鞘内注射姜黄素对坐骨神经结扎损伤大鼠的影响

【目的】探讨姜黄素对神经病理性痛（NP）大鼠疼痛行为及大鼠脊髓背角NMDA2B受体表达的影响及作用机制。【方法】将雄性SD大鼠鞘内置管后制作坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤（CCI）模型，取75只随机分为5组（n=15）实验对照组、假手术组、溶剂对照组、姜黄素100组及姜黄素500组。测定大鼠术侧机械痛阚值和热痛阈值。在术后d3、d7、d14分批处死大鼠（n=5），用免疫组织化学法测定NMDA2B受体在脊髓背角神经元的动态变化。【结果】大鼠术侧脊髓背角浅层内NMDA2B阳性神经元明显增多，姜黄素可减轻NP大鼠的疼痛行为，也能够明显减少脊髓背角神经元中NMDA2B表达。【结论】鞘内注射姜黄素可剂量依赖性缓解CCI大鼠NP，其机制可能与降低NMDA2B受体的表达有关。     

慢性坐骨神经结扎神经痛大鼠脊髓nNOS阳性神经元的表达

目的:探讨慢性坐骨神经结扎(CCI)神经病理性疼痛大鼠脊髓背角nNOS阳性神经元的表达。方法:SD大鼠40只,随机分为五组,每组8只,即naive组、sham组、CCI5d组、CCI10d组;CCI15d组;测定各组大鼠机械缩腿阈值(MWT)和热缩腿潜伏期(TWL);同时sham组大鼠在术后5d、CCI各组分别在术后5d、10d、15d断头处死取脊髓腰膨大,采用免疫组化法测定脊髓背角nNOS阳性神经元的表达。结果:CCI大鼠在手术后形成稳定的痛敏,与naive组和sham组大鼠比较有显著差异;naive组大鼠和sham组大鼠脊髓背角仅见少量nNOS阳性神经元的表达,且两组间无统计学意义;CCI各组大鼠脊髓背角nNOS阳性神经元的表达明显增多,与naive组和sham组比较差异显著。结论:慢性坐骨神经结扎(CCI)神经痛大鼠脊髓背角nNOS阳性神经元的表达增加,脊髓背角nNOS可能参与了CCI大鼠神经病理性疼痛的形成。     

臂丛下干压迫大鼠脊髓神经元型一氧化氮合酶免疫阳性结构的研究

目的大鼠臂丛下干压迫后神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)在脊髓后角表达的变化。方法压迫大鼠右侧臂丛下干,用免疫组织化学法观察大鼠左,右侧脊髓后角神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)阳性神经结构。结果与左侧(正常侧)相比,臂丛下干右侧(压迫侧)的脊髓后角Ⅰ,Ⅱ层nNOS免疫阳性结构数量减少。结论脊髓后角Ⅰ,Ⅱ层一氧化氮(NO)神经结构参与调制臂丛压迫的疼痛发生。     

低频和高频重复经颅磁刺激对大鼠神经病理性疼痛及背根神经节内nNOS的影响

目的观察不同频率的重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）治疗神经病理性疼痛的疗效,同时通过测定神经病理性疼痛大鼠背根神经节（DRG）内神经型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）的表达,探讨rTMS治疗神经病理性疼痛的作用机制。 方法共28只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组和手术组,假手术组7只大鼠仅暴露和游离坐骨神经,不予结扎;手术组21只大鼠经手术结扎坐骨神经制作神经病理性疼痛模型,造模成功后又随机分为假治疗组、低频rTMS组（1Hz）、高频rTMS组（20Hz）,每组7只。术后第3天开始进行rTMS治疗,连续10d,刺激疼痛对侧大脑初级运动皮质（M1）。治疗前及治疗10d后,对大鼠疼痛行为学表现及DRG内nNOS表达进行测量比较。 结果造模后第3天,手术组大鼠均出现明显的疼痛行为学表现,机械痛缩爪阈值较假手术组均明显降低(P<0.05)。rTMS治疗后,高频rTMS组机械痛缩爪阈值较假治疗组升高(P<0.05),而低频rTMS组无明显变化。与假手术组比较,假治疗组和低频rTMS组损伤侧DRG内nNOS阳性表达明显增加,且主要位于中、小细胞,少量表达于大细胞。与假治疗组比较,高频rTMS组DRG内nNOS阳性表达显著下调（P<0.05）,而低频rTMS组无此改变。高频rTMS组大鼠疼痛改善程度与相应水平DRG内nNOS的表达呈负相关关系。 结论外周神经损伤后引起的神经病理性疼痛伴有DRG内nNOS的表达增加;高频rTMS可以通过降低DRG内nNOS的表达而缓解疼痛,低频rTMS则无明显效果。     

胸髓横断大鼠减重平板步行训练后腰髓前角神经元超微结构的可塑性变化

目的：探索步行训练提高脊髓损伤(SCI)后运动功能的脊髓可塑性机制。方法：84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(n=33)、SCI后减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)治疗组(n=33)，分别于术后第7天、15天、45天，通过光镜和电镜观察SCI大鼠脊髓腰膨大内前角神经元形态结构的变化。结果：胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后，腰髓前角神经元超微结构出现代偿性改变。结论：BWSTT后胸髓横断大鼠可通过增强脊髓损伤平面以下腰髓前角神经元的可塑性，促进其后肢运动功能的恢复。     

鞘内注射吗啡对坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤大鼠腰段脊髓后角神经元中c-fos蛋白表达的影响

目的 坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤(CCI)可以引起腰段脊髓后角中c-fos的表达.μ-阿片受体长期以来被认为与脊髓中的镇痛机制有关,而吗啡作为μ-阿片受体激动剂被应用于病理性疼痛的治疗中.本实验通过给坐骨神经CCI大鼠模型鞘内注射吗啡,观察其对脊髓后角中c-fos表达的影响.方法 23只Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为三组.其中B、C两组大鼠接受右侧坐骨神经外周结扎手术,而A组为假手术组.9 d后,A、C两组大鼠接受鞘内注射吗啡同时给B组大鼠鞘内注射生理盐水.注射后6 d,解剖三组大鼠并取出L3～L5节段的脊髓制成40μm的冰冻切片.标本在室温下进行荧光免疫染色后制成玻片.使用激光共焦点显微镜下观察各脊髓切片标本双侧c-fos的染色情况.结果 三组大鼠手术侧同侧的脊髓后角中c-fos阳性神经元较对侧明显增多.但是c组大鼠脊髓后角同侧的c-fos阳性神经元较B组少.结论 μ-阿片受体激动剂能明显减少CCI大鼠腰段脊髓后角中c-fos的表达.     

电针对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后神经生长因子表达的影响

目的：探讨电针对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后脊髓前角细胞神经生长因子(nerve growth factor，NGF)的影响。方法：取Wistar大鼠60只，4只为正常组，56只行左侧坐骨神经切断外膜缝合。电针组每天穴位电针20min，模型组不作任何处理。分别于术后7，14，21和28d用原位杂交和免疫组化技术和测定脊髓前角NGF阳性神经元计数、阳性神经元平均积分光密度。结果：电针组损伤侧脊髓前角内NGF阳性神经元数量在各时间点明显高于模型组(P＜0．05)，28d时电针组伤侧脊髓前角内NGF阳性神经元数量为(48．12&;#177;1．11)个，模型组为(35．90&;#177;2．09)个。同时模型组神经元内NGF阳性神经元平均积分光密度在各时间点明显低于电针组(P＜0．05)。结论：电针可提高损伤神经神经元内源性NGF水平，促进神经功能恢复。     

脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓及泌尿生殖道caspase-3和nNOS表达的改变

目的：观察SD大鼠脊髓损伤后脊髓及泌尿生殖道凋亡促进因子半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3（caspase-3）和一氧化氮合成酶（nNOS）表达的改变。方法： 成年雄性SD大鼠16只，随机分为对照组（n=8）和脊髓损伤组（n=8）；脊髓损伤组采用改良的重物坠落法（Allen法）制作大鼠T9-T10脊髓节段不完全损伤模型。分别行caspase-3免疫组化及nNOS免疫组化染色，用半定量方法评价正常及脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓、膀胱壁及阴茎组织表达caspase-3和nNOS的改变情况。结果：脊髓损伤后大鼠脊髓内nNOS和caspase-3均表达增强（P<0.001），而膀胱壁及阴茎组织内caspase-3表达增强（P<0.001），nNOS表达减弱（P<0.001）。结论：脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓及泌尿生殖道表达caspase-3和nNOS发生了改变，但并非同步，机制各有不同。     

电针对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后脊髓运动神经元睫状神经营养因子水平的影响

目的：探讨电针对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后脊髓运动神经元睫状神经营养因子(ciliary neurotrophic factor，CNTF)的影响。方法：取Wistar大鼠56只，行左侧坐骨神经切断外膜缝合。电针组每天穴位电针20min，模型组不作任何处理。分别于术后7，14，21和28d测定脊髓前角CNTF阳性神经元计数、神经元平均积分光密度及4周时损伤神经电生理。结果：坐骨神经损伤后损伤脊髓前角CNTF阳性神经元数量明显少于正常对照组，电针组损伤侧脊髓前角内CNTF阳性神经元数量在各时间点明显高于模型组(P&;lt;0．05)，14d时电针组伤侧脊髓前角内CNTF阳性神经元数量为(53&;#177;11)个，模型组为(29&;#177;9)个。同时模型组神经元内CNTF阳性神经元平均积分光密度在各时间点与正常组比较明显降低，在14d最低为273．2&;#177;33．7。而电针组CNTF在各个时间点明显高于模型组(P&;lt;0．05)；28d康复组神经肌肉动作电位、运动神经传导速度均优于模型组(P&;lt;0．01)。结论：电针可提高损伤神经神经元内源性CNTF水平，减少神经元变性、死亡，促进神经电生理的恢复。     

尼莫地平对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后脊髓神经元的保护作用

目的：研究尼莫地平对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后脊髓神经元的保护作用。方法：将50只成年SD大鼠，随机分成4组：假手术组(A组，n=5)；坐骨神经切断未干预组(B组，n=15)；生理盐水组(C组，n：15)；尼莫地平组(D组，n=15)。B，C及D3组又按切断右侧坐骨神经后4，9及16d取材时间分为3个时间组，每组5只大鼠，各时间组取大鼠的脊髓L5段．以TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡数，以免疫组化技术检测Bax的表达，苏木精一伊红染色计算脊髓内神经元的数目。结果：坐骨神经损伤后4，9及16d，C组凋亡细胞数目为(8．4&;#177;1．8)，(13．1&;#177;2．1)，(15．4&;#177;1．8)个／前角视野，明显多于D组(2.3&;#177;1．3)，(8．2&;#177;1．7)，(10．1&;#177;2．2)个／前角视野(P&;lt;0．01)；D组神经元存活率为(94．3&;#177;3．1)％。(85．4&;#177;3．1)％，(76，3&;#177;3．2)％，明显高于C组(84．1&;#177;4．5)％。(77．52．9)％，(67．0&;#177;3．5)％，差异有非常显著性意义(P&;lt;0．01)；D组Bax表达(-～+，+～++，+～++)低于c组(+，+～++，+++)；B与C组凋亡细胞数目、神经元存活率及Bax表达差异无显著性意义(P&;gt;0．05)。结论：尼莫地平可以减少坐骨神经损伤后脊髓神经元的凋亡及Bax的表达．因此，对脊髓神经元具有保护作用。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.