早期减重平板步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者的影响

目的探讨早期应用减重平板步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能和日常生活能力的影响。方法将69例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为减重组(39例)和对照组(30例)。减重组除进行常规康复治疗外,另给予减重平板步行训练,每周6次,每次15~30min,起始减重量为体重的30%~60%,平板速度0.25m/s;对照组仅给予常规康复治疗。采用功能性步行分级、Fugl-Meyer量表和Barthel指数评分于治疗前、后对2组患者进行评定。结果治疗后,减重组患者Fugl-Meyer量表、Barthel指数得分较对照组提高(P<0.05),步行功能、步速均较对照组明显提高(P<0.01)。结论早期应用减重平板步行训练结合常规康复治疗可更有效提高脑卒中偏瘫患者的步行、运动、平衡功能和日常生活能力。     

视觉反馈结合减重平板步行训练对急性脑卒中患者运动功能的影响

目的观察视觉反馈疗法结合减重平板步行训练对急性脑卒中患者运动功能的影响。方法选择脑卒中偏瘫患者42例，随机分为减重组（15例）、减重＋视觉反馈组（减重＋反馈组，15例）及对照组（12例）。全部患者每天均进行3h的常规康复治疗，减重组与减重＋反馈组在常规康复治疗的基础上增加30min的减重平板步行训练。减重＋反馈组采用姿势矫正镜配合减重平板步行训练，减重组仅采用减重平板步行训练。经过8周治疗后分别采用Fugl—Meyer评定表、Berg平衡量表（BBS）和Rivermead运动指数（RMI）进行评定分析。结果治疗后减重组、减重＋反馈组与对照组比较，减重组与减重＋反馈组的治疗效果明显优于对照组（P〈0．001），减重＋反馈组和减重组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论在常规康复治疗的基础上，运用减重平板步行或减重配合视觉反馈疗法，能进一步提高患者的运动功能，而在减重平板步行训练中应用视觉反馈疗法并未产生显著的辅助效果。     

早期减重平板步行训练对脑卒中患者步行能力的影响

目的研究早期减重平板步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响。 方法将76例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组及对照组,2组患者均给予常规康复治疗,治疗组同时给予减重平板步行训练,共治疗8周。于治疗前、治疗8周后对2组患者功能性步行分级（FAC）及步行速度进行评定。 结果2组患者经8周治疗后,发现其FAC分级及步行速度均较治疗前明显改善（均P<0.01）,且以治疗组的改善幅度较显著,与对照组比较,组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。 结论在常规康复治疗基础上辅以减重平板步行训练,对进一步改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能具有显著促进作用。     

减重步行训练对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的观察减重步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响。 方法将69例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为治疗组（39例）和对照组（30例）。2组患者均给予常规康复训练，治疗组在此基础上增加减重步行训练。分别于治疗前和治疗6周后采用Fugl-Meyer评分、功能性步行分级法（FAC）及Barthel指数评分对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果2组患者治疗前，其Fugl-Meyer评分、FAC分级及Barthel指数评分组间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；经相应治疗后，2组患者上述各项指标均较治疗前显著改善（P<0.05），并且治疗组患者上述指标的改善幅度明显优于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论减重步行训练结合常规康复治疗可显著改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步行、下肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力。     

足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的临床研究

目的：观察足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响.方法：将36例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为对照组和研究组各18例.2组均接受常规下肢功能康复训练,研究组另外增加足下垂助行仪联合减重跑台训练,每周6d.治疗前后分别采用Fugl Meyer下肢运动功能量表（FMA-L）评定下肢运动功能、Berg平衡量表（BBS）评定平衡功能,足印法测量步速、左、右足步幅差.结果：治疗8周后,2组患者的FMA及BBS评分均较治疗前明显提高（P＜0.05）,且研究组各项评分更高于对照组（P＜0.05）.治疗后,2组患者的步速均较治疗前明显提高,左、右足步幅差明显减小（P＜0.05）,研究组较对照组改善更为明显（P＜0.05）.结论：足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练可明显改善早期脑卒中偏瘫患者的下肢功能,改善日常生活活动能力.     

减重步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能的影响

目的观察减重步行训练（BWSTT）对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响。 方法共选取脑卒中患者40例，将其随机分成治疗组（20例）及对照组(20例)。2组患者均给予常规康复训练，治疗组患者在常规康复干预基础上增加BWSTT训练。分别于治疗前、治疗6周后对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果2组患者治疗前，其功能性步行分级（FAC）、Berg平衡量表（BBS）评分以及下肢肌力Motricity指数结果间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；分别经相应治疗后，2组患者上述各项指标均较治疗前显著改善，并且治疗组患者的改善幅度明显优于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论BWSTT训练能显著改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能、平衡能力及下肢肌力。     

减重步行训练对脑梗死偏瘫患者下肢运动能力的影响

目的:比较减重步行训练配合常规康复治疗与常规康复治疗对脑梗死偏瘫患者下肢运动能力的影响.方法:选择脑梗死偏瘫患者63例,将其随机分为治疗组及对照组:减重步行训练结合常规康复治疗组为治疗组(32例),常规康复治疗组为对照组(31例).经过6周训练,每周训练5次,训练前后进行如下评定:(1)功能性步行量表(FAC);(2)下肢运动功能评定量表(Fugl Meyer量表);(3)日常生活活动能力Barthel指数;(4)Berg平衡量表.结果:治疗后步行能力FAC及日常生活活动能力组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),下肢运动能力及平衡能力组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:减重训练配合常规康复治疗比常规康复治疗对脑梗死偏瘫患者下肢运动能力有更好的恢复效果     

早期脑卒中偏瘫患者减重平板步行训练中的平板速度调节

目的：探讨早期脑卒中偏瘫患者减重平板步行训练平板速度的调节对步行功能恢复的影响。方法：将脑卒中偏瘫患者30例随机分为两组，观察组在个体最大平板速度上加速，维持一段时间后再减慢平板速度。对照组逐渐有限的增加平板速度。在治疗前后对两组患者用Fugl-Meyer法评定下肢运动功能、进行步行功能分级和最大步行速度评定。结果：经过4周的治疗后，观察组较对照组在下肢运动功能、步行功能分级和最大步行速度上均有明显改善（P〈0．001）。结论：早期脑卒中偏瘫患者使用减重平板步行训练，在个体最大平板速度上加速接近正常步速，维持一段时间后再减慢平板速度比有限的增加平板速度更有效。     

减重平板步行训练对不完全性脊髓损伤患者步行能力的影响

目的 研究减重平板步行训练对不完全性脊髓损伤(ISCI)患者步行能力的影响.方法 36例ISCI患者(分类为ASIAC或D),随机分为对照组与减重组(各18例).所有患者采用综合康复治疗方法,减重组还在身体条件许可的情况下接受减重平板步行训练3个月.在训练前后对患者进行ASIA下肢运动评分、功能独立性评定(FIM)步行能力评定、10 m步行速度、日常生活活动能力(ADL)评定.结果 减重组患者ASIA下肢运动功能、步行能力、10 m步行速度的恢复好于对照组(P<0.05).康复治疗前后减重组与对照组ADL评分无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 减重平板步行训练能够提高不完全性脊髓损伤患者的步行能力.     

减重步行训练对脑卒中早期偏瘫患者步行能力恢复的影响

目的探讨减重步行训练对脑卒中早期患者步行能力恢复的影响。方法将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成2组，减重组30例，行减重步行训练加常规康复治疗；对照组30例，仅行常规康复训练。用Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分、改良Ashworth法肌张力评级和Holder步行功能分级进行训练前、后评定。结果经过4周治疗后。2组患者Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分、肌张力评级和步行功能分级较治疗前明显改善（P〈0．01），但减重组Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、肌张力评级、步行功能分级改善均明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论减重步行训练加常规康复治疗对脑卒中早期患者步行功能恢复具有明显促进作用。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.