早期康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能的影响

目的：探讨早期康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能的影响。方法：108例脑卒中患者根据康复治疗开始的时间不同分为早期组56例及对照组52例，均按照神经内科常规治疗方案治疗，早期组患者在发病15～30d时即配合康复训练；对照组于发病3～6个月后接受康复训练。2组治疗前及治疗3个月后均进行运动功能评分（FMA）和ADL评分。结果：治疗前，早期组FMA评分明显低于对照组（P〈0．01），ADL评分差异无显著性意义；治疗3个月后，2组FMA评分和ADL评分与治疗前比较均有提高（P〈0．01、0．05），2组间比较，早期组明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：康复治疗早期介入对降低脑卒中的致残率，减少并发症具有重要意义。     

早期综合康复对脑卒中患者运动功能和ADL能力的影响

目的：探讨早期综合康复治疗对脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体的肌张力、运动功能和ADL能力的影响，以及痉挛分级、运动功能和日常生活自理能力的相关性。方法：48例急性脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。两组患者均予以常规的药物治疗、针灸、理疗等，治疗组患者加予规范化的综合康复训练。所有病例共评定4次：入组时、脑卒中病程1个月、3个月和6个月时。分别采用改良Ashworth量表（MAS）、简化Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）和Barthel指数（BI）来评定脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体的痉挛、运动功能和日常生活自理能力。结果：在入组时两组患者MAS评分、FMA评分和BI比较P〉0．05，具有可比性。在脑卒中病程3个月和6个月时，对照组患者的MAS评分高于同期的治疗组患者（P〈0．05）：两组患者的FMA评分和BI评分在脑卒中病程1个月、3个月和6个月时分别与其前一次评定时比较，运动功能和日常生活自理能力均逐渐改善（P〈0．001）；在脑卒中病程3个月和6个月时，治疗组的FMA评分和BI评分均高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：综合康复治疗可减轻脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体痉挛和改善运动功能，提高其日常生活自理能力；偏瘫侧肢体痉挛和运动功能与日常生活自理能力密切相关。     

运动保持困难对脑卒中左侧偏瘫患者康复疗效的影响

目的探讨运动保持困难（MI）对左侧偏瘫患者康复疗效的影响，为预测左侧偏瘫患者的康复预后提供理论依据。方法将64例脑卒中左侧偏瘫患者，通过Joyn等编制的MI评定量表，分为MI组31例，对照组33例。2组除有、无运动保持困难外，其余一般资料差异无统计学意义。2组均给予传统康复训练。用Brunnstrom运动功能分期、上田敏偏瘫手指功能评定表、偏瘫上肢能力评定表、Berg平衡量表、Holden步行功能量表、改良的Barthel指数等量表，分别于治疗前、治疗1个月后、治疗2个月后对2组的肢体运动功能、平衡能力、步行能力、日常生活活动能力等进行统计学分析。结果经常规康复训练1个月后，MI组患者与治疗前比较，除上肢运动功能、手功能、立位平衡、步行能力、日常生活活动能力（ADL）评分差异有统计学意义外（P〈0．05），其余各项差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；而对照组治疗1个月后与治疗前比较，上述各项指标除下肢运动功能外（P〉0．05），其余各项功能评分差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。常规康复训练2个月后，2组与本组治疗前比较，各项评分差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）：同期MI组患者除上、下肢运动功能外，其余各项功能评分均显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论运动保持困难对脑卒中左侧偏瘫患者的功能恢复有显著负性影响。但传统康复训练对具有运动保持困难的左侧偏瘫患者的各项功能提高具有一定促进作用，只是提高程度明显受到影响。说明运动保持困难可以作为左侧偏瘫患者康复预后较差的重要指标之一，临床上在对这类患者制订康复治疗方案时应该充分考虑到运动保持困难对康复疗效的影响。     

健侧代偿在老年重症偏瘫患者康复进程中的作用

目的：探讨健侧代偿训练对老年重症偏瘫患者肢体功能、ADL能力的影响及对缩短患者住院时间的意义。方法：将入选的40例老年重症偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组和对照组，每组20例，两组患者均接受常规的康复训练，应用Bobath技术等神经生理学疗法和运动再学习疗法，在以上训练基础上治疗组强化健侧下肢负重，利用健侧上肢代偿进行ADL能力训练，对照组则针对患侧肢体训练，诱发主动运动及分离运动，不允许健侧代偿。以上两组患者每次训练45min．每周训练11次。结果：在治疗后1个月、2个月、3个月各阶段，治疗组与对照组相比其FMA评分差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05），但在治疗后1个月及2个月时，治疗组Barthel指数要高于对照组，差异有显著性意义（P值分别为〈0．01，〈0．05），到治疗后3个月时两组间差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论：对老年重症偏瘫患者采用健侧代偿的训练方法可在较短的时间内有效提高ADL能力，而且对于其患侧肢体功能的影响不大，并因此缩短了住院时间。     

针刺结合康复训练改善脑卒中后肌肉痉挛的临床研究

目的：探讨针刺加康复训练对减轻脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体肌肉痉挛的治疗效果。方法：100例脑卒中患者随机分为针刺加康复训练组（治疗组）50例和单纯康复训练组（对照组）50例。两组患者于治疗前后分别采用改良Ashwonh量表、Fugl-Mever量表和Barthel指数评定其患肢痉挛程度、运动功能和日常生活自理能力。结果：两组患者治疗后，患肢痉挛程度均减轻，与治疗前比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），且治疗组疗效优于对照组，两者间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；两组患者治疗后，患肢运动功能和日常生活自理能力均有改善，与治疗前比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），且治疗组优于对照组，两者间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论：针刺加康复训练能明显减轻脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体的痉挛，改善患肢运动功能和日常生活自理能力，其效果优于单纯康复训练。     

早期介入作业疗法对急性脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能及ADL能力的影响

目的：探讨早期作业疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者3个月后日常生活活动能力的影响。方法：102例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成治疗组（52例）和对照组（50例）进行临床对照性研究，两组均接受常规的临床药物治疗，治疗组加入作业疗法指导，分别于患者生命体征平稳时（初评时）以及平稳后1个月、3个月比较两组患者上肢和手Brunnstrom运动功能和ADL能力恢复情况。结果：①两组患者上肢、手运动功能指数及ADL得分，初评时差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；1个月后、3个月后差异有显著性（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论：早期介入作业疗法对脑卒中患者运动功能、日常生活活动能力的恢复具有良好促进作用，可显著降低家庭依赖程度，提高其生存质量。     

脑卒中患者家属配合功能训练的疗效观察

目的：研究脑卒中患者家属配合功能训练对于偏瘫肢体功能和日常生活活动能力（ADL）的影响。方法：80例脑卒中偏瘫住院患者随机分成两组,治疗组除常规康复治疗外。教会患者家属脑卒中患者共性的康复方案，让患者家属在常规康复治疗时间之外每天给患者多2h的训练：出院后定期随访，做好患者家属的功能训练方法指导；对照组仅进行常规康复治疗,出院后自行功能训练。分别于入院时、住院2个月、出院后3个月对两组进行评定。评价指标采用Barthel指数法和Brunnstrom评分法。结果：2个月出院时两组的日常生活活动能力、运动功能均有改善。出院3个月后治疗组患者的运动功能较出院时明显提高．对照组运动功能无明显改善．差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：教会患者家属易懂可行且通用的康复技术有利于脑卒中患者偏瘫肢体功能的改善。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者早期系统康复训练的疗效观察

目的 探讨脑卒中偏瘫患者早期系统康复训练对肢体功能恢复的影响。方法 将98例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为两组，康复组50例，对照组48例。康复组早期接受系统的康复训练，对照组按常规治疗。分别于入院后24h内和出院前24h评定息肢肌力、日常生活活动能力。结果 入院时两组肢体肌力及Barrel指数差异无显著性（P〉0．05），出院时康复组肢体肌力及Bartel指数显著提高，差异有显著性（P〈0．05或P〈0．001）。结论 早期系统康复训练能够明显改善瘫痪肢体肌力，提高日常生活活动能力，有效地促进患者康复。     

强化康复训练对脑卒中后偏瘫痉挛状态的影响

目的：研究强化康复训练对脑卒中后偏瘫痉挛状态的治疗效果。方法：将44例脑卒中后肢体痉挛患者随机分为两组。一组为常规康复训练组，一组为强化康复训练组，两组患者均给予常规剂量巴氯芬121服。采用Ashworth分级法（ASS）、Fugl—Meyer评定法（FMA）和改良Barthel指数评分法（MBI）对2组患者治疗前、后肌张力，肢体运动功能及生活自理能力进行评定。结果：治疗后2组患者肌张力较治疗前均有明显降低（P〈0．01），肢体运动功能和ADL能力较治疗前有明显提高（P〈0．01），强化康复训练组疗效明显优于常规康复训练组（P〈0．05）。结论：强化康复训练对脑卒中所致偏瘫肌痉挛有更加显著的改善作用。     

点穴配合常规康复治疗脑卒中偏瘫疗效观察

目的观察点穴配合常规康复治疗脑卒中偏瘫患者运动障碍的疗效。方法58例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组30与对照组28例；治疗组采用常规康复及点穴治疗；对照组仅接受常规康复治疗，分别于治疗前和治疗后12周采用Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）评定患者的肢体运动功能，采用改良巴氏指数（MBI）评定日常生活活动能力（ADL）。结果治疗前两组患者的上下肢FMA积分无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；治疗后，治疗组患者的FMA积分较治疗前改善（P〈0．05），且明显优于对照组（P〈0．01），MBI评分高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论点穴配合常规康复治疗可促进脑卒中患者运动功能的恢复，且效果优于常规康复治疗。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.