系统性红斑狼疮患者血小板PAC-1和CD62P表达的研究

目的：探讨SLE患者外周血血小板PAC-1和CD62 P的表达情况及其临床意义。方法用流式细胞仪检测40例SLE患者及20名健康志愿者（对照组）外周血PAC-1和CD62P的表达率,对40例SLE患者进行SLE疾病活动指数（SLEDAI）评分,与PAC-1、 CD62P与SLEDAI评分进行相关性分析。结果 SLE患者PAC-1和CD62P的阳性表达率高于对照组（P﹤0.05或0.01）,其中狼疮活动组比狼疮非活动组明显升高（ P﹤0.01）。 SLE患者PAC-1、 CD62P的阳性表达率与SLEDAI呈正相关（r分别为0.503,0.583, P均＜0.05）。 SLE患者狼疮性肾炎组与非狼疮性肾炎组的PAC-1和CD62P的阳性表达率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 PAC-1和CD62P作为血小板活化的标志,在SLE患者外周血中的表达明显升高,并与SLEDAI评分呈正相关,表明血小板活化水平能反映狼疮病情活动,可作为狼疮活动监测指标;血小板活化可能在狼疮活动中发挥作用。     

急性脑梗死患者血小板活化状态及参数的变化及临床意义

目的:探讨急性脑梗死患者血小板膜糖蛋白GMP-140、PAC-1以及血小板参数PLT、MPV、PDW的变化及意义.方法:采用流式细胞术测定45 例脑梗死患者GMP-140和PAC-1的表达,同时应用全自动血球分析仪对血小板参数进行测量.结果:急性脑梗死患者GMP-140、PAC-1 、MPV和PDW水平明显高于恢复期组和正常对照组,恢复期组GMP-140、PAC-1仍高于正常对照组;脑梗死并高血压组患者与单纯性脑梗死组患者相比,GMP-140、PAC-1、MPV和PDW水平增高;GMP-140、PAC-1与MPV、PDW之间呈显著正相关关系;GMP-140、PAC-1表达之间显著正相关.结论:血小板活化在脑梗死的发病过程中起重要作用,高血压病能促进体内血小板活化和表达;GMP-140、PAC-1表达与血小板参数密切相关,都可作为血小板活化的指标.     

外源性胰岛素对2型糖尿病患者血小板功能的影响

目的观察外源性胰岛素对2型糖尿病患者血小板功能的影响。方法初诊2型糖尿病患者(R组)20例,检测其FBG以及反映血小板活化状态的各个指标,包括血小板膜上GMP-140、PAC-1的表达率,ADP诱导的血小板的聚集率,然后行胰岛素强化治疗,两周后复测上述各指标。另设健康对照组(N组)20例。结果基线时,R组FBG、ADP诱导的血小板聚集率、血小板GMP-140、PAC-1的表达率均明显高于N组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗2周后,R组FBG、ADP诱导的血小板聚集率、血小板GMP-140、PAC-1的表达率均明显低于基线时,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗2周后,R组上述指标仍明显高于N组(P<0.01)。结论短期胰岛素强化治疗可降低初诊2型糖尿病患者体内增强的血小板功能。     

原发性高血压患者GMP-140的研究—附62例报告

目的：探讨原发性高血压（essential hypeaension，EH）患者外周血中血小板仪颗粒膜蛋白-140（platelet alpha granule membrane protein-140，GMP-140）水平及其单个核细胞中GMP-140基因的表达情况。方法：采用ELISA法测定62例EH患者（EH组）和30名健康体检者（对照组）外周血血清GMP-140含量，用逆转录-PCR法检测外周血单个核细胞中GMP-140mRNA的表达情况。结果：EH组外周血血清GMP-140为（190±70）μ/L，明显高于对照组的（122±50）μg/L（P〈0.01）；EH组单个核细胞GMP-140mRNA表达水平为0.58±0.17，与对照组0.26±0.11比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：EH患者存在GMP-140水平升高，外周血单个核细胞的GMP-140mRNA表达上调可能是EH患者外周血GMP-140含量增高的机制之一。     

糖尿病肾病患者血清同型半胱氨酸与血浆血小板颗粒膜蛋白140水平的变化

目的：观察不同阶段糖尿病肾病（DN）患者血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）与血浆血小板颗粒膜蛋白140（GMP-140）的变化及相关性。方法：150例2型糖尿病患者按照尿白蛋白水平分为正常蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组及临床蛋白尿组各50例,另设50名健康对照者。检测各组血清Hcy、血浆GMP-140水平。结果：糖尿病患者血清Hcy、血浆GMP-140水平均高于对照组（P均〈0.01）;微量白蛋白尿组及临床白蛋白尿组均高于正常白蛋白尿组（P均〈0.01）;血清Hcy水平与血浆GMP-140水平呈正相关（r=0.78,P〈0.05）。结论：DN患者血清同型半胱氨酸与血浆血小板颗粒膜蛋白140水平均升高,两者具相关性。     

糖尿病患者血小板聚集、释放试验及血小板活化分子标志物测定的临床意义

目的探讨糖尿病患者血小板聚集、释放试验及血小板α-颗粒膜蛋白(GMP-140)的测定及临床意义。方法应用阻抗法与荧光法同步测定血小板聚集及ATP释放反应;应用ELISA法测定血浆中血小板α-颗粒膜蛋白(GMP-140)。结果糖尿病患者血小板聚集功能、ATP释放量及血浆GMP-140含量较正常对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);糖尿病有并发症组与无并发症组比较,血小板聚集功能、血浆GMP-140含量差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),且病情越重增高越明显;而ATP释放量则无明显差异。糖尿病有并发症组与无并发症组血小板聚集功能及血浆GMP-140含量水平呈直线正相关关系(r2=0.653,P<0.05;r2=0.471,P<0.05)。结论糖尿病患者血小板处于过度活化状态,引起凝血功能亢进,可能是导致糖尿病发病和引起并发症的原因之一。测定血小板聚集试验和血浆中GMP-140含量的水平,及时发现血小板功能状态的改变,对于指导糖尿病的临床诊断及治疗具有重要意义。     

超声治疗对冠心病患者血浆GMP-140及vWF的影响及意义

[目的]探讨超声治疗对冠心病患者GMP-140及vWF的影响及意义.[方法]选用未使用抗血小板药物的冠心病患者70例随机分为超声联合药物治疗组(超声组)35例和常规药物治疗组(药物组)35例,观察治疗前后vWF和GMP-140的变化,采用硝酸还原酶法和ELISA双抗体夹心法测定治疗前后GMP-140和vWF含量.[结果]与治疗前相比,治疗后两组患者GMP-140和vWF水平明显下降,超声组治疗前后比较P＜0.01;药物组治疗前后比较vWF P＜0.01, GMP-140 P＜0.05,超声组比药物组患者GMP-140和vWF水平下降更明显P＜0.05.[结论]冠心病患者体内存在血小板活化,血小板活化参与了冠心病的发展过程,超声治疗冠心病的机制与超声的三大生物效应外还与降低血浆GMP-140和vWF浓度,减少粘附反应等多种因素共同作用的结果.     

急性脑梗死患者血小板膜糖蛋白与血小板参数的研究

目的：探讨血小板功能指标与急性脑梗死（ACI）的关系,寻找精确判断血小板功能状态的方法。方法：采用流式细胞仪（FCM）检测51例ACI患者（病例组）和29例健康体检者（对照组）全血活化血小板膜糖蛋白GP b/a复合物单克隆抗体（PAC-1）、血小板α-颗粒膜蛋白抗P-选择素单克隆抗体（CD62P）的阳性率;应用全自动血球分析仪检测血小板的参数。结果：病例组PAC-1、CD62P的阳性率和血小板平均体积（MPV）均明显高于对照组,差异均有显著性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;而血小板计数（PC）、血小板分布宽度（PDW）和大血小板比率（LPR）有增高趋势,但两组间比较差异均无显著性（P均〉0.05）。直线相关分析显示：PAC-1与MPV（r=0.322,P=0.004）及PAC-1与LPR（r=0.224,P=0.046）之间存在正相关关系,CD62P与MPV间亦存在正相关关系（r=0.240,P=0.032）,PC、PDW与膜糖蛋白之间无相关关系（P〉0.05）。结论：ACI患者体内存在血小板活化,血小板膜糖蛋白和血小板参数共同参与这一过程;活化GP b-a与MPV有非常显著的正相关关系。     

脑梗死急性期血小板GMP-140变化的观察

目的：探讨脑梗死急性期血小板а-颗粒膜蛋白（GMP-140）等指标的变化情况。方法：酶联免疫吸附竞争法测定血小板GMP-140;玻球法测定血小板粘附率（PAdT）;多智能血液凝集仪检测血小板聚集率（PAgT）。结果：大灶组血小板GMP-140、PAdT、PAgT较对照组升高非常显著（P〈0.001）;小灶组较对照组显著升高（P〈0.05）,2周后血小板GMP-140明显下降,PAdT和PAgT均降至正常。结论：脑梗死急性期血小板功能增强;血小板膜表面GMP-140比PAdT和PAgT更准确地反映血小板活化程度。     

超声与射频消融肺静脉口对血小板活性的影响

目的对比射频与超声消融肺静脉口对GMP-140阳性表达活化血小板百分率的影响。方法分别在插管前、插管后、消融后即刻、消融后30 min及48 h抽取外周静脉血各2 ml,分离血清,用流式细胞仪检测GMP-140阳性表达活化血小板百分率的变化。结果消融后即刻、30 min及消融后48 h,射频消融组GMP-140阳性表达活化血小板百分率均高于超声消融组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论与射频消融相比,超声消融肺静脉口激活血小板程度低,不易形成血栓,较射频消融安全。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.