将98例糖尿病肾病患者分为糖尿病临床肾病组31例和无临床肾病组61例;另选择20例健康体检者为对照组。采用速率法检测尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG),乳胶增强免疫比浊法检测尿微量清蛋白(mALB),γ-谷氨酰-3-羟基-4-硝基苯胺法检测γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT),苦味酸法检测尿肌酐(Cr),并将结果进行比较。结果健康对照组尿NAGC为(7.1±3.8)U/g.Cr,尿mALBC为(6.7±2.9)mg/g.Cr,尿GGTC为(43.6±15.7)U/g.Cr。糖尿病无临床肾病组尿NAGC、mALBC与健康对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),尿GGTC与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。糖尿病临床肾病组尿NAGC、mALBC和GGTC均较健康对照组显著增高。尿NAG在糖尿病无临床肾病组和临床肾病组中阳性率分别为61.2%和80.6%;尿mALB的阳性率分别为52.2%和71.0%;尿GGT的阳性率分别为34.3%和58.1%。NAG和mALB联合检测与NAG、mALB和GGT3项指标联合检测阳性率相同。结论尿NAG和mALB联合检测是诊断糖尿病早期肾损害的敏感指标。     

尿微量清蛋白、胱抑素C、β-2微球蛋白及尿微量清蛋白/肌酐检测在2型糖尿病早期肾损害诊断中的价值

目的探讨尿微量清蛋白(mALB)、胱抑素C(CysC)、β-2微球蛋白(β2-MG)和尿微量清蛋白/肌酐(mALB/Cr)检测在2型糖尿病早期肾损害诊断中的临床价值。方法选取2010年4月至2015年5月2型糖尿病早期肾损害患者142例作为研究对象,根据尿mALB排泄率将其分成正常蛋白尿组、早期糖尿病肾损害组和蛋白尿组,同时选取健康体检者85例作为对照组,观察4组尿mALB、CysC、β2-MG和尿mALB/Cr水平变化,分析其对糖尿病早期肾损害的诊断效能。结果早期肾损害组和蛋白尿组尿mALB、CysC、β2-MG、尿mALB/Cr水平明显高于正常蛋白尿组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);早期肾损害组尿mALB、CysC、β2-MG和尿mALB/Cr异常率分别为85.71%、84.52%、80.95%和79.76%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);尿mALB、CysC、β2-MG和尿mALB/Cr联合检测的灵敏度和特异度分别为93.22%、89.95%,显著高于单个检测或其他联合检测(P0.05)。结论尿mALB、CysC、β2-MG和mALB/Cr可作为诊断2型糖尿病早期肾损害的敏感指标,具有重要的临床价值。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.